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20 pages, 1431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of an Eight-Week Integrated Functional Core and Plyometric Training Program on Young Rhythmic Gymnasts’ Explosive Strength

by Cristina Cabrejas, Mónica Solana-Tramunt, Jose Morales, Ainhoa Nieto, Ana Bofill, Eduardo Carballeira and Emanuela Pierantozzi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(2), 1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021041 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3869

Abstract

Background: Explosive strength is essential for rhythmic gymnasts’ performance. It has been suggested that core stability (CS) and plyometric training can enhance athletes’ explosive strength. Nevertheless, there is some uncertainty about the effects of integrated core and plyometric training (CPT) programs on rhythmic [...] Read more.

Background: Explosive strength is essential for rhythmic gymnasts’ performance. It has been suggested that core stability (CS) and plyometric training can enhance athletes’ explosive strength. Nevertheless, there is some uncertainty about the effects of integrated core and plyometric training (CPT) programs on rhythmic gymnastics (RG) performances. Purpose: to evaluate the effects of an integrated functional CPT program on young rhythmic gymnasts’ explosive strength and jump/leap performance. Method: We recruited 44 young (age = 10.5 ± 1.8 years old; peak height velocity, PHV = 12.2 ± 0.6 years old) female rhythmic gymnasts and randomly allocated them into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). Pre and post-intervention, the explosive strength of both groups was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) and single-leg CMJ (SLCMJ) tests, conducted using a force platform, and expert RG judges evaluated their performance of RG-specific jumps. Before the post-test, the EG (n = 23) completed an 8 week functional CPT program based on RG technical requirements. Meanwhile, the participants in the CG (n = 21) received their regular training sessions. Linear mixed model analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of an intra-subject factor (TIME: pre-post) and an inter-subject factor (GROUP: control-experimental) on each dependent variable. When no significant interaction effect was found, Cohen’s d effect size was calculated. Results: After 8 weeks, the EG obtained significantly better results in all variables measured by the CMJ and SLCMJ (p < 0.01) tests. The judges’ scores indicated greater improvements in the EG after the CPT program in the stag and the split leap. Conclusions: An integrated functional CPT program improved explosive strength in a group of young rhythmic gymnasts and had a large impact on aspects of RG-specific performance. Coaches should consider using this CPT to improve RG performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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10 pages, 359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incidence of Upper Body Injuries in Amateur Padel Players

by Diego Muñoz, Manuel Coronado, María C. Robles-Gil, Manuel Martín and Adrián Escudero-Tena

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(24), 16858; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416858 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3058

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to analyze the injuries suffered during the previous year by amateur padel players according to the characteristics of the racket, their usual volume of practice and their experience in padel. A total of 950 amateur players ( [...] Read more.

The objectives of this study were to analyze the injuries suffered during the previous year by amateur padel players according to the characteristics of the racket, their usual volume of practice and their experience in padel. A total of 950 amateur players (X age: 31.68 years; X weight: 70.84 kg; X height: 170.9 cm) participated voluntarily, completing an ad-hoc questionnaire. The results indicated that the appearance of the injuries and their location was different according to the sex of the amateur padel players. Men had a higher incidence of muscle and ligament injuries in the shoulder, and tendon injuries in the elbow. On the other hand, women had a greater probability of having muscle injuries in the shoulder and arm, ligament injuries in the elbow and bone injuries in the wrist and elbow. In general, tendon injuries were the most common injury in padel and the shoulder and elbow were the most affected areas. Moreover, men tend to use heavy (CSR = 6.0), fiberglass or carbon (CSR = 2.1), diamond-shaped rackets (CSR = 3.2), with a hard core (CSR = 4.4) and with two or more over grips (CSR = 2.7). Women usually use less heavy (CSR = 6.0), round-shaped rackets (CSR = 4.9), with a soft core (CSR = 4.4) and with one or no over grips (CSR = 2.7). In addition, men tend to play padel more often and have been practicing for longer. In conclusion, although the risk of injury depends on many factors, we identified that the characteristics of the racket, the volume of weekly practice, the experience of the player and the gender of the player are fundamental aspects to take into account for the prevention of injuries in amateur padel players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

