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10 pages, 2114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Low/Medium-Intensity Exercise on Fat Metabolism after a 6-h Fast

by Ming-Yi Liu and Shung-Quan Chen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15502; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315502 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2132

Abstract

The effects of fasting and different exercise intensities on lipid metabolism were investigated in 12 male students aged 19.9 ± 1.4 years, with maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max) of 50.33 ± 4.0 mL/kg/min, using a counterbalanced design. Each participant ran on a [...] Read more.

The effects of fasting and different exercise intensities on lipid metabolism were investigated in 12 male students aged 19.9 ± 1.4 years, with maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max) of 50.33 ± 4.0 mL/kg/min, using a counterbalanced design. Each participant ran on a treadmill at 45% and 65% VO_2max continuously for 20 min, followed by running at 85% VO_2max for 20 min (or until exhaustion) under a fed or fasted state (6 h). The respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood glucose (BGLU), blood lactate (BLA), and blood triglyceride (TG) were analyzed during exercise. The results showed that the intensity of exercise did not significantly affect the BGLU and TG in the fed state. The levels of both RER and BLA increased as the intensity of exercise increased from low to high (45, 65, and 85% VO_2max), and more energy was converted from fat into glucose at a high intensity of exercise. In the fasted state of 6 h, the BGLU level increased parallel to the intensity of exercise. The RER was close to 1.0 at a high intensity of exercise, indicating that more energy was converted from glycogen. At the intensities of 45 and 65% VO_2max, the RER and concentration of TG were both lower in the fasted than in the fed state, showing that a higher percentage of energy comes from fat than in the fed state at 45 and 65% VO_2max. When running at 85% VO_2max, the BGLU concentration was higher in the fasted than in the fed state, indicating that the liver tissues release more BGLU for energy in the fasted state. Therefore, in the fasted state, running at 45% and 65% of VO_2max significantly affects lipid metabolism. On the contrary, the higher RER and BGLU concentrations when running at 85% VO_2max revealed no significant difference between the two probes. This study suggests that medium- and low-intensity exercise (45 and 65% VO_2max) in the fasted state enhances lipid metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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15 pages, 2653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single Leg Cycling Offsets Reduced Muscle Oxygenation in Hypoxic Environments

by Shane Draper, Tyler Singer, Cody Dulaney and John McDaniel

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(15), 9139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159139 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1719

Abstract

The intensity of large muscle mass exercise declines at altitude due to reduced oxygen delivery to active muscles. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the greater limb blood flow during single-leg cycling prevents the reduction in tissue oxygenation observed during [...] Read more.

The intensity of large muscle mass exercise declines at altitude due to reduced oxygen delivery to active muscles. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the greater limb blood flow during single-leg cycling prevents the reduction in tissue oxygenation observed during traditional double-leg cycling in hypoxic conditions. Ten healthy individuals performed bouts of double and single-leg cycling (4, four-minute stages at 50–80% of their peak oxygen consumption) in hypoxic (15% inspired O²) and normoxic conditions. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, femoral blood flow, lactate, oxygenated hemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation index in the vastus lateralis were recorded during cycling tests. Femoral blood flow (2846 ± 912 mL/min) and oxygenated hemoglobin (−2.98 ± 3.56 au) during single-leg cycling in hypoxia were greater than double-leg cycling in hypoxia (2429 ± 835 mL/min and −6.78 ± 3.22 au respectively, p ≤ 0.01). In addition, tissue saturation index was also reduced in the double-leg hypoxic condition (60.2 ± 3.1%) compared to double-leg normoxic (66.0 ± 2.4%, p = 0.008) and single-leg hypoxic (63.3 ± 3.2, p < 0.001) conditions. These data indicate that while at altitude, use of reduced muscle mass exercise can help offset the reduction in tissue oxygenation observed during larger muscle mass activities allowing athletes to exercise at greater limb/muscle specific intensities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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13 pages, 1756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of High-Intensity Aquatic or Bicycling Training in Athletes with Unilateral Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

by Bin Fang, Yong-hwan Kim and Moon-young Choi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084675 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2863

