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Energies
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Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Systems in Both Steady-State and...
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Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Systems in Both Steady-State and Dynamic Regimes

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 17005

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Roberto Turri

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: dynamic analysis of transmission and distribution systems; regulation and control of electric power systems; smart grids; modelling and management of active distribution neworks; modelling and assessment of electromagnetic interferences of power transmission lines
Dr. Massimiliano Coppo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
Interests: electric power systems; smart grids; active distribution networks; electricity and ancillary services markets
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The simulation of power systems’ steady-state and dynamic regimes represents the essential basis for the safe, reliable, and efficient management of an electric power system, from its design and planning stages, to its control, operation, and post-contingency analysis.

Traditionally, these kind of studies focused chiefly on transmission networks where steady-state and dynamic behaviors were predominantly dominated by (large) synchronous generators, whereas nowadays we are witnessing an ever-growing transition towards distributed generation connected at MV and LV levels, often through static interfaces and possibly integrated with storages and smartgrid technology. This change of paradigm greatly affects the way the system has to be managed and calls for upgraded or novel modelling and simulation techniques capable of catering to all the new and challenging aspects characterizing the management and operation of a modern power system.

In this Special Issue, we warmly invite the original submission of research outcomes regarding novel modelling and simulation techniques for the analysis of modern power systems in both permanent and dynamic regimes. Topics of interest for publication include but are not restricted to the following:

  • Power system simulation and analysis;
  • Power system operation and control;
  • The optimization of power system operation;
  • The analysis of power systems under faulty conditions;
  • The modelling and control of active distribution networks;
  • Novel modelling and numerical techniques for power flow and optimal power flow studies;
  • The role of TSO/DSO interactions in both permanent and dynamic power system regimes.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roberto Turri
Dr. Massimiliano Coppo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Power system modeling
  • Power systems dynamics
  • Power flow steady-state analysis
  • Optimal power flow
  • Frequency and voltage regulation.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 922 KiB  
Article
Integration of Voltage Source Converters in Steady-State RMS Short-Circuit Analysis
by Carlos Coelho Teixeira and Helder Leite
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3610; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123610 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1902
Abstract
Voltage source converters (VSCs) are self-commutated converters able to generate AC voltages with or without the support of an AC connecting grid. VSCs allow fast control of active and reactive powers in an independent way. VSCs also have black start capability. Their use [...] Read more.
Voltage source converters (VSCs) are self-commutated converters able to generate AC voltages with or without the support of an AC connecting grid. VSCs allow fast control of active and reactive powers in an independent way. VSCs also have black start capability. Their use in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, comparative to the more mature current source converter (CSC)-based HVDC, offers faster active power flow control. In addition, VSCs provide flexible reactive power control, independent at each converter terminal. It is also useful when connecting DC sources to weak AC grids. Steady-state RMS analysis techniques are commonly used for early-stage analysis, for design purposes and for relaying. Sources interfaced through DC/AC or AC/DC/AC converters, opposite to conventional generators, are not well represented by electromotive forces (E) behind impedance models. A methodology to include voltage source converters (VSCs) in conventional RMS short-circuit analysis techniques is advanced in this work. It represents an iterative procedure inside general calculation techniques and can even be used by those with only basic power electronics knowledge. Results are compared to those of the commercial software package PSS®CAPE to demonstrate the validity of the proposed rmsVSC algorithm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Systems in Both Steady-State and Dynamic Regimes)
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24 pages, 5430 KiB  
Article
Optimal Planning and Operation of a Residential Energy Community under Shared Electricity Incentives
by Pierpaolo Garavaso, Fabio Bignucolo, Jacopo Vivian, Giulia Alessio and Michele De Carli
Energies 2021, 14(8), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082045 - 7 Apr 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2182
Abstract
Energy communities (ECs) are becoming increasingly common entities in power distribution networks. To promote local consumption of renewable energy sources, governments are supporting members of ECs with strong incentives on shared electricity. This policy encourages investments in the residential sector for building retrofit [...] Read more.
Energy communities (ECs) are becoming increasingly common entities in power distribution networks. To promote local consumption of renewable energy sources, governments are supporting members of ECs with strong incentives on shared electricity. This policy encourages investments in the residential sector for building retrofit interventions and technical equipment renovations. In this paper, a general EC is modeled as an energy hub, which is deemed as a multi-energy system where different energy carriers are converted or stored to meet the building energy needs. Following the standardized matrix modeling approach, this paper introduces a novel methodology that aims at jointly identifying both optimal investments (planning) and optimal management strategies (operation) to supply the EC’s energy demand in the most convenient way under the current economic framework and policies. Optimal planning and operating results of five refurbishment cases for a real multi-family building are found and discussed, both in terms of overall cost and environmental impact. Simulation results verify that investing in building thermal efficiency leads to progressive electrification of end uses. It is demonstrated that the combination of improvements on building envelope thermal performances, photovoltaic (PV) generation, and heat pump results to be the most convenient refurbishment investment, allowing a 28% overall cost reduction compared to the benchmark scenario. Furthermore, incentives on shared electricity prove to stimulate higher renewable energy source (RES) penetration, reaching a significant reduction of emissions due to decreased net energy import. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Systems in Both Steady-State and Dynamic Regimes)
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17 pages, 609 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Low Inertia Power Systems Based on Shifted Frequency Analysis
by Jan Dinkelbach, Ghassen Nakti, Markus Mirz and Antonello Monti
Energies 2021, 14(7), 1860; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071860 - 27 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2609
Abstract
New types of power system transients with lower time constants are emerging due to the replacement of synchronous generation with converter interfaced generation and are challenging the modeling approaches conventionally applied in power system simulation. Quasi-stationary simulations are based on classical phasor models, [...] Read more.
New types of power system transients with lower time constants are emerging due to the replacement of synchronous generation with converter interfaced generation and are challenging the modeling approaches conventionally applied in power system simulation. Quasi-stationary simulations are based on classical phasor models, whereas EMT simulations calculate the instantaneous values of models in the time domain. In addition to these conventional modeling approaches, this paper investigates simulation based on dynamic phasor models, as has been proposed by the Shifted Frequency Analysis. The simulation accuracy of the three modeling approaches was analyzed for characteristic transients from the electromagnetic to the electromechanical phenomena range, including converter control as well as low inertia transients. The analysis was carried out for systems with converter interfaced and synchronous generation whilst considering the simulation step size as a crucial influence parameter. The results show that simulations based on dynamic phasors allow for larger step sizes than simulations that calculate the instantaneous values in the time domain. This can facilitate the simulation of more complex component models and larger grid sizes. In addition, with dynamic phasors, more accurate simulation results were obtained than with classical phasors, in particular—but not exclusively—in a low inertia case. Overall, the presented work demonstrates that dynamic phasors can enable fast and accurate simulations during the transition to low inertia power systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Systems in Both Steady-State and Dynamic Regimes)