11 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Companion Rescue and Risk Management of Trekkers on the Everest Trek, Solo Khumbu Region, Nepal

by Carina Cerfontaine, Christian Apel, Daniela Bertsch, Maren Grass, Miriam Haunolder, Nina Hundt, Julia Jäger, Christian Kühn, Sonja Museol, Lisa Timmermann, Michael van der Giet, Simone van der Giet, Knut Wernitz, Volker Schöffl, Audry Morrison and Thomas Küpper

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 16288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316288 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

Background: Trekking to high-altitude locations presents inherent health-related hazards, many of which can managed with specific first aid (FA) training. This study evaluates the trip preparation, FA knowledge, and FA self-assessment of trekkers (organized by tour operators vs. individually planned tours). Data obtained [...] Read more.

Background: Trekking to high-altitude locations presents inherent health-related hazards, many of which can managed with specific first aid (FA) training. This study evaluates the trip preparation, FA knowledge, and FA self-assessment of trekkers (organized by tour operators vs. individually planned tours). Data obtained shall be used for specific FA trip preparation and management of emergencies en route for this population. Methods: A total of 366 trekkers on the Everest Base Camp Trek, Nepal, were interviewed using a questionnaire specifically designed to evaluate their FA knowledge and management of emergencies. Data evaluation was performed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 40.5% of trekkers experienced at least one medical incident during their trip, of which almost 50% were due to acute mountain sickness (AMS). There was more AMS in commercially organized groups than in individually planned ones (55% vs. 40%). For more than 50%, no medical care was available during their trip. A total of 80% could answer only 3/21 FA questions completely correctly. Only 1% showed adequate knowledge concerning FA strategies. A total of 70% were willing to enroll in an FA class specialized towards the needs of trekkers. Conclusions: The importance of high-altitude FA knowledge and trip preparation is widely underestimated. There is an unmet demand amongst trekkers for specific wilderness FA classes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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10 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the External Load in Training Sessions and Official Matches in Female Football: A Case Report

by Aratz Olaizola, Ibai Errekagorri, Karmele Lopez-de-Ipina, Pilar María Calvo and Julen Castellano

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15820; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315820 - 28 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1913

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the external load of training sessions using as a reference an official competition match in women’s football in order to find if the training sessions replicate the competition demands. Twenty-two semi-professional football players were analyzed [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to compare the external load of training sessions using as a reference an official competition match in women’s football in order to find if the training sessions replicate the competition demands. Twenty-two semi-professional football players were analyzed during 17 weeks in the first phase of the competitive period of the 2020–2021 season of Spanish women’s football. In addition to the competition (Official Matches, OM), four types of sessions were distinguished: strength or intensity (INT), endurance or extensity (EXT), velocity (VEL), and activation or pre-competitive (PREOM). The external load variables recorded were total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), sprint (Sprint), accelerations (ACC2), decelerations (DEC2), player load (PL), distance covered per minute (TDmin), high metabolic load distance (HMLD), and total impacts. The main results were that the external load demanded was different according to the type of session, being, in all cases, much lower than OM. The variables referring to the neuromuscular demands (ACC2 and DEC2) were higher in the INT sessions, the TD variable in the EXT sessions and the velocity variables (HSR and Sprint) in the VEL sessions. We can conclude that there was an alternating horizontal distribution of training loads within the competitive micro-cycle in women’s football, although the order was not the usual one for tactical periodization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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11 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fitness Soccer Athletes Training at the University of Limpopo, South Africa: Are the Macronutrients Intake and Anthropometric Status of These Athletes Optimal?

by Masodi Makhafola, Hendrick Makhubela, Sylven Masoga and Sefora Hazel Makuse

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12650; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912650 - 3 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1493

Abstract

Background: Dietary practices of the University of Limpopo soccer team athletes have been reported. However, the practices of those engaging in soccer for general fitness from different non-competitive teams remain unknown. To respond to this gap, the researchers investigated the energy, macronutrient intake, [...] Read more.

