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15 pages, 5455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional and Technological Optimization of Wheat-Chickpea- Milk Powder Composite Flour and Its Impact on Rheological and Sensorial Properties of Leavened Flat Bread

by Aouatif Benali, Youness En-nahli, Younès Noutfia, Adil Elbaouchi, Mohammed Rachid Kabbour, Fatima Gaboun, El Haj El Maadoudi, Nadia Benbrahim, Mona Taghouti, Mohammed Ouhssine and Shiv Kumar

Foods 2021, 10(8), 1843; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081843 - 10 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4375

Abstract

Flour quality is influenced by the nature of the gluten and its various components. Gluten free flour made of pulses is known to enhance the nutritional quality of wheat flour. However, its addition can compromise the rheological and sensorial attributes of the bread. [...] Read more.

Flour quality is influenced by the nature of the gluten and its various components. Gluten free flour made of pulses is known to enhance the nutritional quality of wheat flour. However, its addition can compromise the rheological and sensorial attributes of the bread. We used mixture design to optimize nutritional and technological qualities of a wheat–chickpea flour blend by adding milk powder as a natural organoleptic improver. A total of thirteen flour blends were prepared by incorporating 10 to 30% chickpea flour and 10 to 20% milk powder to wheat flour. Our results showed that the optimal flour blend consisted of 60% wheat, 24% chickpea, and 16% milk powder. Farinographic parameters of the optimal dough blend remained on par with those of the control dough (100% wheat flour), thereby preserving its bread-making quality. Sensory analysis of breads made from the optimal flour blend revealed no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) from wheat flour for crumb and chewiness. Appreciation was brought to the appearance, crust, aroma, and taste in the optimized bread. This study suggests that chickpea flour can be suitably incorporated into bread wheat flour up to a percentage of 24% with 16% milk powder to produce bread with optimal nutritional quality while improving its sensory attributes and consumer acceptability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of the Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Gluten-Free Bread)

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14 pages, 2880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psyllium Improves the Quality and Shelf Life of Gluten-Free Bread

by Camilly Fratelli, Fernanda Garcia Santos, Denise Garcia Muniz, Sascha Habu, Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga and Vanessa Dias Capriles

Foods 2021, 10(5), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10050954 - 27 Apr 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 8545

Abstract

Psyllium husk powder was investigated for its ability to improve the quality and shelf life of gluten-free bread. Gluten-free bread formulations containing 2.86%, 7.14%, and 17.14% psyllium by flour weight basis were compared to the control gluten-free bread and wheat bread in terms [...] Read more.

Psyllium husk powder was investigated for its ability to improve the quality and shelf life of gluten-free bread. Gluten-free bread formulations containing 2.86%, 7.14%, and 17.14% psyllium by flour weight basis were compared to the control gluten-free bread and wheat bread in terms of performance. The effect of time on crumb moisture and firmness, microbial safety, and sensory acceptability using a 10-cm scale was assessed at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h postproduction. Crumb firming was observed during the storage time, especially for the control gluten-free bread, which had a crumb firmness 8-fold higher than that of the wheat bread. Psyllium addition decreased the crumb firmness values by 65–75% compared to those of the control gluten-free bread during 72 h of storage. The longest delay in bread staling was observed with a 17.14% psyllium addition. The psyllium-enriched gluten-free bread was well accepted during 72 h of storage, and the acceptability scores for aroma, texture, and flavor ranged from 6.8 to 8.3, which resembled those of wheat bread. The results showed that the addition of 17.14% psyllium to the formulation improved the structure, appearance, texture, and acceptability of gluten-free bread and delayed bread staling, resembling physical and sensory properties of wheat bread samples during 72 h of storage. Therefore, according to the obtained results, this approach seems to be promising to overcome some of the limitations of gluten-free breadmaking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of the Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Gluten-Free Bread)

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14 pages, 1709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Technological, Nutritional and Sensory Properties of an Innovative Gluten-Free Double-Layered Flat Bread Enriched with Amaranth Flour

by Antonio Piga, Paola Conte, Simonetta Fois, Pasquale Catzeddu, Alessandra Del Caro, Anna Maria Sanguinetti and Costantino Fadda

Foods 2021, 10(5), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10050920 - 22 Apr 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3537

Abstract

Celiac disease is increasing all over the world. In this context, most recent research in this area is addressing and attempting to improve the nutritional value and sensory characteristics of gluten-free (GF) food products and to enhance their technological properties. Here, amaranth flour [...] Read more.

