Journal of Fungi

Research

18 pages, 16488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunomodulating Activity of Pleurotus eryngii Mushrooms Following Their In Vitro Fermentation by Human Fecal Microbiota

by Marigoula Vlassopoulou, Nikolaos Paschalidis, Alexandros L. Savvides, Georgia Saxami, Evdokia K. Mitsou, Evangelia N. Kerezoudi, Georgios Koutrotsios, Georgios I. Zervakis, Panagiotis Georgiadis, Adamantini Kyriacou and Vasiliki Pletsa

J. Fungi 2022, 8(4), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8040329 - 22 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3340

Abstract

Recent studies have revealed the crucial role of several edible mushrooms and fungal compounds, mainly polysaccharides, in human health and disease. The investigation of the immunomodulating effects of mushroom polysaccharides, especially β-glucans, and the link between their anticancer and immunomodulatory properties with their [...] Read more.

Recent studies have revealed the crucial role of several edible mushrooms and fungal compounds, mainly polysaccharides, in human health and disease. The investigation of the immunomodulating effects of mushroom polysaccharides, especially β-glucans, and the link between their anticancer and immunomodulatory properties with their possible prebiotic activity on gut micro-organisms has been the subject of intense research over the last decade. We investigated the immunomodulating effects of Pleurotus eryngii mushrooms, selected due to their high β-glucan content, strong lactogenic effect, and potent geno-protective properties, following in vitro fermentation by fecal inocula from healthy elderly volunteers (>60 years old). The immunomodulating properties of the fermentation supernatants (FSs) were initially investigated in U937-derived human macrophages. Gene expression as well as pro- (TNF-α, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1Rα) were assessed and correlated with the fermentation process. The presence of P. eryngii in the fermentation process led to modifications in immune response, as indicated by the altered gene expression and levels of the cytokines examined, a finding consistent for all volunteers. The FSs immunomodulating effect on the volunteers’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was verified through the use of cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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16 pages, 3835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light Irradiation Coupled with Exogenous Metal Ions to Enhance Exopolysaccharide Synthesis from Agaricus sinodeliciosus ZJU-TP-08 in Liquid Fermentation

by Hongyun Lu, Siyu Liu, Shengliang Zhang and Qihe Chen

J. Fungi 2021, 7(11), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110992 - 20 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

To promote Agaricus sinodeliciosus var. Chaidam ZJU-TP-08 growth and metabolites accumulation, a novel integrated strategy was developed by adopting high levels of metal ions coupled with light treatment. The results revealed that yellow and blue light could significantly promote biomass and exopolysaccharides production, [...] Read more.

To promote Agaricus sinodeliciosus var. Chaidam ZJU-TP-08 growth and metabolites accumulation, a novel integrated strategy was developed by adopting high levels of metal ions coupled with light treatment. The results revealed that yellow and blue light could significantly promote biomass and exopolysaccharides production, respectively. Furthermore, the yellow–blue light shift strategy could stimulate exopolysaccharides formation. Ca²⁺ ions coupled with blue light mostly promoted exopolysaccharides production related to oxidative stress, which was 42.00% and 58.26% higher than that of Ca²⁺ ions coupled with the non-light and dark cultivation without Ca²⁺ ions in 5-L bioreactor. RNA-seq was performed to uncover the underlined molecular mechanism regulated by light-induced gene expressions in exopolysaccharides biosynthesis and oxidative stress. The findings of this work provide valuable insights into adopting metal ions coupled with the light-assisted method for the macrofungus submerged fermentation for exopolysaccharides production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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21 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pre-Hispanic Foods Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), Nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) and Amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) as New Alternative Ingredients for Developing Functional Cookies

by Georgina Uriarte-Frías, Martha M. Hernández-Ortega, Gabriela Gutiérrez-Salmeán, Miriam Magale Santiago-Ortiz, Humberto J. Morris-Quevedo and Marcos Meneses-Mayo

J. Fungi 2021, 7(11), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110911 - 27 Oct 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4014

Abstract

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotusostreatus), nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) are pre-Hispanic foods widely consumed in Mexico. However, there are no standard products developed with these ingredientsas functional cookies. This study evaluated the impact of partial replacement (50%) [...] Read more.