Background: Dietary practices of the University of Limpopo soccer team athletes have been reported. However, the practices of those engaging in soccer for general fitness from different non-competitive teams remain unknown. To respond to this gap, the researchers investigated the energy, macronutrient intake, and BMI status and further correlated the two variables of the fitness non-competitive soccer athletes registered at the University of Limpopo in South Africa. Method: A quantitative study design was undertaken to conveniently sample 60 out of 90 fitness soccer athletes from the four non-competitive soccer teams at the University of Limpopo sports grounds. Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Limpopo Research and Ethics Committee, and permission was given by the university sports management and team coaches. Athletes signed the informed consent form before participating in the study. Data were collected at the soccer fields during the afternoons before the start of training. Macronutrient intake data were collected using multiple (two) 24-h recall questionnaires on different days, which were validated by the food frequency questionnaire. Weight and height were measured using a digital scale (Seca 813 electronic flat scale) and stadiometer (Seca 213 portable stadiometer) for BMI calculations, respectively. The average energy and macronutrient intakes were calculated through the SAMRC FoodFinder software (3.0). The nutrient averages, together with the BMI results, were loaded into SPSS (26.0) for further analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to report the energy, macronutrient intake, and BMI statuses of athletes using percentages, means, and standard deviations (±SD). A one-way ANOVA test was used to determine the association between the latter variables. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was the criterion used to correlate the variables. Results: All (100%) athletes were males, most of whom played soccer for 2–3 years while at the university. Almost half (48%) of athletes consumed energy (39.6 kcal/kg) below the recommendations. About 92% and 53% of athletes consumed carbohydrates (5.0 g/kg) and fat (1.2 g/kg) below the recommended values; while 43% consumed protein (1.4 g/kg) optimally. The majority (>80%) had a normal BMI (21.6 ± 2.6 kg/m²) status. However, there were no relationships between the energy (p = 0.383), CHO (p = 0.261), protein (p = 0.543), and fat (p = 0179) intake and the BMI status of athletes. Conclusion: The macronutrient intake of fitness soccer athletes at the University of Limpopo is, on the whole, suboptimal. However, the athletes had normal body weights. There was no association between both the energy and macronutrient intake and the anthropometric (BMI) status of soccer athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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8 pages, 332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Characteristics of Elite Male Bandy Players

by Henrik Petré, Alexander Ovendal, Niklas Westblad, Lasse Ten Siethoff and Niklas Psilander

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12337; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912337 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2064

Abstract

Physical characteristics of elite male bandy players have not been studied for the last 30 years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics of elite male bandy players with respect to playing positions. A cross-sectional study was performed [...] Read more.

Physical characteristics of elite male bandy players have not been studied for the last 30 years. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical characteristics of elite male bandy players with respect to playing positions. A cross-sectional study was performed that included 25 male bandy players from one of the highest-ranked bandy leagues in the world. Body weight, length, isometric mid-thigh pull, countermovement jump, squat jump, unilateral long jump, bilateral long jump, 15- and 30-m sprint, 15-m flying sprint, and VO_2max were tested. Players were divided into forwards, midfielders, and defenders. Forwards had significantly (p = 0.012) higher relative VO_2max than defenders (59.8 ± 4.3 compared to 53.0 ± 5.6 mL/kg/min). No significant differences for any of the other measurements were observed between positions. This is the first study to present the physical characteristics between playing positions in off- and on-ice tests for male bandy players competing at the highest level. Today’s bandy players are heavier and have lower relative VO_2max compared with players in the early 1990s. However, their work capacities have increased since their absolute VO_2max is higher. These results provide benchmark values that can serve as a foundation for strength and conditioning professionals when designing future training programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

