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Bone Ontogeny, Embryology, and Homeostasis
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Bone Ontogeny, Embryology, and Homeostasis

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 21819

Special Issue Editor

Prof. J. Kelly Smith

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Guest Editor
Departments of Academic Affairs and Biomedical Sciences, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 70300, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
Interests: exercise; immunology; microgravity; bone physiology; bone homeostasis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067; CODEN: IJMCFK; ISSN 1661-6596) is planning to publish a Special Issue on the topics of bone ontogeny, embryology, and homeostasis. Bone diseases are prevalent worldwide, with osteoporosis accounting for an estimated nine million vertebral fractures worldwide in 2000 and osteoarthritis accounting for an estimated 17,135 years of life lived with disability in 2010. The negative impact of microgravity on the skeletal system is of increasing concern to space agencies of the United States, Russia, and China, whose plans include colonization of Earth’s moon within the next decade. And there is increasing interest in using stem cell implants and injections and newly developed pharmaceuticals to treat bone diseases. The goal of this Special Issue is to provide an in-depth understanding of the ontogeny, embryology, and homeostasis of bone, with an emphasis being placed on recent research that has contributed to our understanding of the skeletal system at a molecular level. I invite those with interests in bone ontogeny, embryology, or bone homeostasis to contribute an article to this Special Issue.

Prof. J. Kelly Smith
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 177 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Bone Ontogeny, Embryology, and Homeostasis”
by John Kelly Smith
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(13), 7212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23137212 - 29 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1058
Abstract
The intention of this Special Issue is to provide the reader with an in-depth understanding of the ontogeny, embryology, and homeostasis of bone, with an emphasis on recent research that has contributed to our understanding of the skeletal system at the molecular level [...] Read more.
The intention of this Special Issue is to provide the reader with an in-depth understanding of the ontogeny, embryology, and homeostasis of bone, with an emphasis on recent research that has contributed to our understanding of the skeletal system at the molecular level [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Ontogeny, Embryology, and Homeostasis)

Research

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17 pages, 6230 KiB  
Article
Increased Potential of Bone Formation with the Intravenous Injection of a Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Minicircle DNA Vector
by Jang-Woon Kim, Narae Park, Jaewoo Kang, Yena Kim, Hyerin Jung, Yeri Alice Rim and Ji Hyeon Ju
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 9069; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169069 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2383
Abstract
Osteoporosis is commonly treated via the long-term usage of anti-osteoporotic agents; however, poor drug compliance and undesirable side effects limit their treatment efficacy. The parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is essential for normal bone formation and remodeling; thus, may be used as an anti-osteoporotic [...] Read more.
Osteoporosis is commonly treated via the long-term usage of anti-osteoporotic agents; however, poor drug compliance and undesirable side effects limit their treatment efficacy. The parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is essential for normal bone formation and remodeling; thus, may be used as an anti-osteoporotic agent. Here, we developed a platform for the delivery of a single peptide composed of two regions of the PTHrP protein (1–34 and 107–139); mcPTHrP 1–34+107–139 using a minicircle vector. We also transfected mcPTHrP 1–34+107–139 into human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and generated Thru 1–34+107–139-producing engineered MSCs (eMSCs) as an alternative delivery system. Osteoporosis was induced in 12-week-old C57BL/6 female mice via ovariectomy. The ovariectomized (OVX) mice were then treated with the two systems; (1) mcPTHrP 1–34+107–139 was intravenously administered three times (once per week); (2) eMSCs were intraperitoneally administered twice (on weeks four and six). Compared with the control OVX mice, the mcPTHrP 1–34+107–139-treated group showed better trabecular bone structure quality, increased bone formation, and decreased bone resorption. Similar results were observed in the eMSCs-treated OVX mice. Altogether, these results provide experimental evidence to support the potential of delivering PTHrP 1–34+107–139 using the minicircle technology for the treatment of osteoporosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Ontogeny, Embryology, and Homeostasis)
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Review

