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Changes in Retinal Disease in Association with Choroid
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Changes in Retinal Disease in Association with Choroid

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 May 2023) | Viewed by 10454

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jiwon Baek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
Interests: choroidal disease; age-related macular degeneration; pachychoroid; central serous chorioretinopathy; diabetic retinopathy; retinal imaging
Dr. Toshihide Kurihara

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratory of Photobiology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
Interests: retina; hypoxia response; myopia; optogenetics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The choroid is the middle layer of tissue in the wall of the eye. The choroid layer begins in the peripheral edges of the eyeball and lines the entire back of it, sandwiched between the sclera and the retina. This thin layer of tissue is made up almost entirely of blood vessels. These blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer part of the retina. In short, the choroid is the life source that keeps the retina healthy and functioning. Research in recent years has broadened our understanding of the role of the choroid in many retinal and choroidal diseases. This Special Issue aims to collect research articles, comprehensive reviews, or short communications on, but not limited to, the following topics:

  1. Molecular research in choroidal disease
  2. Molecular research in age-related macular degeneration and pachychoroid in association with choroidal change
  3. Molecular research in diabetic retinopathy and other retinal vascular diseases in association with choroidal change
  4. Molecular research in inherited retinal disease in association with choroidal change
  5. Any other significant choroidal changes and associated molecular research

Prof. Dr. Jiwon Baek
Dr. Toshihide Kurihara
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • retinal disease
  • choroid
  • choroidal vessel
  • age-related macular degeneration
  • diabetic retinopathy
  • pachychoroid
  • macula
  • aqueous humor
  • vitreous body
  • intraocular molecules
  • cytokines
  • interleukins
  • VEGF

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 3107 KiB  
Article
Beta-Amyloid Peptide in Tears: An Early Diagnostic Marker of Alzheimer’s Disease Correlated with Choroidal Thickness
by Magda Gharbiya, Giacomo Visioli, Alessandro Trebbastoni, Giuseppe Maria Albanese, Mayra Colardo, Fabrizia D’Antonio, Marco Segatto and Alessandro Lambiase
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 2590; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032590 - 30 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2360
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic role of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers in tears as well as their association with retinal and choroidal microstructures. In a cross-sectional study, 35 subjects (age 71.7 ± 6.9 years) were included: 11 with prodromal AD (MCI), 10 [...] Read more.
We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic role of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers in tears as well as their association with retinal and choroidal microstructures. In a cross-sectional study, 35 subjects (age 71.7 ± 6.9 years) were included: 11 with prodromal AD (MCI), 10 with mild-to-moderate AD, and 14 healthy controls. The diagnosis of AD and MCI was confirmed according to a complete neuropsychological evaluation and PET or MRI imaging. After tear sample collection, β-amyloid peptide Aβ1-42 concentration was analyzed using ELISA, whereas C-terminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein (APP-CTF) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) were assessed by Western blot. Retinal layers and choroidal thickness (CT) were acquired by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Aβ1-42 levels in tears were able to detect both MCI and AD patients with a specificity of 93% and a sensitivity of 81% (AUC = 0.91). Tear levels of Aβ1-42 were lower, both in the MCI (p < 0.01) and in the AD group (p < 0.001) when compared to healthy controls. Further, Aβ1-42 was correlated with psychometric scores (p < 0.001) and CT (p < 0.01). CT was thinner in the affected patients (p = 0.035). No differences were observed for APP-CTF and p-tau relative abundance in tears. Testing Aβ1-42 levels in tears seems to be a minimally invasive, cost-saving method for early detection and diagnosis of AD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Retinal Disease in Association with Choroid)
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16 pages, 6440 KiB  
Article
Expression of Cell Cycle Markers and Proliferation Factors during Human Eye Embryogenesis and Tumorigenesis
by Josipa Marin Lovrić, Natalija Filipović, Ljubo Znaor, Anita Rančić, Joško Petričević, Nenad Kunac, Violeta Šoljić, Mirna Saraga-Babić and Katarina Vukojević
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169421 - 20 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1864
Abstract
The expression pattern of the markers p19, Ki-67, MSX1, MSX2, PDL1, pRB, and CYCLINA2 was quantitatively and semiquantitatively analyzed in histologic sections of the developing and postnatal human eye at week 8, in retinoblastoma, and in various uveal melanomas post hoc studies by [...] Read more.
The expression pattern of the markers p19, Ki-67, MSX1, MSX2, PDL1, pRB, and CYCLINA2 was quantitatively and semiquantitatively analyzed in histologic sections of the developing and postnatal human eye at week 8, in retinoblastoma, and in various uveal melanomas post hoc studies by double immunofluorescence. The p19 immunoreactivity characterized retinal and/or choroidal cells in healthy and tumor tissues: expression was lower in the postnatal retina than in the developing retina and retinoblastoma, whereas it was high in epithelioid melanomas. Ki67 expression was high in the developing eye, retinoblastoma, and choroidal melanomas. MSX1 and MSX2 expression was similar in the developing eye and retinoblastoma, whereas it was absent in the postnatal eye. Their different expression was evident between epithelioid and myxoid melanomas. Similarly, PDL1 was absent in epithelioid melanomas, whereas it was highly expressed in developing and tumor tissues. Expression of pRB and CYCA2 was characteristic of developing and tumorous eye samples but not of the healthy postnatal eye. The observed expression differences of the analyzed markers correlate with the origin and stage of cell differentiation of the tissue samples. The fine balance of expression could play a role in both human eye development and ocular tumorigenesis. Therefore, understanding their relationship and interplay could open new avenues for potential therapeutic interventions and a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the developmental plasticity of the eye and the development of neoplasms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Retinal Disease in Association with Choroid)
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10 pages, 1426 KiB  
Article
The Association of Pachydrusen Characteristics with Choroidal Thickness and Patient’s Age in Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy versus Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
by Young Ho Kim, Yoo-Ri Chung, Chungwoon Kim, Kihwang Lee and Won Ki Lee
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(15), 8353; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158353 - 28 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1686
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between pachydrusen and choroidal thickness and age in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and fellow eyes, compared to eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). This retrospective study included 89 eyes with PCV and 146 eyes with CSC. The [...] Read more.
We investigated the relationship between pachydrusen and choroidal thickness and age in eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and fellow eyes, compared to eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). This retrospective study included 89 eyes with PCV and 146 eyes with CSC. The number, location, and shape of the pachydrusen and their association with choroidal thickness and age were analyzed. PCV eyes showed pachydrusen more frequently than eyes with CSC (52% vs. 20%, p < 0.001). Large solitary type and clustered type were more frequent in PCV eyes compared to CSC eyes (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively). Subfoveal choroidal thickness was associated with pachydrusen in eyes with PCV (odds ratio [OR] 1.006, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.001–1.011, p = 0.027), while age was associated with pachydrusen in CSC eyes (OR 1.137, 95% CI, 1.073–1.205; p < 0.001). Pachydrusen were localized directly over the pachyvessel on optical coherence tomographic findings in approximately two thirds of PCV eyes and fellow eyes (62% and 67%, respectively). Risk factors for pachydrusen differ according to diseases. The presence of pachydrusen was associated with choroidal thickness in PCV, while the association with age was more prominent in CSC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Retinal Disease in Association with Choroid)
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Review

