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Stress-Related Disorders and Depression: From Molecular Basis to Therapy (3rd Edition)

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Neurobiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 831

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
Interests: neuroscience; neuropharmacology; stress-related disorders; depression; psychotropic drugs; GPCR signaling; noradrenergic system; neuroplasticity; neuroimmune interaction
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Stress is defined as a challenge to the homeostasis of an organism by events in the environment. Two major systems are essential in the response to stressors: the sympathetic adrenomedullary system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA). Elevated by stress, noradrenaline and HPA axis-related hormones (including CRH, vasopressin, ACTH, and corticosteroids) influence the gene transcription processes and the functioning of neurotransmitter systems. The immune system’s responsiveness is also affected. Via alterations to brain structure, chemistry, and function, chronic stress contributes to depression and various anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is evidence demonstrating that chronic stress may also contribute to addiction and obesity.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to collect original research articles and review papers that concern the study of how the brain transduces environmental stress exposure into depression and stress-related diseases. We aim to bring together the most recent studies and use different experimental approaches, in vivo or in vitro, for the purpose of addressing the following topics:

  1. Molecular and cellular responses to stress;
  2. Stress-induced changes in the neurochemical cross-talk between signaling systems in the brain;
  3. Methods to study the effects of various stressors in psychiatric disease models;
  4. Stress vulnerability and resilience;
  5. Stress biomarkers;
  6. Therapies for stress-related disorders.

Prof. Dr. Irena Nalepa
Dr. Agnieszka Zelek-Molik
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • psychobiology of stress
  • depression
  • posttraumatic stress disorder
  • anxiety disorders
  • animal models
  • biogenic monoamines
  • glucocorticoids
  • inflammation
  • antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

36 pages, 1626 KB  
Review
The Role of Exosomes in the Regulation of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Treatment Resistance—Linking Cellular Crosstalk to Clinical Implications in Depression
by Kinga Dyndał, Patrycja Pańczyszyn-Trzewik, Bernadetta Jakubowska and Magdalena Sowa-Kućma
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(5), 2449; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27052449 - 6 Mar 2026
Viewed by 551
Abstract
Depressive disorders (DDs), especially treatment-resistant depression (TRD), pose a significant challenge worldwide, largely because their underlying biological mechanisms are complicated and treatments often fall short. There is growing evidence pointing to factors like disrupted neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, irregularities in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and [...] Read more.
Depressive disorders (DDs), especially treatment-resistant depression (TRD), pose a significant challenge worldwide, largely because their underlying biological mechanisms are complicated and treatments often fall short. There is growing evidence pointing to factors like disrupted neuroplasticity, neuroinflammation, irregularities in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and glutamatergic system imbalances as contributors to the onset and persistence of depressive symptoms. Exosomes (small extracellular vesicles involved in communication between cells) have recently gained attention for their potential role in connecting peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) changes. They carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and are even capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier. Because of this, exosomes might provide a window into molecular changes in the brain and serve as accessible biomarkers of disease status and treatment response. Recent research points out that the contents of exosomes, especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and neurotrophic factors like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), might play a part in disrupting synaptic plasticity and could be linked to resistance to antidepressants. At the same time, there is growing interest in using engineered exosomes as targeted drug carriers aimed at the CNS. That said, there are still quite a few hurdles to overcome. Methods vary widely between studies, protocols for isolating exosomes are not sufficiently standardized, safety data are limited, and we do not fully understand how drugs and exosomes interact or how they behave pharmacokinetically. This review brings together current findings regarding exosomes in DDs (with particular emphasis on TRD), highlights their promise for diagnosis and treatment, and sets out some of the main questions that need to be answered before clinical application becomes feasible. Full article
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