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Exercise Training and Physiological Mechanisms Developing the Physical Fitness Level

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Exercise and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 18360

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Dr. Paulina Hebisz

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Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: exercise physiology; cardio-respiratory fitness; heart rate variability; thermoregulatory response to exercise; cycling; training programs and their effectiveness; polarized training; sprint interval training; high intensity interval training; exercise/training load control

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

Systematically performed training can broadly and significantly affect the body's functioning. Depending on the type of training used, aerobic and/or anaerobic capacity develops, affecting the efficiency of the circulatory and respiratory system, the activity of the nervous system, skeletal muscles, metabolism, body composition, hormonal balance, and movement technique. Systematic training should increase the tolerance of fatigue, and improve the mechanisms of buffering, thermoregulation, and tissue reconstruction. The effort is organized into different training programs and assigned to different goals depending on the people who perform it: young healthy people, athletes, elderly people, or sick people. Among athletes, the goal of training is to maximize performances; among the elderly, the goal is to maintain physical fitness; and among sick people, the goal is to return to physical fitness. In each of these cases, training should be controlled so that the selected exercise load—intensity and duration—is appropriate for the training/exercising person. Potential topics include, but are not limited to:

training and aerobic capacity

training and anaerobic capacity

skeletal muscles and metabolism

training and activity of the nervous system

training programs and their effectiveness

training fatigue process

body composition

hormonal balance

exercise/training load control

improving the movement technique

Dr. Paulina Hebisz
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

cardio-respiratory efficiency
nervous system activity
skeletal muscles and metabolism
hormonal balance
exercise fatigue
thermoregulation
sprint interval training
high intensity interval training
polarized training
exercise/training load control

Published Papers (6 papers)

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10 pages, 1020 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Skeletal Muscle Troponin T and Vitamin D Binding Protein (DBP) Concentrations in the Blood of Male Amateur Athletes Participating in a Marathon and 100 km Adventure Race

by Jacek Borkowski, Tadeusz Stefaniak and Piotr Cych

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(9), 5692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095692 - 1 May 2023

Viewed by 1371

Abstract

This study assessed changes in creatine kinase (CK) activity and skeletal muscle troponin T (sTnT) concentrations in the blood, to estimate the degree of muscle degradation after exercise. In addition, the concentration of vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in the blood was assessed. DBP concentrations were measured in blood as a marker for plasma load by monomeric actin. The study included marathon (MR) participants and 100 km adventure race (AR) participants, who were examined before and after the race. There was a significant (16-fold) increase in CK activity among AR participants, and a significant increase in sTnT concentration―127% in the MR group and 113% in the AR group, while there was a statistically significant decrease in DBP concentration by 14% in the AR group. In addition, it was observed that the initial concentration of DBP in both groups was in a normal range, but was lower than the average population, and the DBP concentration in the AR group was lower than in the MR group. It was concluded that exhausting physical effort such as a marathon or adventure races causes muscle damage with a far stronger influence on sarcoplasm than on filaments. The short-term and slight reduction in the concentration of DBP in blood after such efforts may be due to the appearance of monomeric actin in plasma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Training and Physiological Mechanisms Developing the Physical Fitness Level)

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20 pages, 1966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cluster Sets on Mechanical and Perceptual Variables in Adolescent Athletes

by Gustavo Api, Rosimeide Francisco dos Santos Legnani, Diogo Bertella Foschiera, Filipe Manuel Clemente and Elto Legnani

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 2810; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042810 - 5 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2017