Abstract

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common overuse injuries experienced by athletes. It is characterized by pain and functional deficits that lead to decreased performance, thereby limiting sports activity. Therefore, optimal training interventions are required to improve physical fitness and [...] Read more.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common overuse injuries experienced by athletes. It is characterized by pain and functional deficits that lead to decreased performance, thereby limiting sports activity. Therefore, optimal training interventions are required to improve physical fitness and function while minimizing pain due to PFPS. This study aimed to compare and analyze the effects of high-intensity aquatic training (AT) and bicycling training (BT) in male athletes with PFPS. Fifty-four athletes with PFPS were divided into AT and BT intervention groups. Intervention training was conducted three times per week for 8 weeks. Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated using the graded exercise test (GXT) based on peak oxygen uptake (VO₂ peak), and anaerobic threshold. For the knee strength test, extension and flexion were performed and measured using isokinetic equipment. One-leg hop tests and the Y-balance test (YBT) were performed to evaluate dynamic balance, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring system was used for subjective knee evaluation. The GXT, YBT, and IKDC scores were reported according to the group and duration of the intervention. After training, VO₂ peak, YBT, knee extension strength, and IKDC score improved significantly in both the AT and BT groups compared with the pre-training values. Furthermore, the AT group exhibited significant improvement compared with the BT group. We demonstrated that AT and BT effectively improved the symptoms and muscle strength of athletes with PFPS who were only able to engage in limited high-intensity field training. AT produced a modestly better effect than BT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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11 pages, 1711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Types of Contraction Exercises on Shoulder Function and Muscle Strength in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis

by Won-Moon Kim, Yong-Gon Seo, Yun-Jin Park, Han-Su Cho, Su-Ah Lee, Sang-Jun Jeon and Sang-Min Ji

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413078 - 11 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4583

Abstract

Although several studies have reported the effect of exercise therapy for adhesive capsulitis (AC), studies on the comparison of different exercise types on shoulder muscle strength and function in patients with AC are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different [...] Read more.

Although several studies have reported the effect of exercise therapy for adhesive capsulitis (AC), studies on the comparison of different exercise types on shoulder muscle strength and function in patients with AC are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different exercise types on shoulder muscle strength and function in patients with AC. Thirty female patients with AC were categorized into an eccentric contraction exercise group (ECG, n = 15; age, 51.53 ± 4.73 years) and a concentric contraction exercise group (CCG, n = 15; age, 52.40 ± 4.03 years). The participants in each group performed a different exercise program three times per week for 60 min per session for 12 weeks. The range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint, visual analog scale, shoulder muscle strength, and Constant–Murley score (CMS) were measured before the intervention and after 12 weeks of the exercise intervention. Shoulder ROM in flexion (increase of 31%) and external rotation (ER) (increase of 54%) showed a significant improvement in the ECG (p < 0.05). Muscle strength in ER was significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). Pain severity showed improvement in the ECG (decrease of 61%) after the intervention (p < 0.01). The CMS in the ECG (increase of 48%) showed a greater improvement than that in the CCG after the intervention (p < 0.01). This study showed that eccentric contraction exercise had a more beneficial effect than concentric contraction exercise for improving shoulder muscle strength and function in females with AC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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9 pages, 891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Exercise Types on the Cross-Sectional Area and Lumbar Lordosis Angle in Patients with Flat Back Syndrome

by Won-Moon Kim, Yong-Gon Seo, Yun-Jin Park, Han-Su Cho and Chang-Hee Lee

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10923; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010923 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5997

Abstract

Flat back syndrome (FBS) is a sagittal imbalance wherein the normal spinal curvature is reduced. This study aimed to compare the effects of different exercise programs on the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the lumbar muscles, lumbar lordosis angle (LLA), lumbar disability, and flexibility [...] Read more.

Flat back syndrome (FBS) is a sagittal imbalance wherein the normal spinal curvature is reduced. This study aimed to compare the effects of different exercise programs on the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the lumbar muscles, lumbar lordosis angle (LLA), lumbar disability, and flexibility in patients with FBS. Thirty-six females with flexible FBS were randomly allocated to the corrective exercise group (CEG, n = 12), resistance exercise group (REG, n = 12), and physical therapy group (PTG, n = 12). CEG and REG patients participated in a 12-week exercise intervention for 60 min three times per week. The CSA, LLA, Oswestry disability index (ODI), and sit-and-reach test were measured before and after intervention. CSA showed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.01), with CEG and REG demonstrating a significant increase (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). LLA showed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001); CEG showed a higher increase than did REG (p < 0.01) and PTG (p < 0.001). ODI also showed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001), being lower in CEG than in REG (p < 0.001) and PTG (p < 0.001). Lumbar flexibility significantly improved in all groups, albeit with a significant difference (p < 0.001). Although corrective and resistance exercise programs effectively improve these parameters, corrective exercise is superior to other interventions for patients with FBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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11 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on the Physical Performance of Professional Soccer Players: An Example of German and Polish Leagues

by Łukasz Radzimiński, Alexis Padrón-Cabo, Marek Konefał, Paweł Chmura, Andrzej Szwarc and Zbigniew Jastrzębski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168796 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2712

