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2 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

New Insights into the Specificity, Authenticity, and Traceability Analysis of Olive Oils

by Raquel Garcia and Maria João Cabrita

Foods 2021, 10(10), 2372; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102372 - 6 Oct 2021

Viewed by 1241

Abstract

Olive oil is a traditional product of the Mediterranean diet [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Specificity, Authenticity and Traceability Analysis of Olive Oils)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

23 pages, 5245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geographical Characterization of Olive Oils from the North Aegean Region Based on the Analysis of Biophenols with UHPLC-QTOF-MS

by Evangelia Kritikou, Natasa P. Kalogiouri, Marios Kostakis, Dimitrios-Christos Kanakis, Ioannis Martakos, Constantina Lazarou, Michalis Pentogennis and Nikolaos S. Thomaidis

Foods 2021, 10(9), 2102; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092102 - 6 Sep 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2694

Abstract

Olive oil is famous due to the nutritional properties and beneficial health effects. The exceptional properties of virgin (VOO) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are credited to the bioactive constituents of their polar fraction, the phenolic compounds. The concentration and composition of [...] Read more.

Olive oil is famous due to the nutritional properties and beneficial health effects. The exceptional properties of virgin (VOO) and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are credited to the bioactive constituents of their polar fraction, the phenolic compounds. The concentration and composition of biophenols can be influenced by the geographical origin, the cultivar, as well as several agronomic and technological parameters. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) method was used to determine biophenols in Greek EVOOs from five islands originating from the North Aegean Region (Chios, Fournoi, Ikaria, Lesvos, and Samos) through target and suspect screening. In total, 14 suspect and 5 target compounds were determined in the analyzed EVOOs. The quantitative and semiquantitative results were compared to investigate discriminations between different regions. Significant differences were found between the islands based on the overall phenolic content and the concentration levels of individual compounds, as well. In the case of Lesvos, the territory was separated in subdivisions (zones), and each zone was studied individually. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Specificity, Authenticity and Traceability Analysis of Olive Oils)

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14 pages, 916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Chemometric Models Based on a LC-qToF-MS Approach to Verify the Geographic Origin of Virgin Olive Oil

by Ina Willenberg, Alessandra Parma, Anja Bonte and Bertrand Matthäus

Foods 2021, 10(2), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020479 - 23 Feb 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2757

Abstract

In the presented study a non-targeted approach using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-qToF-MS) combined with chemometric techniques was used to build a statistical model to verify the geographic origin of virgin olive oils. The sample preparation [...] Read more.

In the presented study a non-targeted approach using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-qToF-MS) combined with chemometric techniques was used to build a statistical model to verify the geographic origin of virgin olive oils. The sample preparation by means of liquid/liquid extraction of polar compounds was optimized regarding the number of multiple extractions, application of ultrasonic treatment and temperature during concentration of the analytes. The presented workflow for data processing aimed to identify the most predictive features and was applied to a set of 95 olive oils from Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece. Different strategies for data reduction and multivariate analysis were compared. Stepwise variable selection showed for both applied multivariate models—linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and logit regression (LR)—to be the most suitable variable selection strategy. The 10-fold cross validation of the LDA showed a classification rate of 83.1% for the test set. For the LR models the prediction accuracy of the test set was even higher with values of 90.4% (Portugal), 86.2% (Italy), 93.8% (Greece) and 88.3% (Spain). Moreover, the reduction of features allows an easier following up strategy for identification of the unknowns and defining marker substances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Specificity, Authenticity and Traceability Analysis of Olive Oils)

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10 pages, 365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seeking a Fast Screening Method of the Varietal Origin of Olive Oil: The Usefulness of an NMR-Based Approach

by Maria João Cabrita, Arona Pires, Anthony J. Burke and Raquel Garcia

Foods 2021, 10(2), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020399 - 11 Feb 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1683

Abstract

This work encompasses the use of 1D multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, namely, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR DEPT 45, combined with a multivariate statistical analysis to characterize olive oils produced from nine different varieties: Galega Vulgar, Cobrançosa, Cordovil de Serpa, Blanqueta, Madural, [...] Read more.