12 pages, 1221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Acute Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility in Young Adults with Different Levels of Aerobic Fitness

by Beibei Shi, Hong Mou, Shudong Tian, Fanying Meng and Fanghui Qiu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(15), 9106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159106 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1968

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on cognitive flexibility in young adults with differing levels of aerobic fitness. Sixty-six young adults were grouped into high- and low-fit groups based on their final [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on cognitive flexibility in young adults with differing levels of aerobic fitness. Sixty-six young adults were grouped into high- and low-fit groups based on their final running distance on the 20 m Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test. Individuals participated in a 10 min HIIE, a 20 min HIIE, a 20 min MICE, and a control session (reading quietly in a chair) in a counterbalanced order. The more-odd shifting task was completed before and approximately 5 min after each intervention to assess cognitive flexibility. The results showed that young adults with a high fitness level gained greater benefits in terms of switch cost from the 20 min HIIE, while low-fitness participants benefited more from the 10 min HIIE and the 20 min MICE. These findings suggest that aerobic fitness may influence the effect of acute HIIE and MICE on cognitive flexibility. Young adults should consider individual fitness level when adopting time-effective and appropriate exercise routines to improve cognitive flexibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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10 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Handlebar Height and Bicycle Frame Length on Muscular Activity during Cycling: A Pilot Study

by Ana Conceição, Vítor Milheiro, José A. Parraca, Fernando Rocha, Mário C. Espada, Fernando J. Santos and Hugo Louro

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116590 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2173

Abstract

The cycling literature is filled with reports of electromyography (EMG) analyses for a better understanding of muscle function during cycling. This research is not just limited to performance, as the cyclist’s goal may be rehabilitation, recreation, or competition, so a bicycle that meets [...] Read more.

The cycling literature is filled with reports of electromyography (EMG) analyses for a better understanding of muscle function during cycling. This research is not just limited to performance, as the cyclist’s goal may be rehabilitation, recreation, or competition, so a bicycle that meets the rider’s needs is essential for a more efficient muscular activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the contribution of the activity of each of the following muscles: TD (trapezius descending), LD (latissimus dorsi), GM (gluteus maximus), and AD (anterior deltoid) in response to different bicycle-rider systems (handlebar height; bicycle frame length) and intensities in a bicycle equipped with a potentiometer. Surface EMG signals from muscles on the right side of the body were measured. A general linear model test was used to analyze the differences between muscle activation in the test conditions. Effect sizes were calculated using a partial Eta2 (η²). The level of significance was set at 0.05. Muscle activation of different muscles differs, depending on the cycling condition (Pillai’s trace = 2.487; F (36.69) = 9.300; p < 0.001. η² = 0.958), mostly during low intensities. In high intensities, one specific pattern emerges, with a greater contribution of GM and TD and weaker participation of LD and AD, enhancing the cycling power output. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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12 pages, 3788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on the Joint Biomechanics of Different Skill Level Practitioners in Chen-Style Tai Chi Punching

by Hongguang Hua, Dong Zhu and Yifan Wang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(10), 5915; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105915 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1919

Abstract

Purpose: “Yan Shou Hong Cui” is a representative punch in Chen-style Tai Chi. The training is an important factor in affecting the effect of Tai Chi practice. Joint angles are the most intuitive way to evaluate motion. The purpose of this study is [...] Read more.