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotusostreatus), nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica) and amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) are pre-Hispanic foods widely consumed in Mexico. However, there are no standard products developed with these ingredientsas functional cookies. This study evaluated the impact of partial replacement (50%) of whole-wheat flour (WWF) with three formulations of P. ostreatus, nopal and amaranth flours (POF, NF and AF, respectively) on the nutritional/antioxidant properties of fortified cookies. The proportion of the flours’ ingredients (WWF:AF:NF:POF) were 100% WWF (traditional cookies), 50:35:10:5 (F1), 50:30:15:5 (F2) and 50:40:5:5 (F3). Proximal composition, phenolic/flavonoid contents, and ABTS^•+ scavenging activity were determined in flours and cookies.POF, NF and AF possess a high nutritional value comprising polyphenols/flavonoids and a significant antioxidant potential. Total protein, ash and flavonoids were higher in fortified cookies than in controls. Cookies prepared with F2—the highest nopal level—contained 5.29% of dietary fiber and five times higher polyphenol content than control cookies. The ABTS^•+ scavenging ability was similar in the three enriched cookies (87.73–89.58%), but higher than that in traditional cookies (75.60%). The applicability of POF/NF/AF for replacing up to 50% of WWF in the production of functional cookies was demonstrated without compromising products’ acceptability.This research promotes renewable local bioresouces for a sustainable agri-food chain, especially edible mushrooms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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19 pages, 3063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Possibility to Use Selected Crop Post-Extraction Wastes to Improve the Composition of Cultivated Mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus

by Zuzanna Magdziak, Monika Gąsecka, Kinga Stuper-Szablewska, Marek Siwulski, Sylwia Budzyńska, Agnieszka Jasińska, Przemysław Niedzielski, Pavel Kalač and Mirosław Mleczek

J. Fungi 2021, 7(11), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110894 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

A cultivated mushroom species, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, is becoming increasingly popular thanks to its attractive colour and medicinal properties. In this study, P. citrinopileatus was grown in a cultivation medium enriched with wheat bran (WB), thymus post-extraction waste (TPEW) and pumpkin post-extraction waste [...] Read more.

A cultivated mushroom species, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, is becoming increasingly popular thanks to its attractive colour and medicinal properties. In this study, P. citrinopileatus was grown in a cultivation medium enriched with wheat bran (WB), thymus post-extraction waste (TPEW) and pumpkin post-extraction waste (PPEW) products. The study showed that the post-extraction wastes are a crucial factor determining the accumulation of minerals, the content/profile of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and phenolic compounds in fruit bodies, thereby increasing their nutritional value. The use of the waste materials significantly increased LMWOAs contents. The sum of LMWOAs under all cultivation mediums increased, especially quinic, malic and citric acids under the 20% PPEW, 25 and 50% TPEW addition. Total phenolic content, phenolic content, as well as the composition and scavenging effect on DPPH radicals, were strongly dependent on the used substrate. The control variant was poor in phenolic compounds, while the supplementation increased the contents and diversity of these metabolites. In the control, only four phenolic compounds were quantified (chlorogenic, gallic, syringic and vanillic acids), while in the supplemented substrates up to 14 different phenolic compounds (caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic, gallic, protocatechuic, salicylic, sinapic, syringic, trans-cinnamic and vanillic acids, catechin and rutin). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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11 pages, 959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Mining Techniques: A New Approach to Identifying the Links among Hybrid Strains of Pleurotus with Culture Media

by Fabricio Guevara-Viejó, Juan Diego Valenzuela-Cobos, Purificación Vicente-Galindo and Purificación Galindo-Villardón

J. Fungi 2021, 7(10), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100882 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1915

Abstract

In this study, a data set of mycelial and cultural characteristics of hybrid strains of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor were analyzed using three data-mining techniques: the K-medoids clustering algorithm, PCA biplot and the association rules algorithm. The characteristics evaluated were as follows: [...] Read more.