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the in-season pandemic lockdown influenced physical match performance in professional soccer players who participated in the competition of German Bundesliga and Polish Ekstraklasa. The data from 306 games for German Bundesliga and 296 games [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the in-season pandemic lockdown influenced physical match performance in professional soccer players who participated in the competition of German Bundesliga and Polish Ekstraklasa. The data from 306 games for German Bundesliga and 296 games for Polish Ekstraklasa were divided into before- and after-lockdown periods. The physical performance of German Bundesliga teams after the 63-day COVID-19 lockdown did not differ significantly from that in the first part of the season. In contrast, Polish Ekstraklasa teams, after the 81-day lockdown, displayed significantly shorter total distances (p < 0.001), shorter high-intensity running distances (p = 0.03), and fewer high-intensity actions (p = 0.02). Moreover, when the effective playing time was considered, teams covered significantly less relative total distance (p < 0.001) and relative high-intensity running distance (p = 0.02). The results of the current study suggest that physical performance during the matches of the German Bundesliga was not influenced by the COVID-19 lockdown, contrary to those of the Polish Ekstraklasa. This difference could have been caused by different break lengths and different restrictions implemented in these countries during the pandemic lockdown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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8 pages, 1218 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Effects of Acute Hypoxia on Lactate Thresholds and High-Intensity Endurance Performance—A Pilot Study

by Martin Faulhaber, Katharina Gröbner, Linda Rausch, Hannes Gatterer and Verena Menz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7573; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147573 - 16 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2514

Abstract

The present project compared acute hypoxia-induced changes in lactate thresholds (methods according to Mader, Dickhuth and Cheng) with changes in high-intensity endurance performance. Six healthy and well-trained volunteers conducted graded cycle ergometer tests in normoxia and in acute normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude 3000 [...] Read more.

The present project compared acute hypoxia-induced changes in lactate thresholds (methods according to Mader, Dickhuth and Cheng) with changes in high-intensity endurance performance. Six healthy and well-trained volunteers conducted graded cycle ergometer tests in normoxia and in acute normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude 3000 m) to determine power output at three lactate thresholds (P_Mader, P_Dickhuth, P_Cheng). Subsequently, participants performed two maximal 30-min cycling time trials in normoxia (test 1 for habituation) and one in normobaric hypoxia to determine mean power output (P_mean). P_Mader, P_Dickhuth and P_Cheng decreased significantly from normoxia to hypoxia by 18.9 ± 9.6%, 18.4 ± 7.3%, and 11.5 ± 6.0%, whereas P_mean decreased by only 8.3 ± 1.6%. Correlation analyses revealed strong and significant correlations between P_mean and P_Mader (r = 0.935), P_Dickhuth (r = 0.931) and P_Cheng (r = 0.977) in normoxia and partly weaker significant correlations between P_mean and P_Mader (r = 0.941), P_Dickhuth (r = 0.869) and P_Cheng (r = 0.887) in hypoxia. P_Mader and P_Cheng did not significantly differ from P_mean (p = 0.867 and p = 0.784) in normoxia, whereas this was only the case for P_Cheng (p = 0.284) in hypoxia. Although investigated in a small and select sample, the results suggest a cautious application of lactate thresholds for exercise intensity prescription in hypoxia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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10 pages, 1389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ramadan Observance Is Associated with Impaired Kung-Fu-Specific Decision-Making Skills

by Anis Saddoud, Aïmen Khacharem, Cyrine H’Mida, Khaled Trabelsi, Omar Boukhris, Achraf Ammar, Cain C. T. Clark, Jordan M. Glenn, Hamdi Chtourou, Mohamed Jarraya, Thomas Rosemann and Beat Knechtle

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7340; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147340 - 9 Jul 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2564

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Ramadan observance (RAM) on decision-making in Kung-Fu athletes. Fourteen male Kung-Fu athletes (mean age = 19 ± 3 years) completed two test sessions: before Ramadan (BR) and at the end of [...] Read more.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Ramadan observance (RAM) on decision-making in Kung-Fu athletes. Fourteen male Kung-Fu athletes (mean age = 19 ± 3 years) completed two test sessions: before Ramadan (BR) and at the end of Ramadan (ER). In the afternoon of each session (between 16:00 h and 18:00 h), participants completed: Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Subjects also reported subjective fatigue, alertness, and concentration. Additionally, all participants performed video-based decision-making tasks (i.e., reaction time and decision-making). Results indicated that reaction time decreased by 30% at ER vs. BR (p < 0.01). However, decision-making decreased by 9.5% at ER vs. BR (p < 0.05). PSQI results indicated sleep quality score, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency were negatively affected at ER compared to BR (p < 0.05). ESS was higher at ER compared to BR (p < 0.05). In addition, fatigue scores, estimated by the POMS and current subjective feelings (i.e., fatigue, concentration, and alertness), were also negatively affected at ER compared to BR (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Ramadan observance was associated with an adverse effect on sleep and decision making, as well as feelings of fatigue, alertness, and concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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21 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Medium-Term Sauna-Based Heat Acclimation (MPHA) on Thermophysiological and Plasma Volume Responses to Exercise Performed under Temperate Conditions in Elite Cross-Country Skiers

by Ilona Pokora, Ewa Sadowska-Krępa, Łukasz Wolowski, Piotr Wyderka, Anna Michnik and Zofia Drzazga

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6906; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136906 - 27 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3098

Abstract

The influence of a series of ten sauna baths (MPHA) on thermophysiological and selected hematological responses in 14 elite cross-country skiers to a submaximal endurance exercise test performed under thermoneutral environmental conditions was studied. Thermal and physiological variables were measured before and after [...] Read more.