This work encompasses the use of 1D multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, namely, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR DEPT 45, combined with a multivariate statistical analysis to characterize olive oils produced from nine different varieties: Galega Vulgar, Cobrançosa, Cordovil de Serpa, Blanqueta, Madural, Verdeal Alentejana, Arbequina, Picual and Carrasquenha. Thus, the suitability of an NMR-based spectroscopic tool to discriminate olive oils according to their varietal origin is addressed. The results obtained show that the model based on ¹³C NMR DEPT 45 data has a stronger performance than the model based on ¹H NMR data, proving to be promising in the discrimination of the olive oils under study based on their varietal origin, being particularly relevant for olive oils of the Galega Vulgar variety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Specificity, Authenticity and Traceability Analysis of Olive Oils)

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13 pages, 1284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

n-Alkanes and n-Alkenes in Virgin Olive Oil from Calabria (South Italy): The Effects of Cultivar and Harvest Date

by Angelo Maria Giuffrè

Foods 2021, 10(2), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020290 - 1 Feb 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2279

Abstract

n-Alkanes and n-alkenes are components of the unsaponifiable fraction of an olive oil. These were analysed by GC on-column analysis and are here proposed as an additional tool to certify the origin, authenticity, traceability and chemical quality of olive oil produced in [...] Read more.

n-Alkanes and n-alkenes are components of the unsaponifiable fraction of an olive oil. These were analysed by GC on-column analysis and are here proposed as an additional tool to certify the origin, authenticity, traceability and chemical quality of olive oil produced in the Reggio Calabria province (South Italy). Nine cultivars were studied: Cassanese, Coratina, Itrana, Leccino, Nociara, Ottobratica, Pendolino, Picholine and Sinopolese grown in the region of Calabria (South Italy). n-Alkanes in the range from 21 to 35 chain carbon atoms and alkenes in the range from 23:1 to 25:1 chain carbon atoms were found with the following elution order: heneicosane (C21), docosane (C22), tricosene (C23:1), tricosane (C23), tetracosene (C24:1), tetracosane (C24), pentacosene (C25:1), pentacosane (C25), hexacosane (C26), eptacosane (C27), octacosane (C28), nonacosane (C29), triacontane (C30), entriacontane (C31), dotriacontane (C32), tritriacontane (C33), tetratriacontane (C34), pentatriacontane (C35). The oil of all cultivars showed a decreasing trend in total n-alkane and n-alkene content, with the oil of Sinopolese showing the highest content, varying from 328.50 to 214.00 mg/kg. Odd-chain alkanes predominated over even-chain n-alkanes, and tricosane, tetracosane and pentacosane were the most represented alkanes. Cultivar and harvest date significantly influenced the n-alkane and n-alkene content. These findings can be useful to distinguish different olive cultivars and to decide the fruit harvest date for the oil of the Reggio Calabria province (South Italy). A daily quantity of 30 g of olive oil of the Sinoplese cv (the one with the highest n-alkane and n-alkene content) was found to be in accordance with the suggestions of the European Agency for the evaluation of medicinal products Committee for veterinary medicinal products and biogenic hydrocarbons intake for the human diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Specificity, Authenticity and Traceability Analysis of Olive Oils)

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12 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combination of Stable Isotope Analysis and Chemometrics to Discriminate Geoclimatically and Temporally the Virgin Olive Oils from Three Mediterranean Countries

by Nicasio T. Jiménez-Morillo, Vera Palma, Raquel Garcia, Cristina Barrocas Dias and Maria João Cabrita

Foods 2020, 9(12), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9121855 - 12 Dec 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2493

Abstract

The knowledge of the isotopic composition of virgin olive oil (VOO) allows the evaluation of authenticity and geographical origin, being an important tool against fraud. This study aimed to assess if VOOs produced in three Mediterranean regions could be discriminated on the basis [...] Read more.

