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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), Activation in Immune Cells and Whole Organisms
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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), Activation in Immune Cells and Whole Organisms

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 8881

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Benedicte Manoury

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151- CNRS UMR 8253, Faculté de Médecine Necker, 156-160 rue de vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France
Interests: Our lab is interested in investigating how intracellular TLRs trafficking and signalling are regulated at the steady state and following pathogen infection in dendritic cells.

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are conserved troughout evolution, sense microbial products and play a critical role in innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs are synthezised in the endoplasmic reticulum and traffic either to the plasma membrane where they recognize the presence of proteins and lipids from a wide variety of pathogens or to endosomal-lysosomal organelles where they bind nucleic acids from bacteria or viruses. Once they interact with their specific ligands, they undergo conformational changes leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and cell surface expression of costimulatory molecules. TLRs genetic deficiency can lead to the development of inflammatory diseases, and their dysfunction can contribute to autoimmunity. However, despite our current knowledge, we still lack some understanding in the dynamic of TLRs activation. This Special Issue aims to provide an overview of the nature and biology of TLRs signalling, trafficking, and activation in immune cells and whole organisms.

Dr. Benedicte Manoury
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • TLRs
  • trafficking
  • signaling
  • immune cells
  • inflammatory diseases

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

34 pages, 3876 KiB  
Review
Platelet Innate Immune Receptors and TLRs: A Double-Edged Sword
by Théo Ebermeyer, Fabrice Cognasse, Philippe Berthelot, Patrick Mismetti, Olivier Garraud and Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(15), 7894; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157894 - 23 Jul 2021
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5683
Abstract
Platelets are hematopoietic cells whose main function has for a long time been considered to be the maintenance of vascular integrity. They have an essential role in the hemostatic response, but they also have functional capabilities that go far beyond it. This review [...] Read more.
Platelets are hematopoietic cells whose main function has for a long time been considered to be the maintenance of vascular integrity. They have an essential role in the hemostatic response, but they also have functional capabilities that go far beyond it. This review will provide an overview of platelet functions. Indeed, stress signals may induce platelet apoptosis through proapoptotis or hemostasis receptors, necrosis, and even autophagy. Platelets also interact with immune cells and modulate immune responses in terms of activation, maturation, recruitment and cytokine secretion. This review will also show that platelets, thanks to their wide range of innate immune receptors, and in particular toll-like receptors, and can be considered sentinels actively participating in the immuno-surveillance of the body. We will discuss the diversity of platelet responses following the engagement of these receptors as well as the signaling pathways involved. Finally, we will show that while platelets contribute significantly, via their TLRs, to immune response and inflammation, these receptors also participate in the pathophysiological processes associated with various pathogens and diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), Activation in Immune Cells and Whole Organisms)
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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 5925 KiB  
Review
Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media
by Su Young Jung, Dokyoung Kim, Dong Choon Park, Sung Soo Kim, Tong In Oh, Dae Woong Kang, Sang Hoon Kim and Seung Geun Yeo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(15), 7868; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157868 - 23 Jul 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2474
Abstract
Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state [...] Read more.
Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), Activation in Immune Cells and Whole Organisms)
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