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Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2020) | Viewed by 30413

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tadeáš Ochodek

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Guest Editor

Energy Research Center, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: gasification of biomass and waste; combustion and emissions; fire & explosion safety; hydrogen production and storage

Dr. Emmanouil Karampinis

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Guest Editor

Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 52 Egialias str., 15125 Athens, Greece
Interests: biomass and its availability for energy purposes; biomass valorisation; agro biomass; lignite

Dr. Artur Pozarlik

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
Interests: combustion and gas turbines; multicomponent and multiphase flows; liquid atomization; droplets evaporation and drying; supercritical fluids

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is dedicated to the XXIV Symposium on Combustion Processes (23–25 September Wrocław, Poland), which is an official symposium of the Polish Section of the Combustion Institute that takes place every two years. The XXIV Symposium will focus on the following topics:

Stationary combustion systems in mega and nano scale and their emissions—generation, reduction, problems;
Advanced combustion technologies and renewable energy sources;
Diagnostics in combustion systems;
Fire and detonations, explosions, and supersonic combustion;
Generation, storage, and utilization of hydrogen;
Engines and gas turbines;
Modelling of combustion processes, including kinetics and industrial applications;
Other concepts including assisted combustion (plasmas, electric, and magnetic fields), catalysis, fuel synthesis;
Use of by-products of combustion processes;
Thermal valorization of solid fuels;
Zero-emission combustion technologies;
Industry perspectives in combustion.

The submission of the excellent-quality papers in the aforementioned areas is highly encouraged.

Prof. Dr. Tadeáš Ochodek
Dr. Emmanouil Karampinis
Dr. Artur Pozarlik
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

combustion
combustion systems
combustion processes
ignition
fire and detonations
explosions
supersonic combustion
internal combustion (IC) engines
gas turbines
modeling of combustion processes
plasma assisted combustion
hydrogen generation
hydrogen storage
combustion of hydrogen
hydrates
chemical loop combustion
torrefaction
hydrothermal carbonization
pyrolysis
gasification
use of by-products of combustion processes

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 210 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Contemporary Problems in Combustion—Fuels, Their Valorisation, Emissions, Flexibility and Auxiliary Systems

by Tadeáš Ochodek, Emmanouil Karampinis and Artur Pozarlik

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051646 - 23 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1007

Abstract

This Special Issue is dedicated to the XXIV Symposium on Combustion Processes (23–25 September 2019, Wrocław, Poland), which is an official symposium of the Polish Section of the Combustion Institute that takes place every two years [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

16 pages, 3585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma Assisted Combustion as a Cost-Effective Way for Balancing of Intermittent Sources: Techno-Economic Assessment for 200 MW_el Power Unit

by Tadeusz Mączka, Halina Pawlak-Kruczek, Lukasz Niedzwiecki, Edward Ziaja and Artur Chorążyczewski

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5056; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195056 - 25 Sep 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2470

Abstract

Due to the increasing installed power of the intermittent renewable energy sources in the European Union, increasing the operation flexibility of the generating units in the system is necessary. This is particularly important for systems with relatively large installed power of wind and solar. Plasma technologies can be used for that purpose. Nonetheless, the wide implementation of such technology should be economically justified. This paper shows that the use of plasma systems for increasing the flexibility of power units can be economically feasible, based on the results of a net present value analysis. The cost of the installation itself had a marginal effect on the results of the net present value analysis. Based on the performed analysis, the ability to lower the technical minimum of the power unit and the relationship between such a technical minimum and the installed power of a plasma system can be considered decisive factors influencing the economics of the investment for such an installation. Further research on better means of prediction of the minimum attainable load, which would allow determining the influence of implementation of a plasma system, is recommended. This will be the decisive factor behind future decisions regarding investing in such systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