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20 pages, 2649 KiB  
Article
An Efficient Backward/Forward Sweep Algorithm for Power Flow Analysis through a Novel Tree-Like Structure for Unbalanced Distribution Networks
by Stefanos Petridis, Orestis Blanas, Dimitrios Rakopoulos, Fotis Stergiopoulos, Nikos Nikolopoulos and Spyros Voutetakis
Energies 2021, 14(4), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040897 - 9 Feb 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3709
Abstract
The increase of distributed energy resources (DERs) in low voltage (LV) distribution networks requires the ability to perform an accurate power flow analysis (PFA) in unbalanced systems. The characteristics of a well performing power flow algorithm are the production of accurate results, robustness [...] Read more.
The increase of distributed energy resources (DERs) in low voltage (LV) distribution networks requires the ability to perform an accurate power flow analysis (PFA) in unbalanced systems. The characteristics of a well performing power flow algorithm are the production of accurate results, robustness and quick convergence. The current study proposes an improvement to an already used backward-forward sweep (BFS) power flow algorithm for unbalanced three-phase distribution networks. The proposed power flow algorithm can be implemented in large systems producing accurate results in a small amount of time using as little computational resources as possible. In this version of the algorithm, the network is represented in a tree-like structure, instead of an incidence matrix, avoiding the use of redundant computations and the storing of unnecessary data. An implementation of the method was developed in Python programming language and tested for 3 IEEE feeder test cases (the 4 bus feeder, the 13 bus feeder and the European Low Voltage test feeder), ranging from a low (4) to a very high (907) buses number, while including a wide variety of components witnessed in LV distribution networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Systems in Both Steady-State and Dynamic Regimes)
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17 pages, 5973 KiB  
Article
A Methodology for Provision of Frequency Stability in Operation Planning of Low Inertia Power Systems
by Michał Kosmecki, Robert Rink, Anna Wakszyńska, Roberto Ciavarella, Marialaura Di Somma, Christina N. Papadimitriou, Venizelos Efthymiou and Giorgio Graditi
Energies 2021, 14(3), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030737 - 31 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2766
Abstract
Along with the increasing share of non-synchronous power sources, the inertia of power systems is being reduced, which can give rise to frequency containment problems should an outage of a generator or a power infeed happen. Low system inertia is eventually unavoidable, thus [...] Read more.
Along with the increasing share of non-synchronous power sources, the inertia of power systems is being reduced, which can give rise to frequency containment problems should an outage of a generator or a power infeed happen. Low system inertia is eventually unavoidable, thus power system operators need to be prepared for this condition. This paper addresses the problem of low inertia in the power system from two different perspectives. At a system level, it proposes an operation planning methodology, which utilises a combination of power flow and dynamic simulation for calculation of existing inertia and, if need be, synthetic inertia (SI) to fulfil the security criterion of adequate rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). On a device level, it introduces a new concept for active power controller, which can be applied virtually to any power source with sufficient response time to create synthetic inertia. The methodology is demonstrated for a 24 h planning period, for which it proves to be effective. The performance of SI controller activated in a battery energy storage system (BESS) is positively validated using a real-time digital simulator (RTDS). Both proposals can effectively contribute to facilitating the operation of low inertia power systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Systems in Both Steady-State and Dynamic Regimes)
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18 pages, 2989 KiB  
Article
Application of Solid-State Transformers in a Novel Architecture of Hybrid AC/DC House Power Systems
by Fabio Bignucolo and Manuele Bertoluzzo
Energies 2020, 13(13), 3432; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133432 - 3 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2193
Abstract
The ongoing diffusion of solid-state DC/DC converters makes possible a partial migration of electric power systems from the present AC paradigm to a future DC scenario. In addition, the power demand in the domestic environment is expected to grow considerably, for example, due [...] Read more.
The ongoing diffusion of solid-state DC/DC converters makes possible a partial migration of electric power systems from the present AC paradigm to a future DC scenario. In addition, the power demand in the domestic environment is expected to grow considerably, for example, due to the progressive diffusion of electric vehicles, induction cooking and heat pumps. To face this evolution, the paper introduces a novel electric topology for a hybrid AC/DC smart house, based on the solid-state transformer technology. The electric scheme, voltage levels and converters types are thoroughly discussed to better integrate the spread of electric appliances, which are frequently based on internal DC buses, within the present AC distribution networks. Voltage levels are determined to guarantee high safety zones with negligible electric risk in the most exposed areas of the house. At the same time, the developed control schemes assure high power quality (voltage stability in the case of both load variations and network perturbations), manage power flows and local resources according to ancillary services requirements and increase the domestic network overall efficiency. Dynamic simulations are performed, making use of DIgSILENT PowerFactory software, to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed distribution scheme for next-generation smart houses under different operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulation of Electrical Systems in Both Steady-State and Dynamic Regimes)
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