Abstract

Cluster sets (CS) are effective in maintaining performance and reducing perceived effort compared to traditional sets (TRD). However, little is known about these effects on adolescent athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of CS on the performance of mechanical and perceptual variables in young athletes. Eleven subjects [4 boys (age = 15.5 ± 0.8 years; body mass = 54.3 ± 7.0 kg; body height = 1.67 ± 0.04 m; Back Squat 1RM/body mass: 1.62 ± 0.19 kg; years from peak height velocity [PHV]: 0.94 ± 0.50) and 7 girls (age = 17.2 ± 1.4 years; body mass = 54.7 ± 6.3 kg; body height = 1.63 ± 0.08 m; Back Squat 1RM/body mass: 1.22 ± 0.16 kg; years from PHV: 3.33 ± 1.00)] participated in a randomized crossover design with one traditional (TRD: 3 × 8, no intra-set and 225 s interest rest) and two clusters (CS1: 3 × 2 × 4, one 30 s intra-set and 180 s inter-set rest; and CS2: 3 × 4 × 2, three 30 s intra-set and 90 s inter-set rest) protocols. The subjects were assessed for a Back Squat 1RM for the first meet, then performed the three protocols on three different days, with at least 48 h between them. During experimental sessions, a back squat exercise was performed, and mean propulsive velocity (MPV), power (MPP), and force (MPF) were collected to analyze performance between protocols, together with measures of countermovement jump (CMJ) and perceptual responses through Rating of Perceived Exertion for each set (RPE-Set) and the overall session (S-RPE), and Muscle Soreness (DOMS). The results showed that velocity and power decline (MVD and MPD) were favorable for CS2 (MVD: −5.61 ± 14.84%; MPD: −5.63 ± 14.91%) against TRD (MVD: −21.10 ± 11.88%; MPD: −20.98 ± 11.85%) (p < 0.01) and CS1 (MVD: −21.44 ± 12.13%; MPD: −21.50 ± 12.20%) (p < 0.05). For RPE-Set, the scores were smaller for CS2 (RPE8: 3.23 ± 0.61; RPE16: 4.32 ± 1.42; RPE24: 4.46 ± 1.51) compared to TRD (RPE8: 4.73 ± 1.33; RPE16: 5.46 ± 1.62; RPE24: 6.23 ± 1.97) (p = 0.008), as well as for Session RPE (CS2: 4.32 ± 1.59; TRD: 5.68 ± 1.75) (p = 0.015). There were no changes for jump height (CMJ: p = 0.985), and the difference between time points in CMJ (ΔCMJ: p = 0.213) and muscle soreness (DOMS: p = 0.437) were identified. Our findings suggest that using CS with a greater number of intra-set rests is more efficient even with the total rest interval equalized, presenting lower decreases in mechanical performance and lower perceptual effort responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Training and Physiological Mechanisms Developing the Physical Fitness Level)

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14 pages, 1818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is There Agreement and Precision between Heart Rate Variability, Ventilatory, and Lactate Thresholds in Healthy Adults?

by Letícia Nascimento Santos Neves, Victor Hugo Gasparini Neto, Igor Ziviani Araujo, Ricardo Augusto Barbieri, Richard Diego Leite and Luciana Carletti

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(22), 14676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214676 - 9 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2584

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the agreement and precision between heart rate variability thresholds (HRVT1/2) with ventilatory and lactate thresholds 1 and 2 (VT1/2 and LT1/2) on a treadmill. Thirty-four male students were recruited. Day 1 consisted of conducting a health survey, anthropometrics, and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPx). On Day 2, after 48 h, a second incremental test was performed, the Cardiopulmonary Stepwise Exercise Test consisting of 3 min stages (CPxS), to determine VT1/2, LT1/2, and HRVT1/2. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA and effect size (η_p²) were used, followed by Sidak’s post hoc. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) and Typical Error (TE) were applied to verify the precision. Bland Altman and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were applied to confirm the agreement. HRVT1 showed different values compared to LT1 (lactate, RER, and R-R interval) and VT1 (V̇E, RER, V̇CO₂, and HR). No differences were found in threshold 2 (T2) between LT2, VT2, and HRVT2. No difference was found in speed and V̇O₂ for T1 and T2. The precision was low to T1 (CV > 12% and TE > 10%) and good to T2 (CV < 12% and TE < 10%). The agreement was good to fair in threshold 1 (VT1, LT1, HRVT1) and excellent to good in T2 (VT1, LT1, HRVT1). HRVT1 is not a valid method (low precision) when using this protocol to estimate LT1 and VT1. However, HRVT2 is a valid and noninvasive method that can estimate LT2 and VT2, showing good agreement and precision in healthy adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Training and Physiological Mechanisms Developing the Physical Fitness Level)