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17 pages, 7798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of High Temperature Corrosion Rates of Steam Boiler Evaporators Using Continuous Measurements of Flue Gas Composition and Neural Networks

by Tomasz Hardy, Sławomir Kakietek, Krzysztof Halawa, Krzysztof Mościcki and Tomasz Janda

Energies 2020, 13(12), 3134; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123134 - 17 Jun 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2509

Abstract

The use of low-emission combustion techniques in pulverized coal-fired (PC) boilers are usually associated with the formation of a reduced-gas atmosphere near evaporator walls. This increases the risk of high temperature (low oxygen) corrosion processes in coal-fired boilers. The identification of the dynamics and the locations of these processes, and minimizing negative consequences are essential for power plant operation. This paper presents the diagnostic system for determining corrosion risks, based on continuous measurements of flue gas composition in the boundary layer of the combustion chamber, and artificial intelligence techniques. Experience from the implementation of these measurements on the OP-230 hard coal-fired boiler, to identify the corrosion hazard of one of the evaporator walls, has been thoroughly described. The results obtained indicate that the continuous controlling of the concentrations of O₂ and CO near the water wall, in combination with the use of neural networks, allows for the forecasting of the corrosion rate of the evaporator. The correlation between flue gas composition and corrosion rate has been demonstrated. At the same time, the analysis of the possibilities of significantly simplifying the measurement system by using neural networks was carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

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19 pages, 5485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Torrefaction and Pelletizing of Sawdust on the Design Parameters of a Fixed Bed Gasifier

by Hao Luo, Lukasz Niedzwiecki, Amit Arora, Krzysztof Mościcki, Halina Pawlak-Kruczek, Krystian Krochmalny, Marcin Baranowski, Mayank Tiwari, Anshul Sharma, Tanuj Sharma and Zhimin Lu

Energies 2020, 13(11), 3018; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13113018 - 11 Jun 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3642

Abstract

Gasification of biomass in fixed bed gasifiers is a well-known technology, with its origins dating back to the beginning of 20th century. It is a technology with good prospects, in terms of small scale, decentralized power co-generation. However, the understanding of the process is still not fully developed. Therefore, assessment of the changes in the design of a gasifier is typically performed with extensive prototyping stage, thus introducing significant cost. This study presents experimental results of gasification of a single pellet and bed of particles of raw and torrefied wood. The procedure can be used for obtaining design parameters of a fixed bed gasifier. Results of two suits of experiments, namely pyrolysis and CO₂ gasification are presented. Moreover, results of pyrolysis of pellets are compared against a numerical model, developed for thermally thick particles. Pyrolysis time, predicted by model, was in good agreement with experimental results, despite some differences in the time when half of the initial mass was converted. Conversion times for CO₂ gasification were much longer, despite higher temperature of the process, indicating importance of the reduction reactions. Overall, the obtained results could be helpful in developing a complete model of gasification of thermally thick particles in a fixed bed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

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20 pages, 6970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HTC of Wet Residues of the Brewing Process: Comprehensive Characterization of Produced Beer, Spent Grain and Valorized Residues

by Mateusz Jackowski, Lukasz Niedzwiecki, Magdalena Lech, Mateusz Wnukowski, Amit Arora, Monika Tkaczuk-Serafin, Marcin Baranowski, Krystian Krochmalny, Vivek K. Veetil, Przemysław Seruga, Anna Trusek and Halina Pawlak-Kruczek

Energies 2020, 13(8), 2058; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13082058 - 20 Apr 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3631

Abstract

Steady consumption of beer results in a steady output of residues, i.e., brewer’s spent grain (BSG). Its valorization, using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) seems sensible. However, a significant knowledge gap regarding the variability of this residue and its influence on the valorization process and its potential use in biorefineries exists. This study attempted to fill this gap by characterization of BSG in conjunction with the main product (beer), taking into accounts details of the brewing process. Moreover, different methods to assess the performance of HTC were investigated. Overall, the differences in terms of the fuel properties of both types of spent grain were much less stark, in comparison to the differences between the respective beers. The use of HTC as a pretreatment of BSG for subsequent use as a biorefinery feedstock can be considered beneficial. HTC was helpful in uniformization and improvement of the fuel properties. A significant decrease in the oxygen content and O/C ratio and improved grindability was achieved. The Weber method proved to be feasible for HTC productivity assessment for commercial installations, giving satisfactory results for most of the cases, contrary to traditional ash tracer method, which resulted in significant overestimations of the mass yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

