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Future Internet
Special Issues
6G Wireless Channel Measurements and Models: Trends and Challenges
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6G Wireless Channel Measurements and Models: Trends and Challenges

A special issue of Future Internet (ISSN 1999-5903). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 10476

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Seong Ki Yoo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. School of Computing, Electronics and Mathematics, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
2. Associate, Faculty Research Centre for Data Science, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
Interests: channel measurements and modeling; (Wearable) Internet of Things; vehicular communications; mmWave communications; future cities

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks were deployed worldwide in 2020 and more capabilities are in the process of being standardized, such as mass connectivity, ultra-reliability, and ultra-low latency. However, 5G will not meet all requirements of the future in 2030 and beyond, therefore, research into sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks has been launched to meet all of the requirements of the future network. The knowledge of the propagation channel has historically been an essential element for the flexible and practical system design, optimization, and deployment of communication systems. In the same context, a fundamental understanding of the propagation mechanisms encountered in future 6G wireless communication channels is therefore crucial for the success of future 6G services.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to bring together researchers and practitioners from many fields to report recent research emerging/developing trends and challenges in 6G wireless channel measurements and models. The topics of interest include, but are not necessarily limited to the following:

  • Channel measurements and modeling for millimeter-wave, terahertz, optical and satellite communications;
  • Analytical, geometric, statistical or deterministic approaches to modeling time-varying channels;
  • Measurements and modeling of channel dispersion in time, frequency and angle domains;
  • Massive MIMO channel measurements and models;
  • Parameters and transmission characteristics of propagation models and measurements
  • Channel parameters estimation methods;
  • Channel sounder configuration and measurement techniques;
  • Channel measurements and modeling for various environments.

Dr. Seong Ki Yoo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Future Internet is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dynamic channel models and blockage/shadowing
  • channel measurement, modeling and simulation
  • architectures, frameworks and experimental testbed
  • millimeter-wave and terahertz communications
  • key drivers and 6G requirements
  • 6G-enabled massive MIMO
  • innovative application scenarios of 6G
  • optical and satellite communications for 6G