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10 pages, 360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Creatine Kinase and Myoglobin Plasma Levels in Mountain Bike and Road Cyclists 1 h after the Race

by Rafal Hebisz, Jacek Borkowski and Paulina Hebisz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(15), 9456; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159456 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine if 1 h after a cycling race, changes in plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) and myoglobin concentrations (MB) differ between mountain bike and road cyclists and if these changes show any correlation with race performance. Male mountain bike cyclists (n = 11) under 23 years old and male road cyclists (n = 14), also under 23 years old, were studied following one of their respective races. The cyclists had blood drawn 2 h before and 1 h after the race to assess CK and MB, then the change in pre- and post-race difference was calculated (ΔCK and ΔMB). Each cyclist’s performance time was recorded and the time difference from the winner was calculated (T_D). The cyclists’ aerobic capacity was assessed during the incremental test, which determines maximal oxygen uptake and maximal aerobic power. It was observed that 1 h after the cycling race, CK (p = 0.001, η² = 0.40, F = 15.6) and MB (p = 0.000, η² = 0.43, F = 17.2) increased, compared to pre-race values. Post-race CK increased only in road cyclists, while post-race MB increased only in mountain bike cyclists. Smaller T_D were found for lower ΔMB in road cyclists but for higher ΔCK in mountain bike cyclists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Training and Physiological Mechanisms Developing the Physical Fitness Level)

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15 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Influence of High-Intensity Interval Training on IGF-1 Response, Brain Executive Function, Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Sedentary Young University Women—Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Manuel-Jesús Jiménez-Roldán, Borja Sañudo and Luis Carrasco Páez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(7), 5327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075327 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

Sedentary lifestyles have become a social problem, mainly among women. A sedentary lifestyle has been associated with poorer health in this population, negatively affecting physical and mental health. Physical exercise, in particular high-intensity interval training (HIIT), has been shown to be a neuroprotective tool. The present study provides a protocol design for a parallel-group Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), whose aim will be to compare the effect of two physical interventions, HIIT and physical activity (increasing daily steps), on Insulin Growth Factor-1 (saliva IGF-1 concentrations), executive functions, quality of life, body composition, physical fitness, and physical activity in young sedentary women. At least 77 women will be recruited and randomly assigned to either a HIIT group (12-week exercise HIIT intervention, 3 sessions/week), the HIIT + PA group (12-week exercise HIIT intervention, 3 sessions/week, plus 10,000 steps/day), or a control group (usual care). The primary outcome measure will the chronic change in IGF-1 concentration levels measured in saliva. Secondary outcome measures will be: (i) executive functions; (ii) body composition; (iii) physical fitness; (iv) physical activity; and (v) quality of life. All outcomes will be assessed at the beginning of the study, after the intervention, and after three months of follow-up. After this intervention, we will be able to determine whether HIIT together with increased physical activity could be more effective than HIIT alone in IGF-1 stimulation. Furthermore, by comparing both intervention groups, we will be able to determine the differential effects on numerous health-related variables. Consequently, the conclusions of this study could help better understand the effects of a training program on IGF-1 concentration levels and executive functions. In addition, various strategies could be proposed through physical exercise to improve cognition in this age group, as well as to improve the health status of this sedentary population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Training and Physiological Mechanisms Developing the Physical Fitness Level)

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21 pages, 1709 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Fat Loss and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the Young and Middle-Aged a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Zhicheng Guo, Meng Li, Jianguang Cai, Weiqi Gong, Yin Liu and Ze Liu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(6), 4741; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064741 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8296

Abstract

Objectives: This systematic review is conducted to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in the young and middle-aged. Methods: Seven databases were searched from their inception to 22 October 2022 for studies (randomized controlled trials only) with HIIT and MICT intervention. Meta-analysis was carried out for within-group (pre-intervention vs. post-intervention) and between-group (HIIT vs. MICT) comparisons for change in body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent fat mass (PFM), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and CRF. Results: A total of 1738 studies were retrieved from the database, and 29 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Within-group analyses indicated that both HIIT and MICT can bring significant improvement in body composition and CRF, except for FFM. Between-group analyses found that compared to MICT, HIIT brings significant benefits to WC, PFM, and VO_2peak. Conclusions: The effect of HIIT on fat loss and CRF in the young and middle-aged is similar to or better than MICT, which might be influenced by age (18–45 years), complications (obesity), duration (>6 weeks), frequency, and HIIT interval. Despite the clinical significance of the improvement being limited, HIIT appears to be more time-saving and enjoyable than MICT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Training and Physiological Mechanisms Developing the Physical Fitness Level)

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