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Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management
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Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2025 | Viewed by 4470

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Lucia Maria Procopciuc

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Medical Biochemistry Department, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: genetics; epigenetics; medical biochemistry; metabolic disorders
Prof. Dr. Roxana Liana Lucaciu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratory Department, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: (clinical) biochemistry; medicinal chemistry; drug discovery; anticancer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome) is a multifactorial disease, with higher morbidity and mortality risk and increased frequency in younger people. It includes a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases caused by adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. Risk factors most closely tied to metabolic syndrome include age, ethnicity, a body mass index greater than 25, a personal or family history of diabetes, smoking, stress, being post-menopause, high-fat diet, a sedentary lifestyle, and hormonal imbalance. Genetic factors could influence each individual component of the syndrome and the syndrome itself. The genetic components of hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, cytokine hypersecretion, and epigenetic modifications should also be considered in metabolic syndrome risk factors.

According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the American Heart Association (AHA), metabolic syndrome is diagnosed when a patient has at least three of the following five conditions: abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and a lower HDL-cholesterol level.

Metabolic syndrome greatly raises the risk of developing coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, fatty liver, polycystic ovarian syndrome, cholesterol gallstones, asthma, sleep problems, and several types of cancer.

This Special Issue will include original research, case reports, and review papers investigating the biochemical, genetic, and epigenetic biomarkers related to the risk of developing metabolic syndrome in order to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism. Furthermore, this Special Issue will consider in silico, experimental in vitro, and in vivo studies with higher potential to improve the management (prevention, diagnosis, and treatment) of metabolic syndrome.

Prof. Dr. Lucia Maria Procopciuc
Prof. Dr. Roxana Liana Lucaciu
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • insulin resistance
  • hypertension
  • diabetes mellitus
  • obesity
  • inflammation
  • stress
  • metabolic disorders
  • reproductive endocrine disorders
  • polycystic ovarian syndrome
  • waist circumference
  • estrogen deficiency
  • disturbances in adipose tissue
  • physical inactivity
  • overnutrition
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • abdominal obesity
  • genetics and epigenetics of metabolic syndrome
  • computational analysis

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 3882 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Pomegranate Peel Extract on the Oxidative and Inflammatory Status in the Spleens of Rats with Metabolic Syndrome
by Alina Rak-Pasikowska, Kornela Hałucha, Marta Kamińska, Joanna Niewiadomska, Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak and Iwona Bil-Lula
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(22), 12253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212253 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 649
Abstract
Polyphenols have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and maintain the immune system in balance; therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of polyphenols present in pomegranate peel extract on the spleens of rats with metabolic syndrome. The study objects were [...] Read more.
Polyphenols have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and maintain the immune system in balance; therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of polyphenols present in pomegranate peel extract on the spleens of rats with metabolic syndrome. The study objects were adult male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF-Leprfa/Crl, fa/fa) rats. The rats were divided into a control group (MetS) consisting of rats with metabolic syndrome and four study groups consisting of rats with metabolic syndrome (MetS + 100 mg and MetS + 200 mg) or healthy animals (H + 100 mg and H + 200 mg) receiving polyphenol extract at a dose of 100 mg or 200 mg/kg, respectively. Concentrations of IL-6, NF-κB, NFATc1, Cyt-C, TNFα, MMP-2, ROS/RNS, and MDA were measured; the activities of GPX, SOD, CAT, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were assessed; and the expression of the BAX and BCL-2 genes was evaluated in homogenized spleens. In conclusion, pomegranate extract may lead to an increase in catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity. Additionally, it may have a reducing effect on the ROS/RNS level, leading to a reduction in the activity of SOD in the MetS groups with PPE administration. Moreover, the BCL-2 gene showed lower expression in the MetS + 100 mg group compared to the H + 100 mg group, indicating that the balance between pro- and antiapoptotic factors of the BCL-2 family may be disrupted by the metabolic syndrome promoting the proapoptotic pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management)
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18 pages, 2644 KiB  
Article
Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Vitamin D Levels in Children and Adolescents with Obesity
by Tjaša Hertiš Petek, Evgenija Homšak, Mateja Svetej and Nataša Marčun Varda
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10599; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910599 - 1 Oct 2024
Viewed by 977
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypovitaminosis D. Our aim was to determine whether vitamin D mediates inflammation and oxidative stress, assessed through selected biomarkers, in children with obesity and/or MetS. Eighty children with normal weight, overweight, or [...] Read more.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hypovitaminosis D. Our aim was to determine whether vitamin D mediates inflammation and oxidative stress, assessed through selected biomarkers, in children with obesity and/or MetS. Eighty children with normal weight, overweight, or obesity were analyzed for serum vitamin D, C-reactive protein, leukocytes, adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, myeloperoxidase, interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC/CXCL11), superoxide dismutase-1, fasting lipid and glucose levels, ultrasound-measured abdominal fat thickness, waist circumference, body mass index and blood pressure. Children with obesity or overweight had lower vitamin D levels, increased blood pressure, visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness, and higher leukocytes, C-reactive protein, and myeloperoxidase levels. Those with MetS also had lower adiponectin levels. Vitamin D levels are negatively correlated with body mass index, waist circumference, and visceral and subcutaneous fat thickness. Correlation, mediation, and regression analyses showed no link between vitamin D and inflammatory/oxidative stress variables. The novel biomarker I-TAC did not correlate with obesity or vitamin D status. Our results indicate that vitamin D does not significantly mediate inflammation or oxidative stress in children and adolescents with obesity and/or MetS. Selected inflammation/oxidative stress biomarkers appear to be altered primarily due to obesity rather than vitamin D status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management)
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Review