In this study, a data set of mycelial and cultural characteristics of hybrid strains of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor were analyzed using three data-mining techniques: the K-medoids clustering algorithm, PCA biplot and the association rules algorithm. The characteristics evaluated were as follows: maximum velocity; lag phase; biomass; and exopolysaccharides content in the cultivation of 50 hybrid strains of Pleurotus ostreatus and 50 hybrid strains of Pleurotus djamor. Different mixtures of culture media were used to supplement Ecuadorian agricultural products. Data of the parameters obtained in the experimental methods were grouped into four clusters, obtaining a presentation of the hybrid strains of Pleurotus with a higher relation to each characteristic measured. Data-mining tools showed the hybrid strains cultivated on solid-culture media (M1 = malt extract agar and rice flour) and liquid-culture media (L1 = maltose, yeast extract and rice flour) presented the highest mycelial and cultural characteristics. These results are good indicators to improve the industrial production of edible fungi by using rice flour in the cultivation, contributing to the mushroom market and circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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12 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical and Morphological Characteristics of Some Macrofungi Grown Naturally

by Ezelhan Selem, Yekbun Alp, Suat Sensoy, Yusuf Uzun, Seyda Cavusoglu, Neva Karatas, Sezai Ercisli, Nurettin Yilmaz, Halina Ekiert, Hosam O. Elansary and Agnieszka Szopa

J. Fungi 2021, 7(10), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100851 - 12 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3376

Abstract

Recently, the production of macro-fungi (mushrooms) has steadily increased, and so has their economic value, in global terms. The use of functional foods, dietary supplements, and traditional medicines derived from macro-fungi is increasing as they have numerous health benefits as well as abundant [...] Read more.

Recently, the production of macro-fungi (mushrooms) has steadily increased, and so has their economic value, in global terms. The use of functional foods, dietary supplements, and traditional medicines derived from macro-fungi is increasing as they have numerous health benefits as well as abundant nutrients. This study aimed to determine some biochemical contents (pH, soluble solid contents (SSC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic contents (TPC)) of eight edible macro-fungi species growing naturally (in the wild) in Turkey. The samples were collected in the Van Yuzuncu Yil University (VAN YYU) campus area in the months of April–May 2018, in different locations, and brought to the laboratory, and the necessary mycological techniques were applied for their identification. Location, habitats, collection dates and some morphological measurements were determined for all identified species. Biochemical parameters of the macro-fungi species were analyzed separately both in cap and stem. The color values (L, a, b, Chroma and hue) were separately evaluated on cap surface, cap basement and stem. Results showed that there were significant differences for most of the biochemical parameters in different organs between and within species. The pH, SSC, TAC and TPC values varied from 6.62 to 8.75, 2.25 to 5.80° brix, 15.72 to 57.67 TE mg⁻¹ and 13.85 to 60.16 gallic acid equivalent (GAE) fresh weight basis. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the parameters such as total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content and soluble content in Morchella esculenta, Helvella leucopus, Agaricus bitorquis and Suillus collinitus were higher than for the other species and clearly implied that they may be further exploited as functional ingredients in the composition of innovative food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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20 pages, 5172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sulphation and Hydrolysis Improvements of Bioactivities, and Immuno-Modulatory Properties of Edible Amanita hemibapha Subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential in Personalized Functional Foods

by Utoomporn Surayot, Sutee Wangtueai, Sangguan You, Charin Techapun, Yuthana Phimolsiripol, Noppol Leksawasdi, Warawut Krusong, Francisco J. Barba and Phisit Seesuriyachan

J. Fungi 2021, 7(10), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7100847 - 10 Oct 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2684

Abstract

In this study, the mucilage polysaccharide (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica was prepared by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation and then fractionated using anion-exchange chromatography equipped with a DEAE Sepharose fast flow column. The most immune-enhancing polysaccharide fraction 2 (MPF2) was [...] Read more.