Purpose: “Yan Shou Hong Cui” is a representative punch in Chen-style Tai Chi. The training is an important factor in affecting the effect of Tai Chi practice. Joint angles are the most intuitive way to evaluate motion. The purpose of this study is to compare the movements of Tai Chi masters and beginners’ movements through the analysis of joint angle and punching effect, and explore the influence of training years on the power generation of Tai Chi punches. Methods: There were 14 Chinese Chen-style Tai Chi subjects recruited for this study. They were divided into the master group (n = 7, age of 38.14 ± 10.42 years, height of 1.68 ± 0.06 m, weight of 71.33 ± 8.61 kg) and the beginner group (n = 7, age of 38.00 ± 11.94 years, height of 1.69 ± 0.07 m, weight of 70.14 ± 9.79 kg). The typical movement from Chen-style Tai Chi is called Yan Shou Hong Cui. All subjects were asked to perform the action three times, and the way of force was applied each time. The kinematic and kinetic characteristics of Tai Chi were analyzed by the VICON 3D motion analysis system (100 Hz) with 16 MX13 cameras, and the punch efficiency was measured by the Chinese Kung Fu Dummy (80,000 Hz). Results: The experimental results show that the shoulder, elbow, and hand movements of the master group are more precise and the force strength is more vigorous (master group: the peak angular velocity of the shoulder joint was −324.12 ± 50.88°/s, the angular velocity of the elbow joint was −112.83 ± 56.98°/s, and the hand angular velocity was −121.69 ± 49.55°/s; beginner group: shoulder angle velocity was −281.17 ± 30.56°/s, the elbow angle speed was −263.64 ± 68.63°/s, and the hand angle speed was −36.80 ± 12.53°/s). The rotation angle and rotation speed of the hip joint in the master group were significantly higher than those in the beginner group (as for the hip rotation angle, the master group was 64°, which was significantly higher than the beginner group’s 44°, and there was a significant difference (p = 0.019 < 0.05)). In terms of rotation speed, the peak value of the master group was 370.3 ± 94.8°/s, which was significantly faster than that of the beginner group at 210.4 ± 56.1°/s, and there was a very significant difference (p = 0.003 < 0.01). The master group’s punch effect acceleration (496.39 ± 256.52 m/s²) was significantly higher than that of the beginner group (396.90 ± 116.79 m/s²). Conclusion: People who practice Tai Chi for a long time differ from the beginners in terms of joint flexibility, punching posture, and the effect of application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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10 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heart Rate Variability Monitoring during a Padel Match

by Jose A. Parraca, Joana Alegrete, Santos Villafaina, Nuno Batalha, Juan Pedro Fuentes-García, Diego Muñoz and Orlando Fernandes

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3623; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063623 - 18 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2600

Abstract

Padel, an increasingly popular sport, presents some associated cardiovascular risks, which can be prevented by heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring. However, there is no study worldwide that characterizes HRV during padel games. Therefore, this study aims to monitor HRV responses and characterize them [...] Read more.

Padel, an increasingly popular sport, presents some associated cardiovascular risks, which can be prevented by heart rate variability (HRV) monitoring. However, there is no study worldwide that characterizes HRV during padel games. Therefore, this study aims to monitor HRV responses and characterize them using linear and non-linear metrics at three timepoints: at baseline, during a game, and during recovery. Twenty-seven amateur participants had their HRV monitored before, during, and after a 90 min padel game. We extracted time, frequency, and non-linear measures with MATLAB for baseline, rest period, and at three periods of 5 min during the game. The differences in measures were assessed through an ANOVA. The autonomic modulation was affected by the padel match in amateur players. In this regard, the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSsd), Poincaré plot (perpendicular standard deviation (SD1) and horizontal standard deviation (SD2)), sample entropy (SampEn), low frequencies (LF), and very low frequencies (VLF) were significantly reduced during the game, whereas alpha-2, high frequencies (HF), and the ratio between low and high frequencies (LF/HF) increased during the game. Furthermore, an abrupt change was found in the autonomic modulation between game and recovery assessments, which suggests the need to rethink the practices of cool-down protocols. The multiple timepoints analyzed during this study allow us to investigate the evolution of different HRV measures in the time, frequency, and non-linear domains, clarifying the interpretation of the variables, especially the less-investigated ones such as the non-linear measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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14 pages, 3001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Actions of Net Zone Approach in Padel: Validation of the NAPOA Instrument

by Adrián Escudero-Tena, Diego Muñoz, Javier García-Rubio and Sergio J. Ibáñez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042384 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1828

Abstract

To carry out research that analyzes performance indicators through observational methodology, it is necessary to have validated tools. The purpose of this study was to design and validate a tool to ascertain the characteristics of the strokes that padel pairs use to reach [...] Read more.