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18 pages, 6358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomass Thermochemical Conversion via Pyrolysis with Integrated CO₂ Capture

by Małgorzata Sieradzka, Ningbo Gao, Cui Quan, Agata Mlonka-Mędrala and Aneta Magdziarz

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051050 - 26 Feb 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4070

Abstract

The presented work is focused on biomass thermochemical conversion with integrated CO₂ capture. The main aim of this study was the in-depth investigation of the impact of pyrolysis temperature (500, 600 and 700 °C) and CaO sorbent addition on the chemical and physical properties of obtained char and syngas. Under the effect of the pyrolysis temperature, the properties of biomass chars were gradually changed, and this was confirmed by examination using thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and porosimetry methods. The chars were characterised by a noticeable carbon content (two times at 700 °C) resulting in a lower O/C ratio. The calculated combustion indexes indicated the better combustible properties of chars. In addition, structural morphology changes were observed. However, the increasing pyrolysis temperature resulted in changes of solid products; the differences of char properties were not significant in the range of 500 to 700 °C. Syngas was analysed using a gas chromatograph. The following main components were identified: CO, CO₂, CH₄, H₂ and C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₆, C₃H₈. A significant impact of CaO on CO₂ adsorption was found. The concentration of CO₂ in syngas decreased with increased temperature, and the highest decrease occurred in the presence of CaO from above 60% to below 30% at 600 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

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14 pages, 7311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Experimental Apparatus for Fire Resistance Test of Rechargeable Energy Storage System in xEV

by Hyuk Jung, Bohyun Moon and Gwang Goo Lee

Energies 2020, 13(2), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020465 - 17 Jan 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2485

Abstract

To secure the safety of xEV (all types of electrical vehicles), the United Nations released Global Technical Regulation No. 20, “Global Technical Regulations on the EVS (Electric Vehicle Safety)” in March 2018. The fire resistance test of the rechargeable energy storage system (REESS) describes an experimental procedure to evaluate the safety performance—specifically, whether passengers would have sufficient time to escape from the xEV before the explosion of the battery in a fire. There are two options for component-based REESS fire resistance tests: a gasoline pool fire and a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) burner. This study describes the process for optimizing the specifications of the fire resistance test apparatus for xEV batteries using an LPG burner, which was first proposed by the Republic of Korea. Based on the results of the measurement and a computational fluid dynamics analysis of the prototype test apparatus, new equipment designs were proposed by determining the nozzle spacing and number, fuel flow rate, and experimental conditions. To cover a wide range of xEV battery sizes, a final test apparatus consisting of 625 burners was selected. For three different battery sizes, it was possible to satisfy the temperature requirements, ranging from 800 to 1000 °C, of the GTR fire resistance test. The final apparatus design developed in the present study has been included in GTR No. 20 for EVS since March 2018. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

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12 pages, 1486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment of Liquid By-Products of Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Agricultural Digestate Using Membrane Separation

by Agnieszka Urbanowska, Małgorzata Kabsch-Korbutowicz, Mateusz Wnukowski, Przemysław Seruga, Marcin Baranowski, Halina Pawlak-Kruczek, Monika Serafin-Tkaczuk, Krystian Krochmalny and Lukasz Niedzwiecki

Energies 2020, 13(1), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010262 - 5 Jan 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4631