Celiac disease is increasing all over the world. In this context, most recent research in this area is addressing and attempting to improve the nutritional value and sensory characteristics of gluten-free (GF) food products and to enhance their technological properties. Here, amaranth flour was studied as a potential healthy ingredient for the development of an innovative GF flat bread. Starting from two different basic formulations (rice flour:corn starch and rice flour:tapioca starch, 50:50), the impact of partially replacing rice flour (6%) and starch (6%) with amaranth on the nutritional characteristics, polyphenol composition, textural, and sensory properties of the resulting GF flat breads was explored. The substitution with amaranth led to detrimental effects on the doughs’ viscometric properties, especially in the case of tapioca starch, but significantly improved the doughs’ textural properties. All the amaranth-enriched flat breads showed a better color and a significant increase in all polyphenols fractions but lower antioxidant activity. During bread storage for three days, a detrimental effect on both starch retrogradation, toughness, and extensibility properties were observed, especially when tapioca starch was used. Check-all-that-apply (CATA) sensory test results showed that the incorporation of amaranth increased yeast odor and yeast flavor perception and decreased the softness in mouth-only in tapioca-based samples. A better compromise among technological, nutritional, and sensory properties was achieved when amaranth flour was added to the basic rice and corn formulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of the Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Gluten-Free Bread)

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11 pages, 1046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing the Rheological and Bread-Making Properties of Wheat Flour Treated by “Gluten Friendly^TM” Technology

by Carmela Lamacchia, Loretta Landriscina, Carla Severini, Rossella Caporizzi and Antonio Derossi

Foods 2021, 10(4), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040751 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3854

Abstract

After discovering an innovative technology for the reshaping of gluten proteins—the “Gluten Friendly^TM” system—that confers to wheat flour some unprecedented characteristics, such as reduced epitope antigenicity and a positive modulation of the gut microbiota, its effects on the production and quality [...] Read more.

After discovering an innovative technology for the reshaping of gluten proteins—the “Gluten Friendly^TM” system—that confers to wheat flour some unprecedented characteristics, such as reduced epitope antigenicity and a positive modulation of the gut microbiota, its effects on the production and quality of bread have been studied. Mainly, we have investigated the chemical, rheological and pasting properties of Gluten Friendly Flour (GFF) and of control flour (CF) with the aim of analyzing and interpreting potential differences. Furthermore, the bread made from GFF and CF was evaluated in terms of microstructure properties and sensory quality. The experiments demonstrated that GFF became soluble in aqueous solution, making it unfeasible to isolate using the Glutomatic apparatus. Although the water absorption of GFF increased by 10% compared to CF, dough elasticity was reduced, and dough stability decreased from 5 to 2 min. A significant increase in the alveograph index (P/L) from 0.63 to 6.31 was detected, whereas pasting properties did not change from the control flour. Despite these profound modifications in the rheological properties, GFF exhibited a high ability to shape dough and to produce bread with high quality and negligible differences from the control bread in terms of appearance, taste, aroma, color and texture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of the Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Gluten-Free Bread)

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17 pages, 1986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a “Clean-Label” Gluten-Free Bread to Meet Consumers Demand

by Marco Montemurro, Erica Pontonio and Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello

Foods 2021, 10(2), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020462 - 20 Feb 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4645

Abstract

The market of gluten-free (GF) products has been steadily increasing in last few years. Due to the technological importance of gluten, the GF food production is still a challenge for the industry. Indeed, large quantities of fat, sugars, structuring agents, and flavor enhancers [...] Read more.

