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Air Pollution and Its Environmental and Health Effects
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Air Pollution and Its Environmental and Health Effects

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Air".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 March 2023) | Viewed by 7943

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yaling Lu

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
Interests: environmental planning; air pollution prevention; environmental health
Dr. Zhenni Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Economics and Finance, Xi 'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
Interests: energy and environmental policy; low carbon economy and management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

In recent decades, air pollution has occurred in different regions. Epidemiological studies around the world have generally reported associations between air pollutant exposure and mortality and morbidity. For example, high PM2.5 concentration can increase the risk of premature death associated with localized ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. In 2010, there were more than three million premature deaths associated with PM2.5 globally. Active air pollution prevention and control has been carried out in different regions. In fact, the formation of air pollution is complex, involving photochemical reaction. Moreover, air quality in a given location can be substantially affected by atmospheric transport from distant sources, including sources on other countries or even continents. Air pollution prevention and control involves many factors, such as local emission and emission reduction projects, industrial structure and trade exchange, government administrative and economic measures, and individual consciousness and behavior. This is an expensive business. For example, in 2017, the Chinese Central Government allocated a special fund of RMB 16 billion to local governments for air pollution control. More and more epidemiological studies show that improving air quality can increase public life expectancy and happiness. The benefits of human health can offset part of the cost of air pollution control. Papers addressing these topics are invited for this Special Issue.

Dr. Yaling Lu
Dr. Zhenni Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • air quality
  • air pollution
  • air pollution control
  • human health
  • premature death
  • transboundary atmospheric transmission
  • environmental effect
  • environmental management