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 881 KiB  
Article
Deterring Deepfake Attacks with an Electrical Network Frequency Fingerprints Approach
by Deeraj Nagothu, Ronghua Xu, Yu Chen, Erik Blasch and Alexander Aved
Future Internet 2022, 14(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14050125 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3555
Abstract
With the fast development of Fifth-/Sixth-Generation (5G/6G) communications and the Internet of Video Things (IoVT), a broad range of mega-scale data applications emerge (e.g., all-weather all-time video). These network-based applications highly depend on reliable, secure, and real-time audio and/or video streams (AVSs), which [...] Read more.
With the fast development of Fifth-/Sixth-Generation (5G/6G) communications and the Internet of Video Things (IoVT), a broad range of mega-scale data applications emerge (e.g., all-weather all-time video). These network-based applications highly depend on reliable, secure, and real-time audio and/or video streams (AVSs), which consequently become a target for attackers. While modern Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is integrated with many multimedia applications to help enhance its applications, the development of General Adversarial Networks (GANs) also leads to deepfake attacks that enable manipulation of audio or video streams to mimic any targeted person. Deepfake attacks are highly disturbing and can mislead the public, raising further challenges in policy, technology, social, and legal aspects. Instead of engaging in an endless AI arms race “fighting fire with fire”, where new Deep Learning (DL) algorithms keep making fake AVS more realistic, this paper proposes a novel approach that tackles the challenging problem of detecting deepfaked AVS data leveraging Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) signals embedded in the AVS data as a fingerprint. Under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions, Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) spectrum estimation techniques are investigated to detect the Instantaneous Frequency (IF) of interest. For reliable authentication, we enhanced the ENF signal embedded through an artificial power source in a noisy environment using the spectral combination technique and a Robust Filtering Algorithm (RFA). The proposed signal estimation workflow was deployed on a continuous audio/video input for resilience against frame manipulation attacks. A Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) approach was selected to minimize the false positive rate of signal correlations. Extensive experimental analysis for a reliable ENF edge-based estimation in deepfaked multimedia recordings is provided to facilitate the need for distinguishing artificially altered media content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 6G Wireless Channel Measurements and Models: Trends and Challenges)
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16 pages, 3603 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of DF Relay-Assisted D2D Communication in a 5G mmWave Network
by Subhra Sankha Sarma, Ranjay Hazra and Peter Han Joo Chong
Future Internet 2022, 14(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14040101 - 24 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3046
Abstract
Enabling D2D communication in the mmWave band has many obstacles that must be mitigated. The primary concern is the introduction of interference from various sources. Thus, we focused our work on the performance of decode-and-forward (DF) relay-assisted D2D communication in the mmWave band [...] Read more.
Enabling D2D communication in the mmWave band has many obstacles that must be mitigated. The primary concern is the introduction of interference from various sources. Thus, we focused our work on the performance of decode-and-forward (DF) relay-assisted D2D communication in the mmWave band to increase the coverage probability and energy efficiency (EE). Three modes are proposed for D2D communication to prevail. The bitwise binary XOR operation was executed at the relay node, which increased the security feature. The radius of coverage was derived, which indicated the switching of the modes. The diffused incoherent scattering power was also considered as part of the power consumption. Furthermore, a unique relay selection scheme, the dynamic relay selection (DRS) method, is proposed to select the optimal relay for information exchange. A comparison of the proposed DF relay scheme with the amplify-and-forward (AF) scheme was also made. Finally, the simulation results proved the efficacy of the proposed work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 6G Wireless Channel Measurements and Models: Trends and Challenges)
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22 pages, 1487 KiB  
Article
Design of Relay Switching to Combat an Eavesdropper in IoT-NOMA Wireless Networks
by Thanh-Nam Tran, Van-Cuu Ho, Thoai Phu Vo, Khanh Ngo Nhu Tran and Miroslav Voznak
Future Internet 2022, 14(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030071 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2666
Abstract
The requirements of low latency, low cost, less energy consumption, high flexibility, high network capacity, and high data safety are crucial challenges for future Internet of Things (IoT) wireless networks. Motivated by these challenges, this study deals with a novel design of green-cooperative [...] Read more.
The requirements of low latency, low cost, less energy consumption, high flexibility, high network capacity, and high data safety are crucial challenges for future Internet of Things (IoT) wireless networks. Motivated by these challenges, this study deals with a novel design of green-cooperative IoT network, which employed coupled relays consisting of one IoT relay selected for forwarding signals to multiple IoT devices while another IoT relay transmitted jamming signals to an eavesdropper. For flexibility, all IoT nodes were powered by solar energy enough to sustain themselves, in order to consume less energy. To reach low latency, the study adopted the emerging non-orthogonal multiple access technique to serve multiple IoT devices simultaneously. Furthermore, the study adopted the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer technique which transmits wireless data for information processing and energy for energy harvesting. The study sketched a novel transmission block time period framework which plotted how a signal could travel via an individual IoT model. Maximizing the achievable bit-rate of IoT devices was considered to improve network capacity and data safety as well. Aiming at enhancing secrecy performance, a rest IoT relay played a role as a friendly jammer to transmit a jamming signal to an eavesdropper using energy harvested from the power splitting protocol. The results achieved in this study showed that the proposed model satisfied the requirements of future green IoT wireless networks. Derivatives leading to closed-form expressions are presented and verified by simulation results. The investigated results demonstrated that a friendly jammer based on radio frequency and energy harvesting strongly forces the intercept probability performance of the eavesdropper towards one, while outage probability performance of IoT devices towards zero showed that the signal to noise ratio tends to infinity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 6G Wireless Channel Measurements and Models: Trends and Challenges)
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