In this study, the mucilage polysaccharide (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica was prepared by hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation and then fractionated using anion-exchange chromatography equipped with a DEAE Sepharose fast flow column. The most immune-enhancing polysaccharide fraction 2 (MPF2) was subjected to a structural modification such as hydrolysis or over-sulphation. The sulphate and molecular weight (Mw) of over-sulphated (OS1-3) and hydrolysed (HS1-3) derivatives of MPF2 differed between 9.85% and 14.2% and 32.8 and 88.1 × 10³ g/mol, respectively. Further, the immune-enhancing properties of MPF2 and its derivatives were tested on RAW264.7 and NK cells through various in vitro assays. Interestingly, a low molecular weight of HS1-3 significantly increased the nitric oxide (NO) production (p < 0.05) more than MPF2, indicating that Mw is a major factor in RAW264.7 cell stimulation. In addition, RAW264.7 cells produced various cytokines by up-regulating mRNA expression levels and the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. On the other hand, OS1-3-treated natural killer (NK) cells induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells through the expression of IFN-γ, Grandzyme-B, perforin, NKp30, and FasL. These results demonstrated that sulphate derivatives play an important role in NK cell activation. Further, this study also explores how polysaccharide binds to RAW264.7 and NK cells. MPF2 and HS3 may activate RAW264.7 cells via binding to TLR4 receptors, and OS2 could be activated through the CR3 signalling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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13 pages, 1493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mercury in Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer and Its Underlying Substrate—Environmental and Health Risks Assessment

by Ivona Jančo, Marek Šnirc, Martin Hauptvogl, Lenka Demková, Hana Franková, Vladimír Kunca, Tomáš Lošák and Július Árvay

J. Fungi 2021, 7(9), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090772 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2366

Abstract

Wild-growing edible mushrooms are valuable food with a high content of proteins, fibers, antioxidants, and they are characterized by their specific taste and flavor. However, from an ecotoxicological point of view, they are a risk commodity because of their extremely high bioaccumulative capacity [...] Read more.

Wild-growing edible mushrooms are valuable food with a high content of proteins, fibers, antioxidants, and they are characterized by their specific taste and flavor. However, from an ecotoxicological point of view, they are a risk commodity because of their extremely high bioaccumulative capacity to accumulate the risk elements and contaminants from the environment. In the present study, we examined mercury (Hg) contamination in 230 fruiting bodies of Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer and 230 soil/substrate samples, which were collected in foraging seasons 2015–2019 from 22 different locations in Slovakia. Total mercury content was determined by cold-vapor AAS analyzer AMA 254. The level of contamination and environmental risks were assessed by contamination factor (C_f), index of geoaccumulation (I_geo), and potential environmental risk index (PER). Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated for individual anatomical parts of M. procera. Mercury content in the soil/substrate samples varied between 0.02 and 0.89 mg kg⁻¹ DW, and in mushroom samples between 0.03 and 2.83 mg kg⁻¹ DW (stems), and between 0.04 and 6.29 mg kg⁻¹ DW (caps). The obtained results were compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake for Hg defined by WHO to determine a health risk resulting from regular and long-term consumption of M. procera. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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22 pages, 21242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retention of Matured Trees to Conserve Fungal Diversity and Edible Sporocarps from Short-Rotation Pinus radiata Plantations in Ethiopia

by Tatek Dejene, Emanda Worku and Pablo Martín-Pinto

J. Fungi 2021, 7(9), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090702 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2599

Abstract

This study is conducted in the short-rotation plantations from the Afromontane Region of Ethiopia. Sporocarps were sampled weekly in a set of permanent plots (100 m²) in young, medium-aged, and mature Pinus radiata (Don) plantations. Fungal richness, diversity, and sporocarp yields [...] Read more.