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10 pages, 1745 KiB  
Review
Increased Leptin Levels in Plasma and Serum in Patients with Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Yazmín Hernández-Díaz, María de los Ángeles Ovando-Almeida, Ana Fresán, Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop, Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza, Humberto Nicolini, Thelma Beatriz González-Castro, Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate and María Lilia López-Narváez
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312668 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 469
Abstract
A large number of studies have reported the relationships between leptin levels and diabetes or obesity. However, the results are still controversial, and no consensus has been reached. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to collect data from various databases to perform [...] Read more.
A large number of studies have reported the relationships between leptin levels and diabetes or obesity. However, the results are still controversial, and no consensus has been reached. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to collect data from various databases to perform a meta-analysis and address the inconsistencies in these studies. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO for relevant available articles. The pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the association by a meta-analysis. Fifteen reports with 1,388 cases and 3,536 controls were chosen for the meta-analysis. First, an increase in leptin levels in serum (SMD 0.69; 95% CI 0.36–1.02 ng/mL) and plasma (SMD 0.46; 95% CI 0.18–0.74 ng/mL) was observed in individuals with diabetes compared to controls. This increased level was also observed by gender and population. Second, statistical analysis showed that leptin levels in serum were significantly increased in individuals with obesity (SMD 1.03; 95% CI 0.72–1.34 ng/mL). This meta-analysis analyzed leptin in individuals with diabetes or obesity and emphasized the importance of monitoring serum/plasma leptin levels in patients with these diseases. However, more comprehensive studies are necessary in order to draw firm conclusions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management)
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21 pages, 796 KiB  
Review
Maternal Dietary Strategies for Improving Offspring Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Health: A Scoping Review
by You-Lin Tain and Chien-Ning Hsu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 9788; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189788 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1382
Abstract
Dietary regulation has been recognized for its profound impact on human health. The convergence of cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic disorders at the pathophysiological level has given rise to cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome, which constitutes a significant global health burden. Maternal dietary nutrients play a [...] Read more.
Dietary regulation has been recognized for its profound impact on human health. The convergence of cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic disorders at the pathophysiological level has given rise to cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome, which constitutes a significant global health burden. Maternal dietary nutrients play a crucial role in fetal development, influencing various programmed processes. This review emphasizes the effects of different types of dietary interventions on each component of CKM syndrome in both preclinical and clinical settings. We also provide an overview of potential maternal dietary strategies, including amino acid supplementation, lipid-associated diets, micronutrients, gut microbiota-targeted diets, and plant polyphenols, aimed at preventing CKM syndrome in offspring. Additionally, we discuss the mechanisms mediated by nutrient-sensing signals that contribute to CKM programming. Altogether, we underscore the interaction between maternal dietary interventions and the risk of CKM syndrome in offspring, emphasizing the need for continued research to facilitate their clinical translation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Syndrome: New Insights in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management)
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