The knowledge of the isotopic composition of virgin olive oil (VOO) allows the evaluation of authenticity and geographical origin, being an important tool against fraud. This study aimed to assess if VOOs produced in three Mediterranean regions could be discriminated on the basis of multivariate statistical analysis of geoclimatic and isotopic data. A total of 138 geo-referenced VOO samples from Portugal, France and Turkey from two different cultivation years were collected. The isotopic composition (δ¹³C, δ²H and δ¹⁸O) of VOOs was obtained using an elemental analyzer coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). One-way analysis of variance for δ¹³C, δ²H and δ¹⁸O showed some significant differences either between crop years or geoclimatic conditions. Based on multiple regression analyses using meteorological and geographical parameters, a meteoric water line for olive oil from Portugal, France and Turkey, in two harvest years, were created to assess the impact of climate change on their δ²H and δ¹⁸O values. Principal component analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis, used to sort samples according to geoclimatic origin, performed best for French and Portuguese olive oils. In light of the results, multivariate isotopic analysis of VOO samples may discriminate not only between geoclimatic regions but also among cultivation years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Specificity, Authenticity and Traceability Analysis of Olive Oils)

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15 pages, 2189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

¹H NMR Spectroscopy to Characterize Italian Extra Virgin Olive Oil Blends, Using Statistical Models and Databases Based on Monocultivar Reference Oils

by Chiara Roberta Girelli, Francesca Calò, Federica Angilè, Lucia Mazzi, Daniele Barbini and Francesco Paolo Fanizzi

Foods 2020, 9(12), 1797; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9121797 - 3 Dec 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3536

Abstract

During the last few years, the global demand for extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is increased. Olive oil represents a significant percentage of world fat consumption determining an important development of its market. In this context, the problems related to counterfeiting and product [...] Read more.

During the last few years, the global demand for extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is increased. Olive oil represents a significant percentage of world fat consumption determining an important development of its market. In this context, the problems related to counterfeiting and product fraud is becoming extremely relevant. Thus, the quality and authenticity control of EVOOs is nowadays mandatory. In this study we focused on the use of ¹H NMR technique associated with multivariate statistical analysis to characterize Italian EVOOs commercial blends. In particular, a specific database including 126 monocultivar EVOOs reference samples, was used to characterize a total of 241 Italian EVOOs blends over four consecutive harvesting years. Moreover, the effect of the minor components (phenolic compounds) on the qualitative characterization of blended EVOOs was also evaluated. The correlation analysis of classification scores obtained using two pairwise orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis models (built with major and combined major–minor components NMR data) revealed that both could be profitably used to generally classify the studied Coratina containing blends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Specificity, Authenticity and Traceability Analysis of Olive Oils)

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14 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Chemometrics to Volatile Compound Analysis for the Recognition of Specific Markers for Cultivar Differentiation of Greek Virgin Olive Oil Samples

by Ioanna S. Kosma, Michael G. Kontominas and Anastasia V. Badeka

Foods 2020, 9(11), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9111672 - 15 Nov 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2195

Abstract

In the present study, volatile compound analysis of olive oil samples belonging to ten Greek cultivars was carried out. A total of 167 olive oil samples collected from two consecutive harvest years were analyzed by Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). Volatile [...] Read more.

In the present study, volatile compound analysis of olive oil samples belonging to ten Greek cultivars was carried out. A total of 167 olive oil samples collected from two consecutive harvest years were analyzed by Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). Volatile compound data were combined with chemometric methods (Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)) with the aim not only to differentiate olive oils but also to identify characteristic volatile compounds that would enable differentiation of botanical origin (marker compounds). The application of Stepwise LDA (SLDA) effectively reduced the large number of statistically significant volatile compounds involved in the differentiation process, and thus, led to a set of parameters, the majority of which belong to compounds that are highly dependent on variety. In addition, the use of these marker compounds resulted in an increased correct classification rate (85.6%) using the cross-validation method indicating the validity of the model developed despite the use of a large number of dependent variables (cultivars). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Specificity, Authenticity and Traceability Analysis of Olive Oils)

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