To carry out research that analyzes performance indicators through observational methodology, it is necessary to have validated tools. The purpose of this study was to design and validate a tool to ascertain the characteristics of the strokes that padel pairs use to reach the net and their consequences in the two subsequent shots of the game. Eleven experts, who had to meet four of the five inclusion criteria established by the researchers, participated in the process. Aiken’s V coefficient and confidence intervals were used to analyze content validity and Cronbach’s α coefficient to calculate reliability. The adequacy and wording of the sixteen variables initially designed were evaluated. Four variables were eliminated due to obtaining values <0.90 in Aiken’s V coefficient in adequacy. The rest of the variables were modified in their wording, according to the qualitative evaluations of the experts, or were considered correct. The reliability of the instrument was acceptable (α = 0.89). The NAPOA instrument is novel, as it is of interest to analyze the characteristics of the strokes that padel players use to achieve the offensive position. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

10 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Level of Physical Activity and Its Relationship to Self-Perceived Physical Fitness in Peruvian Adolescents

by Roxana Paola Palacios-Cartagena, Jose A. Parraca, Maria Mendoza-Muñoz, Raquel Pastor-Cisneros, Laura Muñoz-Bermejo and Jose Carmelo Adsuar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031182 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2350

Abstract

Background: Physical activity and physical fitness play an important role in adolescence. Both are considered to be indicators of the current and future health status of young adults. The main objective of this article was to report the normative values of the Physical [...] Read more.

Background: Physical activity and physical fitness play an important role in adolescence. Both are considered to be indicators of the current and future health status of young adults. The main objective of this article was to report the normative values of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) and the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) instruments in Peruvian school adolescents. Methods: A sample of 1229 participants (622 girls and 607 boys) aged between 12 and 17 years was used. The type of study was descriptive-comparative. All measures used were obtained by means of self-administered instruments. The PAQ-A was used to assess the level of physical activity and the IFIS to assess the self-perceived physical fitness level of the adolescents. Results: It was observed that the PAQ-A questionnaire results obtained from the total sample was 2.34; significantly higher for boys (2.41) compared with girls (2.27). For the IFIS, the total score was 3.07, with boys obtaining 3.13 and girls 2.97. Conclusions: It was concluded that there was a direct relationship between the level of PA and self-perceived PF in Peruvian adolescents. Furthermore, adolescent boys were more physically active than girls and they had a better self-perceived PF with the exception of flexibility. Finally, there was a higher weight category involved at the lower level of PA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

9 pages, 5172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological and Construct Validity of a New Technical Level Cuban Dance Field Test

by Johnny Padulo, Alin Larion, Olfa Turki, Ionel Melenco, Cristian Popa, Stefano Palermi, Gian Mario Migliaccio, Stefania Mannarini and Alessandro Alberto Rossi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413287 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1847

Abstract

The study aimed to explore the sensitivity and specificity of a new methodological approach related to the musical rhythm for discriminating a competitive Cuban dancer’s (CDCs) level. Thirty CDCs (Age 23.87 ± 1.76 years, body mass 60.33 ± 9.45 kg, stature 1.68 ± [...] Read more.