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13 pages, 318 KiB  
Review
The Role of Diabetic Choroidopathy in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
by Luca Scuderi, Serena Fragiotta, Mariachiara Di Pippo and Solmaz Abdolrahimzadeh
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(12), 10167; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210167 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1311
Abstract
Diabetic choroidopathy was first described on histopathological specimens of diabetic eyes. This alteration was characterized by the accumulation of PAS-positive material within the intracapillary stroma. Inflammation and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) activation are crucial elements in choriocapillaris impairment. The evidence of diabetic choroidopathy in [...] Read more.
Diabetic choroidopathy was first described on histopathological specimens of diabetic eyes. This alteration was characterized by the accumulation of PAS-positive material within the intracapillary stroma. Inflammation and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) activation are crucial elements in choriocapillaris impairment. The evidence of diabetic choroidopathy in vivo was confirmed with multimodal imaging, which provides key quantitative and qualitative features to characterize the choroidal involvement. The choroid can be virtually affected in each vascular layer, from Haller’s layer to the choriocapillaris. However, the damage on the outer retina and photoreceptor cells is essentially driven by a choriocapillaris deficiency, which can be assessed through optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The identification of characteristic features of diabetic choroidopathy can be significant for understanding the potential pathogenic and prognostic implications in diabetic retinopathy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Retinal Disease in Association with Choroid)
14 pages, 2988 KiB  
Review
Molecular and Cellular Regulations in the Development of the Choroidal Circulation System
by Satoshi Imanishi, Yohei Tomita, Kazuno Negishi, Kazuo Tsubota and Toshihide Kurihara
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(6), 5371; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24065371 - 11 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2445
Abstract
Disorders in the development and regulation of blood vessels are involved in various ocular disorders, such as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, and choroidal dystrophy. Thus, the appropriate regulation of vascular development is essential for healthy ocular functions. However, regulation of [...] Read more.
Disorders in the development and regulation of blood vessels are involved in various ocular disorders, such as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, and choroidal dystrophy. Thus, the appropriate regulation of vascular development is essential for healthy ocular functions. However, regulation of the developing choroidal circulation system has not been well studied compared with vascular regulation in the vitreous and the retina. The choroid is a vascular-rich and uniquely structured tissue supplying oxygen and nutrients to the retina, and hypoplasia and the degeneration of the choroid are involved in many ocular disorders. Therefore, understanding the developing choroidal circulation system expands our knowledge of ocular development and supports our understanding of ocular disorders. In this review, we examine studies on regulating the developing choroidal circulation system at the cellular and molecular levels and discuss the relevance to human diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Retinal Disease in Association with Choroid)
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