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Horticulturae
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Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants
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Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants

A special issue of Horticulturae (ISSN 2311-7524). This special issue belongs to the section "Biotic and Abiotic Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 August 2024) | Viewed by 10854

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Changxia Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
Interests: signalling molecules (hydrogen gas, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide); plant hormones (abscisic acid and gibberellin); drought stress; adventitious roots; fruit ripening
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yue Wu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
Interests: Stress physiology of vegetables and regulation of fruit quality

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plants are continuously affected by a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Biotic and abiotic stress, such as increased periods of water shortage, the presence of heavy metals, higher temperatures, salinity, nutrient availability, increased CO2 concentrations and diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes and herbivores, can affect most horticultural plants’ growth and development. Nowadays, many investigations have highlighted the positive aspects of gas signal molecules as well as plant hormones, such as hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, ethylene, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, under biotic and abiotic stresses. The advent of genomic studies and gene discovery has also presented an excellent opportunity to improve the stress tolerance of horticultural plants. This Special Issue will consider the studies on biotic and abiotic stress responses of horticultural plants. Under stress, horticultural plants generate some appropriate regulatory mechanisms, including gas signal molecules, plant hormones, genomics, metabolomics, etc., which are welcome.

Dr. Changxia Li
Dr. Yue Wu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • plant hormones
  • gas signal molecules
  • plant growth and development

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 688 KiB  
Article
Phytohormones and Mineral Nutrient Changes in Young Plants of Grapevine Genotypes at Different Growth Stages
by Antonio Urbano-Gálvez, María F. López-Climent, Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas and Jalel Mahouachi
Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101114 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024
Abstract
Climate change is considered a threat for viticulture by altering phenology, yield, and key physiological processes. The plant responses depend on the genotype characteristics and the microclimate of crop area. In this research, “Castellana Negra”, “Negramoll”, and “Tintilla” were cultivated for 102 days, [...] Read more.
Climate change is considered a threat for viticulture by altering phenology, yield, and key physiological processes. The plant responses depend on the genotype characteristics and the microclimate of crop area. In this research, “Castellana Negra”, “Negramoll”, and “Tintilla” were cultivated for 102 days, and physiological variables were assessed under natural conditions. Results indicated similar trends in growth between “Negramoll” and “Tintilla”, while ”Castellana Negra” grew slowly and possessed fewer leaves compared to the other genotypes. Stomatal conductance was constant among the genotypes, excepting “Negramoll”, which demonstrated lower values at d 76 compared to “Castellana Negra” and “Tintilla”, coinciding with the elevated leaf temperature. Regarding the hormonal changes, “Castellana Negra” accumulated the highest concentration of salicylic acid (SA) compared to “Negramoll” and “Tintilla”, which showed similar content. Furthermore, an antagonistic change between SA and jasmonic acid (JA) was observed in all genotypes, as well as between abscisic acid (ABA) and JA at the beginning and end of the trial. The variations in micronutrients did not show a clear tendency between cultivars. Therefore, to thoroughly elucidate the role of phytohormones and other physiological factors in the growth and development of these genotypes under varying environmental conditions, long-term experiments could be conducted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
14 pages, 2780 KiB  
Article
Effects of Light Spectra on Growth, Physiological Responses, and Antioxidant Capacity in Five Radish Varieties in an Indoor Vertical Farming System
by Panita Chutimanukul, Pakin Piew-ondee, Thanyaluk Dangsamer, Akira Thongtip, Supattana Janta, Praderm Wanichananan, Ornprapa Thepsilvisut, Hiroshi Ehara and Preuk Chutimanukul
Horticulturae 2024, 10(10), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10101059 - 3 Oct 2024
Viewed by 548
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is highly nutritious and contains antioxidants that help reduce the risk of diseases. Light is a crucial factor in their growth and the stimulation of secondary metabolite production. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of light [...] Read more.