This study is conducted in the short-rotation plantations from the Afromontane Region of Ethiopia. Sporocarps were sampled weekly in a set of permanent plots (100 m²) in young, medium-aged, and mature Pinus radiata (Don) plantations. Fungal richness, diversity, and sporocarp yields were estimated. Composite soil samples were also collected from each plot to determine explanatory edaphic variables for taxa composition. We collected 92 fungal taxa, of which 8% were ectomycorrhizal (ECM). Taxa richness, the Shannon diversity index, and ECM species richness were higher in mature stands. Interestingly, 26% of taxa were classified as edible. Sporocarp yield showed increasing trends towards matured stands. OM and C/N ratio significantly affected fungal composition and sporocarp production. The deliberate retention of mature trees in a patch form rather than clear felling of the plantations could be useful to conserve and promote fungal diversity and production, including valuable taxa such as Morchella, Suillus, and Tylopilus in older stands. This approach has important implications for forest floor microhabitats, which are important for macrofungal occurrence and production. Thus, this strategy could improve the economic outputs of these plantations in the Afromontane Region, while the mature trees could serve as a bridge for providing fungal inocula to the new plantations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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17 pages, 3634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extraction, Structural Characterisation, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Edible Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) Mucilage Polysaccharide as a Potential of Functional Food

by Utoomporn Surayot, Sutee Wangtueai, SangGuan You, Subramanian Palanisamy, Warawut Krusong, Charles S. Brennan, Francisco J. Barba, Yuthana Phimolsiripol and Phisit Seesuriyachan

J. Fungi 2021, 7(9), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090683 - 24 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4195

Abstract

This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5–93.2%) with minor amounts of [...] Read more.

This research aimed to extract mucilage polysaccharides (MP) from Amanita hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas), and further fractionate them using anion-exchange chromatography, yielding two fractions (MPF1 and MPF2). The crude extract, and fractions mainly consisted of carbohydrates (83.5–93.2%) with minor amounts of proteins (5.40–7.20%), and sulphates (1.40–9.30%). Determination of the monosaccharide composition revealed that glucose was the major unit, followed by galactose, mannose, rhamnose, and arabinose. The average molecular weight (MW) of the crude extract and fractions was in the range 104.0–479.4 × 10³ g/mol. Interestingly, the crude extract, and fractions did not cause any toxic effect in RAW264.7 cells. However, they stimulated the RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and cytokines through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways via cell surface TLR4. Structural analysis of the most immunestimulating extract fraction, MPF2, revealed that the main backbone consisted of α-D-(1→6)-glucopyranoside. These results suggest that the MPs derived from A. hemibapha subspecies javanica (Corner and Bas) are potent in enhancing immunity; hence, they can be used as a functional ingredient in food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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9 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maintaining the Quality and Storage Life of Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with Gum, Agar, Sodium Alginate, Egg White Protein, and Lecithin Coating

by Seyda Cavusoglu, Yusuf Uzun, Nurettin Yilmaz, Sezai Ercisli, Erkan Eren, Halina Ekiert, Hosam O. Elansary and Agnieszka Szopa

J. Fungi 2021, 7(8), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080614 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4184

Abstract

Button mushrooms have a very short shelf life after harvesting and are sensitive to mechanical damage and browning. This can be a severe problem in enlarging the market and the long-distance exportation of this product. In this respect, edible coatings could be an [...] Read more.

Button mushrooms have a very short shelf life after harvesting and are sensitive to mechanical damage and browning. This can be a severe problem in enlarging the market and the long-distance exportation of this product. In this respect, edible coatings could be an alternative treatment to extend the shelf life of button mushrooms, maintaining their quality during long-term storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gum, agar, sodium alginate, egg white protein, and lecithin on the postharvest weight loss, color, browning, respiration rate, ethylene production, and storage life of button mushrooms. The results showed that the above-mentioned edible coatings are a promising way to extend the life and maintain the quality of button mushrooms. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the control and edible coating-treated samples in all parameters. Sodium alginate and gum were more effective in preventing weight loss, coloring, and browning than other edible coatings. On the other hand, the respiration rate and ethylene production were more suppressed by the agar and lecithin coatings compared to the others. In conclusion, it can be recommended that the above-mentioned edible coatings could be used as novel coatings in commercial treatments for maintaining the quality of button mushrooms during a long-term storage period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

15 pages, 1508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Amanita rubescens Pers Developmental Stages on Aroma Profile

by Jana Štefániková, Patrícia Martišová, Marek Šnirc, Vladimír Kunca and Július Árvay

J. Fungi 2021, 7(8), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080611 - 28 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3300

Abstract

The dichloromethane extraction was applied to extracted volatile compounds of the six developmental stages of caps and stipes of an Amanita rubescens mushroom and the relative contents were measured with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The number of identified compounds ranged between 53 and [...] Read more.