The market of gluten-free (GF) products has been steadily increasing in last few years. Due to the technological importance of gluten, the GF food production is still a challenge for the industry. Indeed, large quantities of fat, sugars, structuring agents, and flavor enhancers are added to GF formulations to make textural and sensorial characteristics comparable to conventional products, leading to nutritional and caloric intake imbalances. The formulation of the novel “clean-label” GF bread included a commonly used mixture of maize and rice flour (ratio 1:1) fortified with selected protein-rich flours. Naturally hydrocolloids-containing flours (psyllium, flaxseed, chia) were included in the bread formulation as structuring agents. A type-II sourdough was obtained by using a selected Weissella cibaria P9 and a GF sucrose-containing flour as substrate for fermentation to promote the exo-polysaccharides synthesis by the starter lactic acid bacterium. A two-step protocol for bread-making was set-up: first, the GF sourdough was fermented (24 h at 30 °C); then, it was mixed with the other ingredients (30% of the final dough) and leavened with baker’s yeast before baking. Overall, the novel GF bread was characterized by good textural properties, high protein content (8.9% of dry matter) and in vitro protein digestibility (76.9%), low sugar (1.0% of dry matter) and fat (3.1% of dry matter) content, and an in vitro predicted glycemic index of 85. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of the Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Gluten-Free Bread)

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13 pages, 1413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Addition of Green Coffee Parchment on Structural, Qualitative and Chemical Properties of Gluten-Free Bread

by Paola Littardi, Massimiliano Rinaldi, Maria Grimaldi, Antonella Cavazza and Emma Chiavaro

Foods 2021, 10(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010005 - 22 Dec 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2905

Abstract

Green coffee parchment (GCP) is becoming interesting, due to the diffusion of wet processing in which coffee parchment is collected separately; it is one of the less studied coffee by-products, but it is reported to be rich in phenolic compounds and dietary fiber. [...] Read more.

Green coffee parchment (GCP) is becoming interesting, due to the diffusion of wet processing in which coffee parchment is collected separately; it is one of the less studied coffee by-products, but it is reported to be rich in phenolic compounds and dietary fiber. The addition of GCP (355–500 μm) at 2 % to gluten-free breads was investigated in terms of physical properties (volume, moisture content, water activity, crumb grain, texture, and color), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenol content during three days of storage. Moreover, the effects of GCP on sensorial characteristics, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and oxidative stability was evaluated. From the sensorial analysis, bread with 2% addition resulted in being acceptable for consumers with no significant differences from the control, while 4% of GCP was discarded by consumers, as it resulted in being too bitter. Moreover, GCP at 2% addition did not modify volume, moisture content, and water activity. On the contrary, GCP deeply affected the color with a darker aspect that was appreciated by consumers. Regarding texture, 2% of GCP did not affect hardness, cohesiveness, and staling process during storage. Interestingly, 2% of GCP significantly improved the TAC and oxidative stability of the bread; in accordance with these results, 2% of GCP reduced the HMF content, thanks to its antioxidant compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of the Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Gluten-Free Bread)

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19 pages, 1450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Monitoring of Volatile Compounds Losses in the Oven during Baking and Toasting of Gluten-Free Bread Doughs: A PTR-MS Evidence

by Joana Pico, Iuliia Khomenko, Vittorio Capozzi, Luciano Navarini and Franco Biasioli

Foods 2020, 9(10), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101498 - 20 Oct 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3454

Abstract

Losses of volatile compounds during baking are expected due to their evaporation at the high temperatures of the oven, which can lead to a decrease in the aroma intensity of the final product, which is crucial for gluten-free breads that are known for [...] Read more.