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is highly nutritious and contains antioxidants that help reduce the risk of diseases. Light is a crucial factor in their growth and the stimulation of secondary metabolite production. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of light spectra on the development, physiological responses, and antioxidant capacity of radish varieties including cherry belle (CB), black Spanish (BS), hailstone white (HW), Malaga violet (MV), and sparkler white tip (SW) under a controlled environment. Various spectra of red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light were used. The study found that using a combination of red and blue light (3R:1B) resulted in the highest growth in root diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight across all five radish varieties, with values ranging from 1.83 to 4.63 cm, 13.58 to 89.33 g, and 1.20 to 4.64 g, respectively. In terms of physiological responses, the CB and BS varieties showed a higher photosynthetic rate after exposure to mixed red and blue light (1R:3B, 3R:1B). Additionally, adding green light to the red and blue light also enhanced the photosynthetic rate, with statistically significant differences ranging from 3.31 to 3.99 µmol m−2 s−1. The SW variety of radish exhibited an increase in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins when exposed to light spectra of 1R:1G:1B, 1R:2G:1B, 1R:3G:1B, and 1R:3B. The highest levels of phenolic compounds were 4.67–5.14 mg GAE/g DW, flavonoids were 1.62–1.96 mg Rutin/g DW, and anthocyanins were 1.20–1.58 µg/g DW. However, the antioxidant capacity of five radish varieties under different light spectra did not show significant differences. Thus, the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant capacity depend on the optimal light spectrum for each radish variety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
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20 pages, 4797 KiB  
Article
Molecular Responses to Drought and Waterlogging Stresses of Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa) Potted Vines
by Elena Baldi, Chiara Pastore, Giacomo Chiarelli, Maurizio Quartieri, Francesco Spinelli and Moreno Toselli
Horticulturae 2024, 10(8), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080834 - 7 Aug 2024
Viewed by 833
Abstract
Environmental extremes, such as drought and flooding, are becoming increasingly common, resulting in significant crop losses. The aim of the present study was to understand the molecular response induced by drought and waterlogging conditions, and to link these responses to the physiological adaptation [...] Read more.
Environmental extremes, such as drought and flooding, are becoming increasingly common, resulting in significant crop losses. The aim of the present study was to understand the molecular response induced by drought and waterlogging conditions, and to link these responses to the physiological adaptation of plants. For this purpose, leaf RNA expression was analyzed in potted kiwifruit plants by Illumina Next Generation Sequences. Stressed plants showed an impairment of all physiological parameters (leaf-gas exchange and stem-water potential) with a more evident effect in waterlogging condition than in drought condition. However, the impact on the transcriptome in waterlogged plants was less intense than in drought stress. Drought affected several metabolic pathways, among which “plant hormone signal transduction”, “protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum”, and “mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway” were the most representative in terms of number of genes involved. The genes involved in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids were positively influenced by both drought and waterlogging. Finally, waterlogging stimulated secondary metabolisms by upregulating the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of terpenoids and flavonoids, such as stilbenoids. The obtained results show that the two contrasting stress conditions share several common physiological responses and molecular mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
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18 pages, 4696 KiB  
Article
An Evaluation of the Effect of Fertilizer Rate on Tree Growth and the Detection of Nutrient Stress in Different Irrigation Systems
by Krishna Neupane, Anthony Witcher and Fulya Baysal-Gurel
Horticulturae 2024, 10(7), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070767 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 737
Abstract
Early season monitoring of nutrient stress is important in red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) to optimize management practices and ensure healthy crop production in containers. Two different irrigation systems (drip and overhead irrigation) were used [...] Read more.