The study aimed to explore the sensitivity and specificity of a new methodological approach related to the musical rhythm for discriminating a competitive Cuban dancer’s (CDCs) level. Thirty CDCs (Age 23.87 ± 1.76 years, body mass 60.33 ± 9.45 kg, stature 1.68 ± 0.07 m) were divided into three groups: beginner (BEG, n = 10), intermediate (INT, n = 10), and advanced (ADV, n = 10) according to their training experience/level. Each dancer was assessed while dancing at three different musical rhythms: fast (118 BPM), medium (96 BPM), and slow (82 BPM). The assessed variables were average heart rate (HR_M), peak (HR_P), and dancing time (DC_T). The ADV group succeeded at all three musical combinations (317, 302, 309 s for 82, 96, 118 BPM). The INT group correctly performed only the first two combinations (304, 304 s for 82, 96 BPM), while a significant time difference was shown at the fast musical rhythm (198 ± 6.64 s) compared to the medium (p < 0.001) and slow rhythms (p < 0.001) respectively. As the speed of the musical rhythms increased, the BEG group was not able to follow the rhythm: their results were 300 ± 1.25 s for the slow musical rhythm, 94.90 ± 12.80 s for the medium musical rhythm and 34.10 ± 5.17 s for the fast musical rhythm (p < 0.001). The HR_M and HR_P grew along with the increase in musical rhythm for all groups (p < 0.001). The ROC analysis showed a high sensitivity and specificity in discriminating the groups for each rhythm’s condition. The BEG and INT groups showed an AUC = 0.864 (95% CI = 0.864–0.954); INT and ADV showed an AUC = 0.864 (95% CI = 0.864–0.952); BEG and ADV showed an AUC = 0.998 (95% CI = 0.993–1.000). The results of this study provided evidence to support the construct and ecological validity of the time of the musical rhythms related to competitive CDCs. Furthermore, the differences in the performances according to various musical rhythms, fast (118 BPM), medium (96 BPM), and slow (82 BPM), succeeded in discriminating a dancer’s level. Coaches and strength and conditioning professionals should include the Cuban Dance Field Test (CDFT) in their test battery when dealing with talent detection, selection, and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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18 pages, 773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Pedagogical Model and Experience on the Internal and External Task Load in School Basketball

by María G. Gamero, Juan M. García-Ceberino, Sergio J. Ibáñez and Sebastián Feu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 11854; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211854 - 12 Nov 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

The methodology used by the teacher in Physical Education sessions conditions the physical fitness of the students, since the design of the tasks determines the physical and physiological demands to which they are exposed. This study aimed to quantify and compare, according to [...] Read more.

The methodology used by the teacher in Physical Education sessions conditions the physical fitness of the students, since the design of the tasks determines the physical and physiological demands to which they are exposed. This study aimed to quantify and compare, according to the teaching methodology and students’ previous experience, the external (eTL) and internal (iTL) load resulting from the application of three intervention programmes that follow different teaching methodologies to teach school basketball: the Tactical Games Approach (TGA), Direct Instruction (DI) and Service Teacher’s Basketball Unit (STBU). The Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPEs) recorded in the assessments (pre-test/post-test) were also studied. A total of 49 students, aged 11 to 12 and divided into three class groups, from the sixth grade of primary education at a state school in Spain, participated in the study. Teaching–learning programs were randomly assigned to student groups. All the sessions were monitored with inertial devices that made it possible to record physical activity and convert the information into kinematic parameters. The results indicated that during the sessions, the students who followed the TGA method recorded higher values of eTL (player load; DI = 4.92, TGA = 6.95, STBU = 2.99) and iTL (mean heart rate; DI = 142.94, TGA = 157.12, STBU = 143.98). In addition, during the evaluation tests, they presented heart rate levels similar to those obtained by the students in the other programmes. However, they spent more time doing high-intensity activity, working longer in the running (DI = 3.42, TGA = 11.26, STBU = 8.32) and sprinting speed ranges (DI = 0.00, TGA = 0.12, STBU = 0.11), and presenting better physical fitness. During the assessments, students with no prior basketball experience showed higher levels of top speed; experienced students had higher levels of heart rate. The TGA method favours the physical condition and health of primary education students, which is why this method is recommended when planning Physical Education sessions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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12 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of Physical Activity on COVID-19

by Jia Yang, Xiang Li, Taiyu He, Fangyuan Ju, Ye Qiu and Zuguo Tian

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(21), 14108; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114108 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2938