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

8 pages, 1004 KiB  
Article
Does the Level of Air Pollution Affect the Incidence of Lung Adenocarcinoma in South-Eastern Poland?
by Marek Cierpiał-Wolan, Sebastian Wójcik, Jan Gawełko and Michalina Czarnota
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043177 - 11 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1472
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the association of long-term exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter, PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 as well as CO, with lung adenocarcinoma (AD) in south-east Poland for the years from 2004 to [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to assess the association of long-term exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter, PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 as well as CO, with lung adenocarcinoma (AD) in south-east Poland for the years from 2004 to 2014. The study group consisted of 4296 patients with lung adenocarcinoma and the level of selected pollutants. To analyse the data, a standard statistics for cohort data, that is a risk ratio (RR), was used. The dependencies occurring in the distribution of pollutants and cancer incidence were examined using Moran’s I correlation coefficient. The current study suggests that PM10, NO2 and SO2 exposure as an air pollutant may increase female lung adenocarcinoma incidence. In men, the increased risk of adenocarcinoma lung cancer is affected by SO2 and PM10. A high morbidity rate in urban areas and suburbs may be connected with commuting from moderately polluted living areas to highly polluted working areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution and Its Environmental and Health Effects)
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13 pages, 6079 KiB  
Article
Public Concern about Haze and Ozone in the Era of Their Coordinated Control in China
by Yaling Lu, Yuan Wang, Yujie Liao, Jiantong Wang, Mei Shan and Hongqiang Jiang
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(2), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020911 - 4 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1383
Abstract
In China, due to the implementation of the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (APPCAP), the concentrations of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) and severe haze in most cities have decreased significantly. However, at present, haze pollution in China has [...] Read more.
In China, due to the implementation of the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (APPCAP), the concentrations of PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) and severe haze in most cities have decreased significantly. However, at present, haze pollution in China has not been completely mitigated, and the problem of O3 (ozone) has become prominent. Therefore, the prevention and control of haze and O3 pollution have become important and noticeable issues in the field of atmospheric management. We used the Baidu search indices of “haze” and “ozone” to reflect public concerns about air quality and uncover different correlations between level of concern and level of pollution, and then we identified regions in China that require public attention. The results showed that (1) over the last decade, the search index of haze had a rapid trend of variation in line with changes in haze pollution, but that of O3 had a relatively slowly increasing trend; (2) the lag days between the peaks of public concern and the peaks of air pollution became increasingly shorter according to daily data analysis; and (3) 96 polluted cities did not receive sufficient public attention. Although periods of heavily haze-polluted weather, which affects visibility, have generated much public concern, periods of slight pollution have not received enough public attention. Public health protection and environmental participation regarding these periods of slight pollution in China deserve appropriate levels of attention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution and Its Environmental and Health Effects)
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18 pages, 4149 KiB  
Article
Understanding Anthropogenic PM2.5 Concentrations and Their Drivers in China during 1998–2016
by Guoliang Yun, Chen Yang and Shidong Ge
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010695 - 30 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1620
Abstract
Air pollution poses serious challenges for human health and wellbeing. It also affects atmospheric visibility and contributes to climate change. As social and economic processes have increased, anthropogenic PM2.5 pollution caused by intensive human activities has led to extremely severe air pollution. [...] Read more.
Air pollution poses serious challenges for human health and wellbeing. It also affects atmospheric visibility and contributes to climate change. As social and economic processes have increased, anthropogenic PM2.5 pollution caused by intensive human activities has led to extremely severe air pollution. Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations have received increasing attention from the scientific community. Nonetheless, spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations are still inadequately understood. Based on a time series of remotely sensed anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of this crucial pollutant in China from 1998 to 2016 using Sen’s slope estimator and the Mann–Kendall trend model. This, in combination with grey correlation analysis (GCA), was used to reveal the socioeconomic factors influencing anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations in eastern, central, and western China from 1998 to 2016. The results were as follows: (1) the average annual anthropogenic concentration of PM2.5 in China increased quickly and reached its peak value in 2007, then remained stable in the following years; (2) only 63.30 to 55.09% of the land area reached the threshold value of 15 μg/m3 from 1998 to 2016; (3) regarding the polarization phenomenon of anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations existing in eastern and central China, the proportion of gradient 1 (≤15 μg/m3) gradually decreased and gradient 3 (≥35 μg/m3) gradually increased; and (4) the urbanization level (UR), population density (PD), and proportion of secondary industry to gross domestic product (SI) were the dominant socioeconomic factors affecting the formation of anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations in eastern, central, and western China, independently. The improvements in energy consumption per gross domestic product (EI) have a greater potential for mitigating anthropogenic PM2.5 emissions in central and western China. These findings allow an interpretation of the spatial distribution of anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations and the mechanisms influencing anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations, which can help the Chinese government develop effective abatement strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution and Its Environmental and Health Effects)
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18 pages, 6816 KiB  
Article
Effects of Seasonal Variation on Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Ozone in Northeast China
by Jin Chen, Li Sun, Hongjie Jia, Chunlei Li, Xin Ai and Shuying Zang
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15862; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315862 - 29 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
The levels of tropospheric ozone (O3) are closely related to regional meteorological conditions, precursor emissions, and geographical environments, which have a significant negative impact on human health. The concentrations of O3 were relatively low, while the spatial distribution was strongly [...] Read more.
The levels of tropospheric ozone (O3) are closely related to regional meteorological conditions, precursor emissions, and geographical environments, which have a significant negative impact on human health. The concentrations of O3 were relatively low, while the spatial distribution was strongly heterogeneous in Northeast China; however, little is known about how the influencing factors affect the distribution of O3 in Northeast China. Here, the O3 concentration, meteorological observation data, precursors (NO2), and vegetation coverage data from 41 monitoring cities in Northeast China from 2017 to 2020 were collected and analyzed. The spatial–temporal distributions and evolution characteristics of O3 concentrations were investigated using statistical analysis, kriging interpolation, spatial autocorrelation analysis, cold–hot spot analysis, and geographic detectors, and the effects of meteorological factors, NO2, and green land area on O3 concentrations were evaluated seasonally and spatially. The results showed that O3 pollution in Northeast China was generally at a relatively low level and showed a decreasing trend during 2017–2020, with the highest concentrations in the spring and the lowest concentrations in the autumn and winter. May–July had relatively high O3 concentrations, and the over-standard rates were also the highest (>10%). The spatial distribution showed that the O3 concentration was relatively high in the south and low in the northeast across the study area. A globally significant positive correlation was derived from the spatial autocorrelation analysis. The cold–hot spot analysis showed that O3 concentrations exhibited spatial agglomerations of hot spots in the south and cold spots in the north. In Northeast China, the south had hot spots with high O3 pollution, the north had cold spots with excellent O3 levels, and the central region did not exhibit strong spatial agglomerations. A weak significant negative correlation between O3 and NO2 indicated that the emissions of NOx derived from human activities have weak effects on the O3 concentrations, and wind speed and sunshine duration had little effect on spatial differentiation of the O3 concentrations. Spatial variability in O3 concentrations in the spring and autumn was mainly driven by temperature, but in the summer, the influence of temperature was weakened by the relative humidity and precipitation; no factor had strong explanatory power in the winter. The temperature was the only controlling factor in hot spots with high O3 concentrations. In cold spots with low O3 concentrations, the relative humidity and green land area jointly affected the spatial distributions of O3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution and Its Environmental and Health Effects)
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16 pages, 3791 KiB  
Article
Air Pollutants in Metropolises of Eastern Coastal China
by Mao Mao, Liuxintian Rao, Huan Jiang, Siqi He and Xiaolin Zhang
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(22), 15332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215332 - 20 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1457
Abstract
Recently released hourly particular matter (PM:PM2.5 and PM10) and gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) data observed in Qingdao, Hangzhou, and Xiamen from 2015 to 2019 were utilized to reveal the current situation [...] Read more.
Recently released hourly particular matter (PM:PM2.5 and PM10) and gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) data observed in Qingdao, Hangzhou, and Xiamen from 2015 to 2019 were utilized to reveal the current situation of air pollution over eastern coastal China. The PM pollution situation over the three metropolises ameliorated during studied period with the concentrations decreasing about 20–30%. Gas pollutants, excepting SO2, generally exhibit no evident reduction tendencies, and a more rigorous control standard on gaseous pollutants is neededEven for the year 2018 with low pollution levels among the study period, these levels (<10% of PM2.5, <6% of PM10, and <15% of O3) surpass the Grade II of the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAAQS) over these metropolises of eastern coast China. No matter in which year, both SO2 and CO concentrations are always below the Grade-II standards. According to the comparative analysis of PM2.5/PM10 and PM2.5/CO during episode days and non-episode days, the formation of secondary aerosols associated with stagnant weather systems play an important role in the pollutant accumulation as haze episodes occurred. The stronger seasonal variations and higher magnitude occur in Qingdao and Hangzhou, while weaker seasonal variations and lower magnitudes occur in Xiamen. In Qingdao and Hangzhou, PM, NO2, SO2, and CO show relatively high levels in the cold wintertime and low levels in summer, whereas O3 shows a completely opposite pattern. Xiamen exhibits high levels of all air pollutants except O3 in spring due to its subtropical marine monsoon climate with mild winters. According to the back trajectory hierarchical clustering and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis, the regional transmission from adjacent cities has a significant impact on the atmospheric pollutant concentrations under the control of the prejudiced winds. Thus, besides local emission reduction, strengthening regional environmental cooperation and implementing joint prevention are effective measures to mitigate air pollution in the eastern coastal areas of China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution and Its Environmental and Health Effects)
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