Early season monitoring of nutrient stress is important in red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) to optimize management practices and ensure healthy crop production in containers. Two different irrigation systems (drip and overhead irrigation) were used in this study. Two rates (low and high) of controlled-release fertilizer were used with no fertilizer as a control treatment. Data were recorded for plant height, stem diameter, substrate pH and electrical conductivity (EC), chlorophyll content, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), visual observation of plant quality, and leaf nutrient content. The results of this study showed that the increase in plant height and stem diameter was greater among the fertilized maple tree, whereas no differences were observed in the flowering dogwoods for an increase in plant height. NDVI was greater for drip irrigation for both fertilizer rates in both red maples and flowering dogwoods. A positive correlation of 73% to 83% was observed for red maples and 79% to 83% was observed for flowering dogwoods between handheld NDVI and unmanned aerial vehicle-mounted NDVI sensors. In red maple, a high fertilizer rate resulted in greater substrate pH, whereas in flowering dogwood, no differences were observed. Varied responses were observed among the treatments for nutrient content; however, both rates of fertilizer application were sufficient for both tree species. Drip-irrigated red maples had higher nitrogen and phosphorous content, whereas nitrogen content was higher in both irrigation systems in flowering dogwoods. This study provides useful insights into understanding the effect of nutrient stress on tree growth and the application of sensing technology for the monitoring and early detection of nutrient stress in container-grown nursery crops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
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18 pages, 10587 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Analysis of Genes Associated with the Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism in Citrus sinensis during Pathogen Infection
by Guiyan Huang, Fuxuan Li, Yanan Hu, Zhigang Ouyang and Ruimin Li
Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060625 - 11 Jun 2024
Viewed by 847
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pivotal in signal transduction processes in plant–pathogen interactions. The ROS signaling pathways involved in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and Xanthomonas citri subspecies citri (Xcc) infections in Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) are unclear. In this study, we comprehensively identified [...] Read more.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pivotal in signal transduction processes in plant–pathogen interactions. The ROS signaling pathways involved in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and Xanthomonas citri subspecies citri (Xcc) infections in Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) are unclear. In this study, we comprehensively identified ROS metabolism-associated genes, including 9 NADPH oxidase (RBOH), 14 superoxide dismutase (SOD), 1 catalase (CAT), 9 peroxiredoxin (PrxR), 5 ascorbate peroxidase (APX), 4 glutathione peroxidase (GPX), 3 monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), 2 dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), 2 glutathione reductase (GR), 24 thioredoxin (Trx), and 18 glutaredoxin (GLR) genes in C. sinensis. An analysis revealed variable gene structures but conserved motifs and domains in ROS subfamilies. A comparative synteny analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana and Vitis vinifera indicated evolutionary conservation of most ROS metabolism-associated genes, with some originating from gene duplication events post-species divergence in C. sinensis. Expression profiling revealed five up-regulated genes and four down-regulated genes during both CLas and Xcc infections. Promoter analysis revealed numerous stress-responsive elements in the promoter of ROS metabolism-associated genes. Protein–protein interaction network analysis highlighted the involvement of ROS metabolism in various biological processes. A comparison of ROS metabolism-associated genes between C. sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata indicated multiple gene gain and loss events within ROS subfamilies of C. sinensis. This study enhances our understanding of ROS metabolism in C. sinensis and sheds light on citrus–pathogen interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
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17 pages, 1202 KiB  
Article
Boosting Tomato Resilience in Tanzania: Grafting to Combat Bacterial Wilt and Abiotic Stress
by Shem Elias Msabila, Thibault Nordey, Zablon Ernest, Nickson Mlowe, Ravishankar Manickam, Srinivasan Ramasamy and Joël Huat
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040338 - 29 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1332
Abstract
The grafting technique has successfully mitigated crop losses from diseases and stress in vegetable production; however, vegetable grafting in Tanzania is very limited. Field and greenhouse experiments conducted in Tanzania’s mainland and islands compared the response of tomato determinate cv. ‘Tanya’ to production [...] Read more.
The grafting technique has successfully mitigated crop losses from diseases and stress in vegetable production; however, vegetable grafting in Tanzania is very limited. Field and greenhouse experiments conducted in Tanzania’s mainland and islands compared the response of tomato determinate cv. ‘Tanya’ to production challenges when ungrafted and grafted onto five tomato rootstocks (‘Hawaii 7796’, ‘Tengeru 1997’, ‘Tengeru 2010’, ‘R3034’, and ‘Shelter’), one eggplant variety (‘EG 203’), and one wild Solanum species (Solanum elaeagnifolium). The visual symptoms of bacterial wilt varied significantly with location and season, ranging from 8 to 100%, attributed to varying bacterial wilt pressures and strains of Ralstonia solanacearum isolated (Phylotype I sequevars 17, 18, and 31). ‘EG203’ and ‘Hawaii 7796’ emerged as the most effective rootstocks, reducing wilting by 49.8 and 51.0% and improving yield by 57.2% and 27.7% on average across experiments conducted in three locations (Moshi, Pemba, and Unguja) over two seasons. Combining reduced water supply with grafting resulted in an average reduction in wilting of 76%, while also boosting yields by an average of 3.6 times in experiments conducted in Arusha over two seasons. Grafting onto ‘Hawaii 7796’ and ‘Shelter’ significantly improved ‘Tanya’ yields by 38.3% and 41.6% on average over two seasons, only under standard nutrient application rates. While certain rootstocks improved crop performance, yields across various sites and seasons were significantly hampered by pest pressure. These findings support grafting’s potential to mitigate damage from common stresses, emphasizing the need for further research to identify suitable rootstocks for optimizing returns on investments in grafted plants in Tanzania. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
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22 pages, 8069 KiB  
Article
Joint Analysis of Small RNA and mRNA Sequencing Unveils miRNA-Mediated Regulatory Network in Response to Methyl Jasmonate in Apocynum venetum L.