The influence of a series of ten sauna baths (MPHA) on thermophysiological and selected hematological responses in 14 elite cross-country skiers to a submaximal endurance exercise test performed under thermoneutral environmental conditions was studied. Thermal and physiological variables were measured before and after the exercise test, whereas selected hematological indices were studied before, immediately after, and during recovery after a run, before (T1) and after sauna baths (T2). MPHA did not influence the baseline internal, body, and skin temperatures. There was a decrease in the resting heart rate (HR: p = 0.001) and physiological strain (PSI: p = 0.052) after MPHA and a significant effect of MPHA on systolic blood pressure (p = 0.03), hematological indices, and an exercise effect but no combined effect of treatments and exercise on the tested variables. A positive correlation was reported between PSI and total protein (%ΔTP) in T2 and a negative between plasma volume (%ΔPV) and mean red cellular volume (%ΔMCV) in T1 and T2 in response to exercise and a positive one during recovery. This may suggest that MPHA has a weak influence on body temperatures but causes a moderate decrease in PSI and modifications of plasma volume restoration in response to exercise under temperate conditions in elite athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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9 pages, 637 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Acute Moderate Hypoxia Reduces One-Legged Cycling Performance Despite Compensatory Increase in Peak Cardiac Output: A Pilot Study

by Hannes Gatterer, Verena Menz and Martin Burtscher

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073732 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2307

Abstract

In severe hypoxia, single-leg peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) is reduced mainly due to the inability to increase cardiac output (CO). Whether moderate altitude allows CO to increase during single-leg cycling, thereby restoring VO_2peak, has not been extensively investigated. Five [...] Read more.

In severe hypoxia, single-leg peak oxygen uptake (VO_2peak) is reduced mainly due to the inability to increase cardiac output (CO). Whether moderate altitude allows CO to increase during single-leg cycling, thereby restoring VO_2peak, has not been extensively investigated. Five healthy subjects performed an incremental, maximal, two-legged cycle ergometer test, and on separate days a maximal incremental one-leg cycling test in normoxia and in moderate hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) = 15%). Oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood pressure responses, power output, and CO (PhysioFlow) were measured during all tests. Moderate hypoxia lowered single-leg peak power output (154 ± 31 vs. 128 ± 26 watts, p = 0.03) and oxygen uptake (VO₂) (36.8 ± 6.6 vs. 33.9 ± 6.9 mL/min/kg, p = 0.04), despite higher peak CO (16.83 ± 3.10 vs. 18.96 ± 3.59 L/min, p = 0.04) and systemic oxygen (O₂) delivery (3.37 ± 0.84 vs. 3.47 ± 0.89 L/min, p = 0.04) in hypoxia compared to normoxia. Arterial–venous O₂ difference (a–vDO₂) was lower in hypoxia (137 ± 21 vs. 112 ± 19 mL/l, p = 0.03). The increases in peak CO from normoxia to hypoxia were negatively correlated with changes in mean arterial pressure (MABP) (p < 0.05). These preliminary data indicate that the rise in CO was not sufficient to prevent single-leg performance loss at moderate altitude and that enhanced baroreceptor activity might limit CO increases in acute hypoxia, likely by reducing sympathetic activation. Since the systemic O₂ delivery was enhanced and the calculated a–vDO₂ reduced in moderate hypoxia, a potential diffusion limitation cannot be excluded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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13 pages, 701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Changes in 25(OH)D Concentration in Young Soccer Players—Implication for Bone Resorption Markers and Physical Performance

by Joanna Jastrzębska, Maria Skalska, Łukasz Radzimiński, Agnieszka Niewiadomska, Artur Myśliwiec, Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, Michał Brzeziański, Thomas Rosemann and Beat Knechtle

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(6), 2932; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062932 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2270

Abstract

Searching for potential relations between changes in 25(OH)D concentration and in physical fitness is an interesting scientific topic. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D in young football players in conjunction with indicators [...] Read more.