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19 pages, 1082 KiB  
Review
Innovative Biomaterials for the Treatment of Bone Cancer
by Luca Ambrosio, Maria Grazia Raucci, Gianluca Vadalà, Luigi Ambrosio, Rocco Papalia and Vincenzo Denaro
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(15), 8214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158214 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4364
Abstract
Bone cancer is a demanding challenge for contemporary medicine due to its high frequency of presentation and significant heterogeneity of malignant lesions developing within the bone. To date, available treatments are rarely curative and are primarily aimed at prolonging patients’ survival and ameliorating [...] Read more.
Bone cancer is a demanding challenge for contemporary medicine due to its high frequency of presentation and significant heterogeneity of malignant lesions developing within the bone. To date, available treatments are rarely curative and are primarily aimed at prolonging patients’ survival and ameliorating their quality of life. Furthermore, both pharmacological and surgical therapies are aggravated by a consistent burden of adverse events and subsequent disability due to the loss of healthy bone structural and functional properties. Therefore, great research efforts are being made to develop innovative biomaterials able to selectively inhibit bone cancer progression while reducing the loss of bone structural properties secondary to local tissue invasion. In this review, we describe the state of the art of innovative biomaterials for the treatment of bone cancer. Along with physiological bone remodeling, the development of bone metastasis and osteosarcoma will be depicted. Subsequently, recent advances on nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems, as well as the application of novel, multifunctional biomaterials for the treatment of bone cancer will be discussed. Eventually, actual limitations and promising future perspectives regarding the employment of such approaches in the clinical scenario will be debated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Ontogeny, Embryology, and Homeostasis)
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16 pages, 2639 KiB  
Review
The Cellular Choreography of Osteoblast Angiotropism in Bone Development and Homeostasis
by Georgiana Neag, Melissa Finlay and Amy J. Naylor
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(14), 7253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147253 - 6 Jul 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3478
Abstract
Interaction between endothelial cells and osteoblasts is essential for bone development and homeostasis. This process is mediated in large part by osteoblast angiotropism, the migration of osteoblasts alongside blood vessels, which is crucial for the homing of osteoblasts to sites of bone formation [...] Read more.
Interaction between endothelial cells and osteoblasts is essential for bone development and homeostasis. This process is mediated in large part by osteoblast angiotropism, the migration of osteoblasts alongside blood vessels, which is crucial for the homing of osteoblasts to sites of bone formation during embryogenesis and in mature bones during remodeling and repair. Specialized bone endothelial cells that form “type H” capillaries have emerged as key interaction partners of osteoblasts, regulating osteoblast differentiation and maturation and ensuring their migration towards newly forming trabecular bone areas. Recent revolutions in high-resolution imaging methodologies for bone as well as single cell and RNA sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of some of the signaling pathways and molecular interactions that underpin this regulatory relationship. Similarly, the intercellular cross talk between endothelial cells and entombed osteocytes that is essential for bone formation, repair, and maintenance are beginning to be uncovered. This is a relatively new area of research that has, until recently, been hampered by a lack of appropriate analysis tools. Now that these tools are available, greater understanding of the molecular relationships between these key cell types is expected to facilitate identification of new drug targets for diseases of bone formation and remodeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Ontogeny, Embryology, and Homeostasis)
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15 pages, 5970 KiB  
Review
Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Mediators of Psychosocial Stress Contribution to Osteoporosis?
by Yangyang He, Karin Wuertz-Kozak, Linn K. Kuehl and Pia-Maria Wippert
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5846; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115846 - 29 May 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3954
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and damage to the bone tissue’s microarchitecture, leading to increased fracture risk. Several studies have provided evidence for associations between psychosocial stress and osteoporosis through various pathways, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, the sympathetic nervous system, and [...] Read more.
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and damage to the bone tissue’s microarchitecture, leading to increased fracture risk. Several studies have provided evidence for associations between psychosocial stress and osteoporosis through various pathways, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, the sympathetic nervous system, and other endocrine factors. As psychosocial stress provokes oxidative cellular stress with consequences for mitochondrial function and cell signaling (e.g., gene expression, inflammation), it is of interest whether extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be a relevant biomarker in this context or act by transporting substances. EVs are intercellular communicators, transfer substances encapsulated in them, modify the phenotype and function of target cells, mediate cell-cell communication, and, therefore, have critical applications in disease progression and clinical diagnosis and therapy. This review summarizes the characteristics of EVs, their role in stress and osteoporosis, and their benefit as biological markers. We demonstrate that EVs are potential mediators of psychosocial stress and osteoporosis and may be beneficial in innovative research settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Ontogeny, Embryology, and Homeostasis)
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16 pages, 1124 KiB  
Review
Hypophosphatasia: A Unique Disorder of Bone Mineralization
by Juan Miguel Villa-Suárez, Cristina García-Fontana, Francisco Andújar-Vera, Sheila González-Salvatierra, Tomás de Haro-Muñoz, Victoria Contreras-Bolívar, Beatriz García-Fontana and Manuel Muñoz-Torres
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(9), 4303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094303 - 21 Apr 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5721
Abstract
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a decrease in the activity of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is encoded by the ALPL gene, which is abundantly expressed in the skeleton, liver, kidney, and developing teeth. HPP exhibits high clinical [...] Read more.
Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a decrease in the activity of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). TNSALP is encoded by the ALPL gene, which is abundantly expressed in the skeleton, liver, kidney, and developing teeth. HPP exhibits high clinical variability largely due to the high allelic heterogeneity of the ALPL gene. HPP is characterized by multisystemic complications, although the most common clinical manifestations are those that occur in the skeleton, muscles, and teeth. These complications are mainly due to the accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP). It has been observed that the prevalence of mild forms of the disease is more than 40 times the prevalence of severe forms. Patients with HPP present at least one mutation in the ALPL gene. However, it is known that there are other causes that lead to decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels without mutations in the ALPL gene. Although the phenotype can be correlated with the genotype in HPP, the prediction of the phenotype from the genotype cannot be made with complete certainty. The availability of a specific enzyme replacement therapy for HPP undoubtedly represents an advance in therapeutic strategy, especially in severe forms of the disease in pediatric patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Ontogeny, Embryology, and Homeostasis)
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