by Jinhua Tan, Xiaowei Han, Qi Liu, Tashi Dorjee, Yijun Zhou, Huigai Sun and Fei Gao
Horticulturae 2024, 10(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020173 - 15 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1105
Abstract
Apocynum venetum L. is a natural fiber and medicinal plant species with significant economic value. Jasmonic acid is an endogenous growth regulatory substance present in higher plants that participate in plant growth, development, and defense. As important endogenous single-stranded RNA molecules, microRNA (miRNA) [...] Read more.
Apocynum venetum L. is a natural fiber and medicinal plant species with significant economic value. Jasmonic acid is an endogenous growth regulatory substance present in higher plants that participate in plant growth, development, and defense. As important endogenous single-stranded RNA molecules, microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in the post-transcriptional regulation of plant genes. A combination of miRNA and mRNA sequencing techniques was used to systematically identify the methyl jasmonate miRNAs and mRNAs in A. venetum. Up to 135 conserved and 26 species-specific miRNAs have been identified in A. venetum. These miRNAs mainly target genes that encode transcription factors and enzymes. The expression levels of 23 miRNAs, including miR398 and miR482, significantly changed after MeJA treatment. A total of 1778 genes were differentially expressed under MeJA treatment, of which 825 were upregulated and 953 were downregulated. The main biological processes enriched in these differentially expressed genes were redox balance, secondary metabolism, photosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction. Joint analysis of the miRNAs and mRNA revealed that MeJA-responsive miRNAs function by forming regulatory modules, including miR398-CSD, miR482-NBS-LRR, miR156-SPL10, and miR164-NAC056, which further regulate multiple biological processes, including redox balance, disease resistance, and morphogenesis in A. venetum. This study provides important information to understand the biological roles of miRNAs in A. venetum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
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17 pages, 2905 KiB  
Article
Mediator Subunit RhMED15a Regulates Drought Tolerance in Rose
by Xiaoman Shang, Nanxin Xie, Yalin Li, Zixin Zhao, Ping Luo, Yongyi Cui, Xianlong Rao and Wen Chen
Horticulturae 2024, 10(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010084 - 15 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1297
Abstract
Mediator is a multiprotein complex integral to the transcription machinery, mediated by RNA polymerase II. Some Mediator subunits have been found to have critical functions in plants’ responses to abiotic stresses. However, the role of plant Mediator subunits in drought responses remains largely [...] Read more.