Searching for potential relations between changes in 25(OH)D concentration and in physical fitness is an interesting scientific topic. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in serum concentrations of 25(OH)D in young football players in conjunction with indicators determining bone resorption and physical fitness. A total of 35 young soccer players were tested during the autumn competition period. Biochemical analysis of blood, aerobic capacity, running speed and power tests (Wingate test, squat jump, counter movement jump) were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the competition period. Significant decrements in concentration of 25(OH)D from 33.9 ± 5.87 to 23.7 ± 5.58 ng/mL were noted after the analyzed competition period. There were no significant changes in aerobic capacity along the competition period. Significant improvements were observed in 10 m sprint, 30 m sprint (p < 0.001), maximal power (p = 0.011) and total work capacity (p = 0.024). We found that the effect of changes in the players’ physical fitness does not occur in relation to 25 OH(D) concentration but occurs when these changes are analyzed as a function of the duration of the observation period. Changes in physical fitness of soccer players are determined by other factors then 25(OH)D concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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13 pages, 5428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Training and Recovery during a Period of Increased Intensity or Volume in Recreational Endurance Athletes

by Olli-Pekka Nuuttila, Ari Nummela, Keijo Häkkinen, Santtu Seipäjärvi and Heikki Kyröläinen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(5), 2401; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052401 - 1 Mar 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5183

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of progressively increased training intensity or volume on the nocturnal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), countermovement jump, perceived recovery, and heart rate-running speed index (HR-RS index). Another aim was to [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of progressively increased training intensity or volume on the nocturnal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), countermovement jump, perceived recovery, and heart rate-running speed index (HR-RS index). Another aim was to analyze how observed patterns during the training period in these monitoring variables were associated with the changes in endurance performance. Thirty recreationally trained participants performed a 10-week control period of regular training and a 10-week training period of either increased training intensity (INT, n = 13) or volume (VOL, n = 17). Changes in endurance performance were assessed by an incremental treadmill test. Both groups improved their maximal speed on the treadmill (INT 3.4 ± 3.2%, p < 0.001; VOL 2.1 ± 1.8%, p = 0.006). In the monitoring variables, only between-group difference (p = 0.013) was found in nocturnal HR, which decreased in INT (p = 0.016). In addition, perceived recovery decreased in VOL (p = 0.021) and tended to decrease in INT (p = 0.056). When all participants were divided into low-responders and responders in maximal running performance, the increase in the HR-RS index at the end of the training period was greater in responders (p = 0.005). In conclusion, current training periods of increased intensity or volume improved endurance performance to a similar extent. Countermovement jump and HRV remained unaffected, despite a slight decrease in perceived recovery. Long-term monitoring of the HR-RS index may help to predict positive adaptations, while interpretation of other recovery-related markers may need a more individualized approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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13 pages, 3183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Responses to Low- and High-Intensity Exercise in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes in Relation to Their Level of VO₂ Max

by Artur Myśliwiec, Maria Skalska, Arkadiusz Michalak, Jędrzej Chrzanowski, Małgorzata Szmigiero-Kawko, Agnieszka Lejk, Joanna Jastrzębska, Łukasz Radzimiński, Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, Andrzej Gawrecki and Zbigniew Jastrzębski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020692 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3228

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) on the glycemic changes during low and high intensity exercises in young type 1 diabetic patients. Twenty boys (age: 14.3 ± 1.6 years; height: 171.0 ± [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) on the glycemic changes during low and high intensity exercises in young type 1 diabetic patients. Twenty boys (age: 14.3 ± 1.6 years; height: 171.0 ± 11.3 cm; weight; 59.5 ± 12.8 kg) were divided into low-fit group (LFG, n = 10) and high-fit group (HFG, n = 10). According to the experimental design, participants performed three physical efforts (VO₂ max test, mixed aerobic–anaerobic effort and aerobic effort) on the cycloergometer, during which real-time glycemia was measured. Mixed aerobic–anaerobic exercise demanded significantly smaller carbohydrate supplementation (0.2 ± 0.2 g/kg during exercise) than the aerobic test session (0.4 ± 0.3 g/kg during exercise). Moreover, patients with higher VO₂ max had lower tendency for glycemic changes during the aerobic effort. The results of the current study suggest that young type 1 diabetic patients should perform different intensity activities using continuous glycemic monitoring system to avoid acute and chronic complications of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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11 pages, 1578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cut-Off Values in the Prediction of Success in Olympic Distance Triathlon

by André Bonadias Gadelha, Caio Victor Sousa, Marcelo Magalhaes Sales, Thiago dos Santos Rosa, Marti Flothmann, Lucas Pinheiro Barbosa, Samuel da Silva Aguiar, Rafael Reis Olher, Elias Villiger, Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, Lee Hill and Beat Knechtle

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9491; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249491 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3053

Abstract

Cut-off points and performance-related tools are needed for the development of the Olympic distance triathlon. The purposes of the present study were (i) to determine cut-off values to reach the top three positions in an Olympic distance triathlon; (ii) to identify which discipline [...] Read more.