The dichloromethane extraction was applied to extracted volatile compounds of the six developmental stages of caps and stipes of an Amanita rubescens mushroom and the relative contents were measured with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The number of identified compounds ranged between 53 and 52, respectively, with a high ratio of alkane volatiles. The significant differences between the aroma compounds were determined in caps to identify their stages of development. The fully mature stage caps were characterized by 4,6-dimethyl-dodecane (7.69 ± 1.15%), 2-hexyl-1-decanol (11.8 ± 1.61%), 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene (11.4 ± 1.25%), heptadecyl pentadecafluorooctanoate (2.16 ± 0.31%), and 2-hexyl-1-dodecanol (13.5 ± 1.33%). Niacinamide (3.90 ± 0.07%) and glycerol (3.62 ± 1.27%) was present in the caps in the early-stage of the rotting mushroom, which represented the 10th–12th day of fructification. The caps and stipes from the 12th–15th day of fructification were characterized by 2,3-butanediol (11.7 ± 0.13% and 8.00 ± 0.10%, respectively). Moreover, the caps from this developmental stage were characterized by 2-methyl- and 3-methyl butanoic acids (0.18 ± 0.03% and 0.33 ± 0.02%, respectively) which are typical for the rotting stage. In this study, we confirmed the effect of A. rubescens developmental stages on the aroma profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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13 pages, 2370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subcritical Water Extracts from Agaricus blazei Murrill’s Mycelium Inhibit the Expression of Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Axl Receptor

by Taro Yasuma, Masaaki Toda, Hajime Kobori, Naoto Tada, Corina N. D’Alessandro-Gabazza and Esteban C. Gabazza

J. Fungi 2021, 7(8), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080590 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2402

Abstract

Agaricus blazei Murrill or Himematsutake is an edible and medicinal mushroom. Agaricus blazei Murrill’s fruiting body extracts have anticancer properties, although the mechanism is unknown. Basic or organic solvents, which are hazardous for human health, are generally used to prepare Agaricus blazei Murrill’s [...] Read more.

Agaricus blazei Murrill or Himematsutake is an edible and medicinal mushroom. Agaricus blazei Murrill’s fruiting body extracts have anticancer properties, although the mechanism is unknown. Basic or organic solvents, which are hazardous for human health, are generally used to prepare Agaricus blazei Murrill’s extracts. The inhibition of immune checkpoint molecules and Axl receptor is an effective therapy in cancer. This study assessed whether subcritical water extracts of the Agaricus blazei Murrill’s fruiting body or mycelium affect the expression of Axl and immune checkpoint molecules in lung cancer cells. We used A549 cells and mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in the experiments. We prepared subcritical water extracts from the Agaricus blazei Murrill’s fruiting body or mycelium. The subcritical water extracts from the Agaricus blazei Murrill’s fruiting body or mycelium significantly inhibited the expression of immune checkpoint molecules and Axl compared to saline-treated cells. Additionally, the hot water extract, subcritical water extract, and the hot water extraction residue subcritical water extract from the Agaricus blazei Murrill’s mycelium significantly enhanced the expression of maturation markers in dendritic cells. These observations suggest that the subcritical water extract from Agaricus blazei Murrill’s mycelium is a promising therapeutic tool for stimulating the immune response in cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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11 pages, 2141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of K-Means Clustering Algorithm to Commercial Parameters of Pleurotus spp. Cultivated on Representative Agricultural Wastes from Province of Guayas

by Fabricio Guevara-Viejó, Juan Diego Valenzuela-Cobos, Purificación Vicente-Galindo and Purificación Galindo-Villardón

J. Fungi 2021, 7(7), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070537 - 4 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3155

Abstract

Data of the commercial parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor were analyzed using the data mining technique: K-means clustering algorithm. The parameters evaluated were: biological efficiency, crop yield ratio, productivity rate, nutritional composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in the production of fruit [...] Read more.

