Impact of Climate Change on Anatomical Traits and Chemical Composition of Wood

Dear Colleagues,

Climate change is increasingly affecting forest ecosystems, altering both the anatomical traits and chemical composition of wood; for example, growth ring width, vessel frequency, cell wall thickness and wood density are all affected by changes in temperature, precipitation patterns and the frequency of extreme weather events. Climatic stressors such as drought and elevated temperatures significantly affect xylem anatomy, and drought conditions often lead to a reduction in vessel diameter and an increase in vessel frequency, enhancing hydraulic safety but potentially compromising conductivity. Elevated temperatures can result in narrower growth rings and thinner cell walls, particularly in conifer species, reducing wood density and mechanical performance. Shifts in phenology due to climate change may also disrupt the balance between earlywood and latewood formation, thereby altering the functional properties of wood.

Simultaneously, the chemical composition of wood responds to environmental stress. Lignin content often increases as a protective adaptation, whereas cellulose and hemicellulose may decline, affecting mechanical strength and industrial processability. Secondary metabolites such as tannins and phenolics tend to accumulate, influencing wood durability and decomposition. These changes vary by species and region, and are particularly pronounced in areas facing drought stress or increasing temperatures.

Throughout a tree’s lifespan, wood provides a record of previous environmental and ontogenic influences. The biosynthesis of wood and, consequently, its chemical composition are influenced by genetic and ontogenic factors specific to each species. Understanding these dynamic responses is essential for sustainable forest management, timber quality assessment and evaluating the long-term carbon storage potential of wood. This Special Issue invites research exploring the complex interactions between climate, wood anatomy and chemical properties across diverse ecological and geographic contexts.

Dr. Ana Alves
Dr. Vicelina Sousa
Guest Editors

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