Cut-off points and performance-related tools are needed for the development of the Olympic distance triathlon. The purposes of the present study were (i) to determine cut-off values to reach the top three positions in an Olympic distance triathlon; (ii) to identify which discipline present the highest influence on overall race performance and if it has changed over the decades. Data from 1989 to 2019 (n = 52,027) from all who have competed in an official Olympic distance triathlon events (World Triathlon Series and Olympics) were included. The cut-off value to achieve a top three position was calculated. Linear regressions were applied for performance trends overall and for the top three positions of each race. Men had cut-off values of: swimming = 19.5 min; cycling = 60.7 min; running = 34.1 min. Women’s cut-off values were: swimming = 20.7 min; cycling = 71.6 min; running = 38.1 min. The running split seemed to be the most influential in overall race time regardless of rank position or sex. In conclusion, cut-offs were established, which can increase the chances of achieving a successful rank position in an Olympic triathlon. Cycling is the discipline with the least influence on overall performance for both men and women in the Olympic distance triathlon. This influence pattern has not changed in the last three decades. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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11 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Anaerobic and Aerobic Power in Boxers

by Tadeusz Ambroży, Marcin Maciejczyk, Andrzej T. Klimek, Szczepan Wiecha, Arkadiusz Stanula, Piotr Snopkowski, Tomasz Pałka, Janusz Jaworski, Dorota Ambroży, Łukasz Rydzik and Wojciech Cynarski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9361; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249361 - 14 Dec 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5184

Abstract

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on anaerobic and aerobic fitness in elite, national boxers. Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 6 weeks. It comprised 30 national championship boxers, divided [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on anaerobic and aerobic fitness in elite, national boxers. Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 6 weeks. It comprised 30 national championship boxers, divided into 2 groups: the experimental and control. Both groups performed the same boxing training twice a day (morning and afternoon training). In the afternoon, the experimental group performed training under normobaric conditions in a hypoxic chamber (IHT), while the control group undertook exercise in standard normoxic conditions. In both groups, before and after the 6-week programme, basic anthropometric indices as well as anaerobic (Wingate Test) and aerobic (graded test) fitness were assessed. Results: There was a significant increase in anaerobic peak power (988.2 vs. 1011.8 W), mean anaerobic power (741.1 vs. 764.8 W), total work (22.84 vs. 22.39 kJ), and a decrease in fatigue index (20.33 vs. 18.6 W·s⁻¹) as well as time to peak power (5.01 vs. 4.72 s). Such changes were not observed in the control group. In both groups, no significant changes in endurance performance were noted after the training session – peak oxygen uptake did not significantly vary after IHT. Conclusions: Our results have practical application for coaches, as the IHT seems to be effective in improving anaerobic performance among boxers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

10 pages, 643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Training Loads and Selected Blood Parameters in Professional Soccer Players during a 12-Day Sports Camp

by Łukasz Radzimiński, Zbigniew Jastrzębski, Guillermo F. López-Sánchez, Andrzej Szwarc, Henryk Duda, Aleksander Stuła, Jacek Paszulewicz and Paul Dragos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(22), 8580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228580 - 19 Nov 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2530

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to assess the relations between training loads and selected blood parameters in professional soccer players during a preseason sports camp. Fifteen professional soccer players (age: 24.3 ± 5.25 year; height: 182.6 ± 6.75 cm; weight: 76.4 [...] Read more.

The main purpose of this study is to assess the relations between training loads and selected blood parameters in professional soccer players during a preseason sports camp. Fifteen professional soccer players (age: 24.3 ± 5.25 year; height: 182.6 ± 6.75 cm; weight: 76.4 ± 6.72 kg) participated in the 12-day training camp. All the training sessions and friendly games were accurately analyzed with a GPS system. Blood samples were taken from the players and analyzed before the camp (PRE), in the middle (MID), and one day after the camp (POST). Mean total distance covered by the players during the camp was 85,205 ± 2685 m, high-intensity running 12,454 ± 1873 m, and sprinting 639 ± 219 m. The highest aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and C-reactive protein (CRP) values were observed after six days of the camp. The application of intensive training during a 12-day sports camp can be associated with chronic muscle pain with high activity of some blood enzymes (CK, AST) and a high concentration of myoglobin (Mb). During training camps longer than 10 days, it would be necessary to apply, every second or third day, one day of rest, and the training load should not exceed two units every day. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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10 pages, 612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes of Mood and Cognitive Performance before and after a 100 km Nighttime Ultramarathon Run

by Daniel Krokosz, Ilona Bidzan-Bluma, Wojciech Ratkowski, Keqiang Li and Mariusz Lipowski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(22), 8400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228400 - 13 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2537

Abstract

Ultramarathons are becoming an increasingly popular endurance sport. Year after year, the demands on athletes’ skills and endurance increase. Ultramarathons are particularly taxing on athletes’ psychological functioning. This study assessed the relationships between taking part in a nighttime ultramarathon and changes in mood [...] Read more.