Data of the commercial parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus djamor were analyzed using the data mining technique: K-means clustering algorithm. The parameters evaluated were: biological efficiency, crop yield ratio, productivity rate, nutritional composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in the production of fruit bodies of 50 strains of Pleurotus ostreatus and 50 strains of Pleurotus djamor, cultivated on the most representative agricultural wastes from the province of Guayas: 80% sugarcane bagasse and 20% wheat straw (M1), and 60% wheat straw and 40% sugarcane bagasse (M2). The database of the parameters obtained in experimental procedures was grouped into three clusters, providing a visualization of the strains with a higher relation to each parameter (vector) measured. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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14 pages, 3071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mercury Content in Three Edible Wild-Growing Mushroom Species from Different Environmentally Loaded Areas in Slovakia: An Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment

by Lenka Demková, Július Árvay, Martin Hauptvogl, Jana Michalková, Marek Šnirc, Ľuboš Harangozo, Lenka Bobuľská, Daniel Bajčan and Vladimír Kunca

J. Fungi 2021, 7(6), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7060434 - 29 May 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3177

Abstract

Three edible mushroom species (Imlera badia, Boletus subtomentosus, Xerocomellus chrysenteron) sampled in 60 different localities of Slovakia were evaluated to determine health risks (associated with mercury content) arising from their consumption. Total content of mercury in soil and mushroom [...] Read more.

Three edible mushroom species (Imlera badia, Boletus subtomentosus, Xerocomellus chrysenteron) sampled in 60 different localities of Slovakia were evaluated to determine health risks (associated with mercury content) arising from their consumption. Total content of mercury in soil and mushroom samples was determined by an AMA-254 analyzer. Soil pollution by mercury was evaluated by contamination factor (C_f), pollution load index (PLI), and geoaccumulation index (I_geo). Bioaccumulation factor (BAF), translocation factor (Qc/s), provisional tolerably weekly intake (%PTWI), estimated daily intake (EDI), and target hazard quotient (THQ) were used to describe and compare uptake and transition abilities of mushrooms, and the health risk arising from mushroom consumption. Mercury content in soil significantly influences the content of mercury in mushroom fruiting body parts. Caps and stipes of Boletus subtomentosus were found to be the best mercury accumulator. According to the EDI, consumption of the evaluated mushroom species represents a serious threat for adults and children. The lowest values of THQ were found for Xerocomellus chysenteron. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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15 pages, 4566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of the Antidepressant Function of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus eryngii

by Yong-Sung Park, Subin Jang, Hyunkoo Lee, Suzie Kang, Hyewon Seo, Seoyeong Yeon, Dongho Lee and Cheol-Won Yun

J. Fungi 2021, 7(3), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030190 - 8 Mar 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3774

Abstract

Pleurotus eryngii produces various functional molecules that mediate physiological functions in humans. Recently, we observed that P. eryngii produces molecules that have antidepressant functions. An ethanol extract of the fruiting body of P. eryngii was obtained, and the extract was purified by XAD-16 [...] Read more.

Pleurotus eryngii produces various functional molecules that mediate physiological functions in humans. Recently, we observed that P. eryngii produces molecules that have antidepressant functions. An ethanol extract of the fruiting body of P. eryngii was obtained, and the extract was purified by XAD-16 resin using an open column system. The ethanol eluate was separated by HPLC, and the fraction with an antidepressant function was identified. Using LC-MS, the molecular structure of the HPLC fraction with antidepressant function was identified as that of tryptamine, a functional molecule that is a tryptophan derivative. The antidepressant effect was identified from the ethanol extract, XAD-16 column eluate, and HPLC fraction by a serotonin receptor binding assay and a cell-based binding assay. Furthermore, a forced swimming test (FST) showed that the mice treated with purified fractions of P. eryngii exhibited decreased immobility time compared with nontreated mice. From these results, we suggest that the extract of P. eryngii has an antidepressant function and that it may be employed as an antidepressant health supplement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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Review

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21 pages, 1361 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mycopharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals: Promising Agents to Improve Human Well-Being and Life Quality

by Jameel R. Al-Obaidi, Nuzul Noorahya Jambari and E. I. Ahmad-Kamil

J. Fungi 2021, 7(7), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070503 - 24 Jun 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5093

Abstract

Fungi, especially edible mushrooms, are considered as high-quality food with nutritive and functional values. They are of considerable interest and have been used in the synthesis of nutraceutical supplements due to their medicinal properties and economic significance. Specific fungal groups, including predominantly filamentous [...] Read more.