Mediator is a multiprotein complex integral to the transcription machinery, mediated by RNA polymerase II. Some Mediator subunits have been found to have critical functions in plants’ responses to abiotic stresses. However, the role of plant Mediator subunits in drought responses remains largely enigmatic. Here, we identified a Mediator subunit, RhMED15a, in roses (Rosa hybrida). Its expression was greatly and swiftly induced by dehydration treatment in the root. The promoter sequence of RhMED15a contains cis-acting elements that respond to abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). In addition, the expression of RhMED15a was significantly up-regulated with ABA treatment and inversely down-regulated with MeJA treatment. Silencing RhMED15a using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in roses significantly reduced drought tolerance in rose plants. This resulted in a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and a decreased survival rate in comparison to TRV controls. Moreover, we found that the expression of five drought-related genes, including dehydration responsive element binding factor 1B (DREB1B), responsive to desiccation stress 29A (RD29A), responsive to desiccation stress 29B (RD29B), early response to dehydration 14 (ERD14), and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (NCED1), was considerably suppressed in RhMED15a-silenced plants during drought stress. Taken together, our results present that the Mediator tail module subunit RhMED15a serves as an enhancer of drought tolerance in rose, probably through the modulation of the expression of some drought-related genes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
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19 pages, 4043 KiB  
Article
Proteomic Analysis of the Cold Stress Response of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus Reveals the Role of AmCHIA in Its Cold Tolerance
by Xuting Li, Qi Liu, Rongqi Wu, Jie Bing, Lamei Zheng, Batu Sumbur, Yijun Zhou and Fei Gao
Horticulturae 2023, 9(10), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9101114 - 9 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1223
Abstract
Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a traditional ethnic medicinal herb, is a rare broad-leaved evergreen shrub in the arid region of central Asia that can survive under extremely low temperatures during winter. In this study, we investigated the cold stress response of A. mongolicus leaves [...] Read more.
Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a traditional ethnic medicinal herb, is a rare broad-leaved evergreen shrub in the arid region of central Asia that can survive under extremely low temperatures during winter. In this study, we investigated the cold stress response of A. mongolicus leaves using physiological and proteomic approaches. Cold stress treatment increased the relative electrolyte leakage, proline, and soluble sugar levels and decreased the chlorophyll content in A. mongolicus leaves. Moreover, 93 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were identified using two-dimensional electrophoresis, of which 79 were further confirmed via tandem mass spectrometric analysis. The predicted functions of DAPs were mainly associated with photosynthesis in chloroplasts, reactive oxygen species scavenging, defense, and protein synthesis, folding, and degradation. A. mongolicus chitinase A (AmCHIA) is a cold-induced apoplast protein whose transcription is upregulated under cold, osmotic, high-salinity, and mechanical stresses. Recombinant AmCHIA expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits chitinase activity. Here, AmCHIA expression enhanced the cold tolerance of E. coli cells, suggesting that it may contribute to the cold adaptation of A. mongolicus after cold treatment. The present study not only provides important data for understanding the cold stress responses in plants but also serves as a basis for further exploration of the biological functions of cold-induced proteins in A. mongolicus using genetic approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
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14 pages, 1797 KiB  
Article
Strigolactone-Mediated Trehalose Enhances Salt Resistance in Tomato Seedlings
by Xuefang Lu, Xiaojun Liu, Junrong Xu, Yunzhi Liu, Yuzhen Chi, Wenjin Yu and Changxia Li
Horticulturae 2023, 9(7), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9070770 - 5 Jul 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1538
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are newly discovered plant hormones that modulate a variety of physiological and biochemical processes and plant stress responses. In this study, SLs’ synthetic analog, GR24, significantly improved the growth of tomato seedlings under salt stress, while SLs’ synthesis inhibitor, TIS108, inversed [...] Read more.
Strigolactones (SLs) are newly discovered plant hormones that modulate a variety of physiological and biochemical processes and plant stress responses. In this study, SLs’ synthetic analog, GR24, significantly improved the growth of tomato seedlings under salt stress, while SLs’ synthesis inhibitor, TIS108, inversed the positive role of SLs, indicating that SLs could effectively enhance salt-stress resistance in tomato. To further explore the mechanism of SL-modulated trehalose (Tre) in response to salt stress, Tre metabolism was analyzed during this process. GR24 increased the endogenous Tre and starch contents and decreased the glucose (Glu) level under salt-stress conditions. Additionally, the TPS and TPP activities were enhanced by GR24 and the activity of THL was inhibited by GR24 under salt stress; thereafter, Tre biosynthesis-related genes, including TPS1, TPS2, TPP1, and TPP2, were also upregulated by GR24 under salt stress. However, the function of GR24 in Tre metabolism was inhibited by TIS108. Thus, the results indicated that GR24 improved the expression levels or activities of Tre biosynthesis-related genes or enzymes and inhibited the transcript level or activity of genes or enzymes related to Tre degradation, respectively, resulting in an increase in the endogenous Tre level and, therefore, weakening the salt toxicity of tomato seedlings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses of Horticultural Plants)
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