Ultramarathons are becoming an increasingly popular endurance sport. Year after year, the demands on athletes’ skills and endurance increase. Ultramarathons are particularly taxing on athletes’ psychological functioning. This study assessed the relationships between taking part in a nighttime ultramarathon and changes in mood and cognitive functioning. The study included 20 experienced runners aged 26–57 (M = 37.29; SD = 7.94) who had M = 7.08, SD = 5.41 (range 3–44) years of experience running. There were 18 men and 2 women. The mood states were measured twice, just before the start of the run and shortly after crossing the finish line, using the Polish version of the UMACL UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist by Mathews, Chamberlain, and Jones. To assess cognitive functioning, the Stroop Color and Word Test and “Forward digit span” subtest from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were used. We observed statistically significant changes in the mood of the runners: tense arousal, associated with the experienced stress, was significantly higher before the run than immediately after the finish. Moreover, we observed an improvement in cognitive functioning after finishing the 100 km run on both of the trials on the Stroop color word test and on the forward digit span test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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9 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity and Sociodemographic Profile of Brazilian People during COVID-19 Outbreak: An Online and Cross-Sectional Survey

by Rodrigo L. Vancini, Luiz Camargo-Neto, Claudio A. B. de Lira, Marília S. Andrade, Ricardo B. Viana, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Beat Knechtle, Paulo Gentil, Luiz H. V. Piacezzi, Maria C. B. Teixeira Lopes, Ruth E. Assayag Batista and Cássia R. Vancini-Campanharo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 7964; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217964 - 29 Oct 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3370

Abstract

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has created an unprecedented impact on global health and further aggravated the physical inactivity pandemic. For this reason, the understanding of sociodemographic variables in the context of physical activity levels are important for the field of public [...] Read more.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has created an unprecedented impact on global health and further aggravated the physical inactivity pandemic. For this reason, the understanding of sociodemographic variables in the context of physical activity levels are important for the field of public health in order to assist in relevant public health decisions. Our main aim was to characterize sociodemographic variables and physical activity levels and their association with COVID-19 aspects. We applied an online Google survey with closed questions in Brazilian people of different age and regions, both sexes and physical activity levels (n = 1.726). Our main results were that participants who had symptoms of COVID-19 had the highest percentage of level 1 of physical activity (the lowest level according to the classification used) and those who showed no symptoms had the highest percentage of levels 2 and 3 of physical activity; that is, close to the light/moderate levels of physical activity. This cross-sectional study in the Brazilian population provided important sociodemographic data and COVID-19 aspects regarding the level of physical activity. It is possible to assume that the regular practice of physical activity could positively impact health status and quality of life and be a tool in the field of public health to cope (from a physical and mental point of view) with disease scenarios that require quarantine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

13 pages, 1802 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Leg Muscle Activity and Perception of Effort before and after Four Short Sessions of Submaximal Eccentric Cycling

by Pierre Clos and Romuald Lepers

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(21), 7702; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217702 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2310

Abstract

Background: This study tested muscle activity (EMG) and perception of effort in eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) cycling before and after four sessions of both. Methods: Twelve volunteers naïve to ECC cycling attended the laboratory six times. On day 1, they [...] Read more.

Background: This study tested muscle activity (EMG) and perception of effort in eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) cycling before and after four sessions of both. Methods: Twelve volunteers naïve to ECC cycling attended the laboratory six times. On day 1, they performed a CON cycling peak power output (PPO) test. They then carried-out four sessions comprising two sets of 1 to 1.5-min cycling bouts at 5 intensities (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90% PPO) in ECC and CON cycling. On day 2 and day 6 (two weeks apart), EMG root mean square of the vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and soleus (SOL) muscles, was averaged from 15 to 30 s within each 1-min bout and perception of effort was asked after 45 s. Results: Before the four cycling sessions, while VL EMG was lower in ECC than CON cycling, most variables were not different. Afterwards, ECC cycling exhibited lower RF EMG at 75 and 90% PPO (all p < 0.02), lower VL and BF EMG at all exercise intensities (all p < 0.02), and inferior SOL EMG (all p < 0.04) except at 45% PPO (p = 0.07). Perception of effort was lower in ECC cycling at all exercise intensities (all p < 0.03) but 60% PPO (p = 0.11). Conclusions: After four short sessions of ECC cycling, the activity of four leg muscles and perception of effort became lower in ECC than in CON cycling at most of five power outputs, while they were similar before. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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18 pages, 1709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Sports Rules Amendments on Exercise Intensity during Taekwondo-Specific Workouts

by Michał Janowski, Jacek Zieliński, Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak, Agata Schneider and Krzysztof Kusy

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(18), 6779; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186779 - 17 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3217

Abstract

We aimed to compare the change in exercise response to taekwondo-specific circuit workouts before and after competition rule amendments. A total of 240 workouts in 15 elite athletes were analyzed over two years. Physiological and kinematic data were gathered with the wireless Bioharness [...] Read more.