Abstract

Agriculture affects both the quantity and the quality of water available for other purposes, which becomes problematic, especially during increasingly frequent severe droughts. This requires tapping into the resources that are typically neglected. One such resource is a by-product of anaerobic digestion, in which moisture content typically exceeds 90%. Application of hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC) to this residue could partially remove organic and inorganic material, improve dewatering, decrease the overall solid mass, sanitize the digestate, change its properties, and eliminate problems related with emissions of odors from the installation. However, a significant gap still exists in terms of the dewatering of the hydrochars and the composition of the effluents. This work presents results of experimental investigation focused on the removal of organic compounds from the HTC effluent. Results of qualitative and quantitative analysis of liquid by-products of HTC of the agricultural digestate showed that acetic acid, 3-pyridinol, 1-hydroxyacetone, and 1,3-propanediol were the main liquid organic products of the process. Application of ultrafiltration process with the use of 10 kDa membrane for liquid HTC by-product treatment allows for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand up to 30%, biological oxygen demand up to 10%, and dissolved organic carbon up to 21%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

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15 pages, 3532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Modifiers and Method of Application on Fine-Coal Combustion

by Wilhelm Jan Tic and Joanna Guziałowska-Tic

Energies 2019, 12(23), 4572; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234572 - 30 Nov 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2354

Abstract

This research work presents the results of studies on the effect of modifiers comprising the salts CuSO₄·2H₂O, NaCl, NH₄Cl, MgSO₄·7H₂O, CaCl₂, and urea at various concentrations on the combustion of fine coal. The tests were carried out in a 12-kW laboratory boiler equipped with a rotary-grate retort furnace. The emission levels and concentrations of CO, CO₂, SO₂, NO_x, and TOC in the flue gas were measured using analyzers. A modifier composed of 350 ppm Cu, Na, Mg, NH₄⁺, Ca, and urea showed particularly high activity in the combustion of fine coal. The flue-gas levels of CO, NO_x, and SO₂ were reduced by approximately 9%, 12%, and 10%, respectively, in comparison with the modifier-free sample. In this case, the boiler efficiency also increased from 65% in the tests with no modifier to 76% in the tests with the modifier. The proprietary application system, enabling the modifier to be added in exact amounts to the variable flow of fine coal, is also described. It was found that the use of the modifier in coal combustion tests results in lower emissions of harmful fuel components, a higher amount of heat obtained from the fuel unit mass, lower corrosive impact of the fuels, lower boiler maintenance costs, and extended service life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

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14 pages, 2606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Constructional-Material Parameters on the Fire Properties of Electric Cables

by Katarzyna Kaczorek-Chrobak and Jadwiga Fangrat

Energies 2019, 12(23), 4569; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12234569 - 29 Nov 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2851

Abstract

The significant number of cables of different materials and construction used extensively in building objects increases their fire load and, therefore, strongly influences safety in the case of fire. The purpose of the study was to identify relevant factors related to the construction of electrical cables, and perform a qualitative and quantitative assessment of their influence on specific fire properties, such as heat release and smoke production. Fifteen cables of different construction and materials were studied using the EN 50399 standard test. The analysis was focused on cable constructional-material parameters related to the chemical composition of non-metallic elements and the number and shape of conductors in the cable, as well as the concentric barrier as armor or the copper concentric conductor. The conclusions drawn from the experiments were: (1) Construction, the number of conductors, and the presence of armor or concentric metallic conductors improve the fire properties by forming a barrier against flame penetration through the cable; (2) the use of copper conductors resulted in a decrease of fire parameters compared to cables with aluminum conductors (peakHRR_av parameter even four times lower for copper cable); (3) construction material based on non-plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) significantly reduced the fire properties of cables more than halogen-free materials (LS0H) (peakHRR_av parameter more than 17 times higher for the fully halogenated cable), which is due to the decomposition process of the material; and (4) no clear relationship between the fire parameters and the cable parameter, χ, was found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from ISCP 2019—XXIV International Symposium on Combustion Processes)

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