Fungi, especially edible mushrooms, are considered as high-quality food with nutritive and functional values. They are of considerable interest and have been used in the synthesis of nutraceutical supplements due to their medicinal properties and economic significance. Specific fungal groups, including predominantly filamentous endophytic fungi from Ascomycete phylum and several Basidiomycetes, produce secondary metabolites (SMs) with bioactive properties that are involved in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. These beneficial fungi, while high in protein and important fat contents, are also a great source of several minerals and vitamins, in particular B vitamins that play important roles in carbohydrate and fat metabolism and the maintenance of the nervous system. This review article will summarize and discuss the abilities of fungi to produce antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, and antidiabetic molecules while also reviewing the evidence from the last decade on the importance of research in fungi related products with direct and indirect impact on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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14 pages, 1731 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant Properties and Industrial Uses of Edible Polyporales

by Karen P. Quintero-Cabello, Marco A. Lugo-Flores, Patricia Rivera-Palafox, Brenda A. Silva-Espinoza, Gustavo A. González-Aguilar, Martín Esqueda, Rigoberto Gaitán-Hernández and J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala

J. Fungi 2021, 7(3), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7030196 - 9 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3326

Abstract

The content of antioxidant compounds varies within fungal species, and the Polyporales order has been recognized for this property. Numerous antioxidant compounds have been identified in Polyporales fungi, including phenolic compounds, β-glucans, ergosterol, ergothioneine, vitamin C, and tocopherols. Each compound contributes differently to [...] Read more.

The content of antioxidant compounds varies within fungal species, and the Polyporales order has been recognized for this property. Numerous antioxidant compounds have been identified in Polyporales fungi, including phenolic compounds, β-glucans, ergosterol, ergothioneine, vitamin C, and tocopherols. Each compound contributes differently to the antioxidant potential of fungi. Besides the health benefits for rural communities caused by fungi consumption, their antioxidant composition attracts the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries’ interest. In this context, the present review compiles, analyzes, and discusses the bioactive composition of edible fungi of the Polyporales order and its contribution to total antioxidant capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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Other

Jump to: Research, Review

7 pages, 249 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Potential Activity of Albino Grifola frondosa Mushroom Extract against Biofilm of Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

by Teresa Fasciana, Maria Letizia Gargano, Nicola Serra, Elena Galia, Ignazio Arrigo, Maria Rita Tricoli, Orazia Diquattro, Giuseppa Graceffa, Salvatore Vieni, Giuseppe Venturella and Anna Giammanco

J. Fungi 2021, 7(7), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7070551 - 10 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4538

Abstract

Mushroom extracts are a rich source of natural compounds with antimicrobial properties, which are able to prevent, to some extent, the growth of foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of extracts from albino Grifola frondosa (GF), commonly [...] Read more.

Mushroom extracts are a rich source of natural compounds with antimicrobial properties, which are able to prevent, to some extent, the growth of foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of extracts from albino Grifola frondosa (GF), commonly known as maitake, to inhibit the growth of some bacteria and the biofilm production by Staphylococcus aureus. We obtained not only a significant reduction of OD score between biofilm and biofilm plus albino G. frondosa extract group, but also a reduction of category of biofilm. In addition, we observed a significant presence of isolates with strong category for the biofilm group and a significant presence of isolates with absent category for the biofilm plus albino G. frondosa extract group. These results confirm that the use of albino G. frondosa extract reduces in significant way the presence of biofilm. Our results suggest and confirm that albino G. frondosa extracts could be employed as functional food and could be used as a natural additive for food process control and food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Mushrooms)

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