Losses of volatile compounds during baking are expected due to their evaporation at the high temperatures of the oven, which can lead to a decrease in the aroma intensity of the final product, which is crucial for gluten-free breads that are known for their weak aroma. Volatiles from fermentation and lipids oxidation are transferred from crumb to crust, and they flow out to the air together with Maillard and caramelisation compounds from the crust. In this study, the release to the oven of volatile compounds from five gluten-free breads (quinoa, teff and rice flours, and corn and wheat starches) and wheat bread during baking and toasting was measured in real-time using proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). Baking showed different volatile release patterns that are described by bell-shaped curves, plateaus and exponential growths. Flour-based breads had the higher overall volatile release during baking, but also high ratios in the final bread, while starch-based breads showed high pyrazine releases due to moisture losses. Meanwhile, toasting promoted the release of volatile compounds from the bread matrix, but also the additional generation of volatiles from Maillard reaction and caramelisation. Interestingly, gluten-free breads presented higher losses of volatiles during baking than wheat bread, which could partially explain their weaker aroma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of the Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Gluten-Free Bread)

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Review

Jump to: Research

25 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review on Gluten-Free Bread Formulations Using Specific Volume as a Quality Indicator

by Jordanna S. Monteiro, Priscila Farage, Renata Puppin Zandonadi, Raquel B. A. Botelho, Livia de L. de Oliveira, António Raposo, Faiyaz Shakeel, Sultan Alshehri, Wael A. Mahdi and Wilma M. C. Araújo

Foods 2021, 10(3), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030614 - 13 Mar 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5908

Abstract

This study aimed to perform a systematic review on gluten-free bread formulations using specific volumes as a quality indicator. In this systematic review, we identified 259 studies that met inclusion criteria. From these studies, 43 met the requirements of having gluten-free bread with [...] Read more.

This study aimed to perform a systematic review on gluten-free bread formulations using specific volumes as a quality indicator. In this systematic review, we identified 259 studies that met inclusion criteria. From these studies, 43 met the requirements of having gluten-free bread with a specific volume greater than or equal to 3.5 cm³/g. Other parameters such as the texture profile, color (crumb and crust), and sensory analysis examined in these studies were presented. The formulations that best compensated the lack of the gluten-network were based on the combination of rice flour, rice flour with low amylose content, maize flour, rice starch, corn starch, potato starch, starch with proteins and added with transglutaminase (TGase), and hydrocolloids like hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Of the 43 studies, three did not present risk of bias, and the only parameter evaluated in common in the studies was the specific volume. However, it is necessary to jointly analyze other parameters that contribute to the quality, such as texture profile, external and internal characteristics, acceptability, and useful life of the bread, especially since it is a product obtained through raw materials and unconventional ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of the Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Gluten-Free Bread)

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22 pages, 1444 KiB

Open AccessReview

Glycemic Index of Gluten-Free Bread and Their Main Ingredients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Bernardo Romão, Ana Luísa Falcomer, Gabriela Palos, Sandra Cavalcante, Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho, Eduardo Yoshio Nakano, António Raposo, Faiyaz Shakeel, Sultan Alshehri, Wael A. Mahdi and Renata Puppin Zandonadi

Foods 2021, 10(3), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030506 - 27 Feb 2021

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6702

Abstract

This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the glycemic index (GI) of gluten-free bread (GFB) and its main ingredients. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines, using seven electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, gray literature [...] Read more.

This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the glycemic index (GI) of gluten-free bread (GFB) and its main ingredients. The systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines, using seven electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, gray literature research with Google Scholar, and patents with Google Patent tool), from inception to November 2020. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria evaluating 132 GFB samples. Five articles tested GI in vivo, eleven in vitro; and two studies tested both methods. The analysis showed that 60.7% (95% CI: 40.2–78.1%) of the samples presented high glycemic indexes, evidencing a high glycemic profile for GFB. Only 18.2% (95% CI: 11.7–27.2%) of the bread samples presented in the studies were classified as a low GI. Meta-analysis presented moderate/low heterogenicity between studies (I² = 61% and <1% for both high and low GIs) and reinforced the proportion of high GIs. Lower GIs were found in formulations based on Colocasia esculenta flour or enriched with fiber, yogurt and curd cheese, sourdough, psyllium, hydrocolloids, enzymes, fructans, and resistant starch, highlighting the efficacy of these ingredients to lower GFBs’ GI. GFB tends to present high GI, impacting the development of chronic diseases when consumed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of the Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Gluten-Free Bread)

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