Abstract

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is seriously endangering human health worldwide. This study finds effective intervention modalities of physical activity on COVID-19 through a narrative review. Methods: In this study, [...] Read more.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is seriously endangering human health worldwide. This study finds effective intervention modalities of physical activity on COVID-19 through a narrative review. Methods: In this study, 41 papers were selected for a narrative literature review after a comprehensive database search from 20 December 2019, to 30 August 2022. Results: 41 articles meet the established criteria, and in this review, we comprehensively describe recent studies on exercise and COVID-19, including the impact and recommendations of exercise on COVID-19 prevention, patients with COVID-19, and noninfected populations. Conclusions: The literature suggests that physical activity (PA) contributes to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, can promote recovery of physical function, alleviate post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, and improve patients’ psychological well-being. It is recommended to develop appropriate exercise prescriptions for different populations under the guidance of a physician. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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17 pages, 1025 KiB

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Determination of Critical Power Using Different Possible Approaches among Endurance Athletes: A Review

by Lucie Lipková, Michal Kumstát and Ivan Struhár

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137589 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2722

Abstract

Critical power represents an important parameter of aerobic function and is the highest average effort that can be sustained for a period of time without fatigue. Critical power is determined mainly in the laboratory. Many different approaches have been applied in testing methods, [...] Read more.

Critical power represents an important parameter of aerobic function and is the highest average effort that can be sustained for a period of time without fatigue. Critical power is determined mainly in the laboratory. Many different approaches have been applied in testing methods, and it is a difficult task to determine which testing protocol it the most suitable. This review aims to evaluate all possible tests on bicycle ergometers or bicycles used to estimate critical power and to compare them. A literature search was conducted in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) published from 2012 to 2022 and followed the PRISMA guidelines to process the review. Twenty-one articles met the eligibility criteria: records with trained or experienced endurance athletes (adults > 18), bicycle ergometer, a description of the testing protocol, and comparison of the tests. We found that the most widely used tests were the 3-min all-out tests set in a linear mode and the traditional protocol time to exhaustion. Some other alternatives could have been used but were not as regular. To summarize, the testing methods offered two main approaches in the laboratory (time to exhaustion test andthe 3-min all-out test with different protocols) and approach in the field, which is not yet completely standardized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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11 pages, 393 KiB

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The Role of Padel in Improving Physical Fitness and Health Promotion: Progress, Limitations, and Future Perspectives—A Narrative Review

by Bernardino J. Sánchez-Alcaraz and Javier Courel-Ibáñez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6582; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116582 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3608

Abstract

Benefits of regular exercise for health are beyond any doubt. However, adherence to regular physical activity is an ongoing challenge. Among the options for exercise engagement, racket sports, and particularly padel, stand as emerging practices for children and adults to have fun, improve [...] Read more.

Benefits of regular exercise for health are beyond any doubt. However, adherence to regular physical activity is an ongoing challenge. Among the options for exercise engagement, racket sports, and particularly padel, stand as emerging practices for children and adults to have fun, improve physical fitness, and potentially develop motor and cognitive skills. In the last decade, the literature on padel is increasing exponentially. However, there is a need for further experimental research. To design safe and effective sport-base physical activity promotion interventions, it is essential to have a deep understanding of the physical requirements, technical complexity, injury risks, and strength and conditioning programs. To assist researchers to conduct effective padel-based interventions for health, this review summarizes the state-of-the-art evidence about padel, identifies key topics to be addressed in the future, and discusses the potential role of padel as a physical fitness and health promotion strategy. A narrative review is presented, summarizing the results of padel articles from three different databases: Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies written in Spanish and English were the inclusion criteria. The studies had to be published from 2000 onwards and be original, as well as peer-reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Sport Modalities, Performance and Health)

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