We aimed to compare the change in exercise response to taekwondo-specific circuit workouts before and after competition rule amendments. A total of 240 workouts in 15 elite athletes were analyzed over two years. Physiological and kinematic data were gathered with the wireless Bioharness system along with capillary blood samples for lactate concentration. Progressive exercise tests until exhaustion were periodically performed to obtain reference data. The rule changes resulted in significant increases (mainly medium or large effects) in the physiological (2.9–14.4%) and kinematic (4.8–10.1%) response to taekwondo-specific workouts. The largest increases were for peak breathing rate (12.0%), energy expenditure (6.6%), blood lactate immediately after exercise (10.2%) and at the 30th min of recovery (14.4%), and peak kinematic activity (10.1%). Significant differences between taekwondo-specific workouts and tournament combats persisted after the shift from old to new rules, ranging from 2.4 to 38.5% for physiological and from 2.9 to 15.5% for kinematic variables. The largest workout–combat differences were revealed for post-exercise (15.9%) and recovery (38.5%) blood lactate, peak (−15.8%) and relative (−15.0%) breathing rate, and mechanical (13.5%) and physiological (14.2%) intensity. Our study suggests that the rule amendments significantly modify the exercise response to discipline-specific workouts and that taekwondo-specific training sessions do not fully recreate the tournament demands in terms of physiological and kinematic load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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Review

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12 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessReview

Menstrual Cycle and Sport Injuries: A Systematic Review

by Núria Martínez-Fortuny, Alejandra Alonso-Calvete, Iria Da Cuña-Carrera and Rocío Abalo-Núñez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 3264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043264 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7807

Abstract

The presence of female athletes has only increased in recent years, as has the incidence of injuries in female sports activities. These injuries are conditioned by multiple factors, including hormonal agents. It is estimated that the menstrual cycle may be related to the [...] Read more.

The presence of female athletes has only increased in recent years, as has the incidence of injuries in female sports activities. These injuries are conditioned by multiple factors, including hormonal agents. It is estimated that the menstrual cycle may be related to the predisposition to suffer an injury. However, a causal relationship has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between the menstrual cycle and injuries in female sports practice. A systematic search of the scientific literature available in PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Sport Discus was carried out in January 2022. With 138 articles, only eight studies were found that met the selection criteria for this study. Peak estradiol is associated with increased laxity, strength, and poor use of neuromuscular control. Thus, the ovulatory phase is associated with an increased risk of injury. In conclusion, it seems that hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle alter values such as laxity, strength, body temperature, and neuromuscular control, among others. This fact causes women to constantly adapt to hormonal variations, which exposes them to a higher risk of injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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16 pages, 1623 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decreased Blood Glucose and Lactate: Is a Useful Indicator of Recovery Ability in Athletes?

by Woo-Hwi Yang, Hyuntae Park, Marijke Grau and Oliver Heine

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(15), 5470; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155470 - 29 Jul 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10734

Abstract

During low-intensity exercise stages of the lactate threshold test, blood lactate concentrations gradually diminish due to the predominant utilization of total fat oxidation. However, it is unclear why blood glucose is also reduced in well-trained athletes who also exhibit decreased lactate concentrations. This [...] Read more.

During low-intensity exercise stages of the lactate threshold test, blood lactate concentrations gradually diminish due to the predominant utilization of total fat oxidation. However, it is unclear why blood glucose is also reduced in well-trained athletes who also exhibit decreased lactate concentrations. This review focuses on decreased glucose and lactate concentrations at low-exercise intensity performed in well-trained athletes. During low-intensity exercise, the accrued resting lactate may predominantly be transported via blood from the muscle cell to the liver/kidney. Accordingly, there is increased hepatic blood flow with relatively more hepatic glucose output than skeletal muscle glucose output. Hepatic lactate uptake and lactate output of skeletal muscle during recovery time remained similar which may support a predominant Cori cycle (re-synthesis). However, this pathway may be insufficient to produce the necessary glucose level because of the low concentration of lactate and the large energy source from fat. Furthermore, fatty acid oxidation activates key enzymes and hormonal responses of gluconeogenesis while glycolysis-related enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase are allosterically inhibited. Decreased blood lactate and glucose in low-intensity exercise stages may be an indicator of recovery ability in well-trained athletes. Athletes of intermittent sports may need this recovery ability to successfully perform during competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Performance)

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