Land | Special Issue : Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability

Research

17 pages, 672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulatory Analysis of Strategic Environmental Assessment Follow-Up

by Oscar Reicher Salazar, Verónica Delgado Schneider and José Luis Arumí

Land 2024, 13(8), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081221 - 7 Aug 2024

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The incorporation of environmental variables into policies, programs, plans and projects has been achieved through the use of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). However, the recognition by scholars of several limitations of the EIA has prompted the consideration of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) [...] Read more.

The incorporation of environmental variables into policies, programs, plans and projects has been achieved through the use of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). However, the recognition by scholars of several limitations of the EIA has prompted the consideration of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as the appropriate instrument for achieving this objective. Studies on SEA have concentrated in phases prior to the decision-making, despite the fact that, after the strategic decision has been made, it is also necessary to follow up on the environmental impacts or effects produced by the plan, as well as the possibility of adopting measures to correct them when they cause adverse or unforeseen effects. The way in which this following-up takes place will vary from country to country, based on the respective legal system. Therefore, this study aims to understand these forms of follow-up in urban land planning instruments, at the local level which are legally binding, comparing regulations in France, Portugal and Chile, through three research questions focused on determining whether this phase exists, whether it is possible to modify the local planning instrument in the event of adverse effects and whether there are offset measures for those effects. This study employs a mixed methodology based on the law and content analysis, enabling the identification of pertinent aspects for investigation, the compilation of material for this study, and the answering of research questions through the comparative analysis of the laws of the selected countries. Results show differences and similarities between the regulations of the countries analyzed, regarding the ability to reverse undesired, negative or different effects from those originally considered in urban plans. It will shed light on the possibility for other countries to take follow-up action in the face of undesirable scenarios in the application of planning instruments. The gaps found in our research may also exist in the legislation of other countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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19 pages, 11979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Identification and Evaluation of Land Use Multifunctions and Their Interrelationships Improve Territorial Space Zoning Management in Harbin, China

by Yafang Zhao, Jiafu Liu, Jie Zhang, Xiaonan Zhang, Hongbo Li, Fengjie Gao and Yucheng Zhan

Land 2024, 13(7), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13071092 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 382

Abstract

Quantitative assessment and trade-off/synergy analysis of land use multifunctions can effectively identify regional conflicts and dominant functions, providing decision support for promoting sustainable socio-economic and land use development. However, current research in this field still faces challenges due to coarse scale of studies [...] Read more.

Quantitative assessment and trade-off/synergy analysis of land use multifunctions can effectively identify regional conflicts and dominant functions, providing decision support for promoting sustainable socio-economic and land use development. However, current research in this field still faces challenges due to coarse scale of studies and limited availability of accurate data. Taking Harbin City as a research case, this research employed an improved mutation level method, Pearson correlation analysis, and a multi-scale geographically weighted regression model to comprehensively investigate the profiling of land use multifunctions and their trade-off /synergy relationships. The comparative advantage theory was adopted to identify dominant functional zones using the NRCA index at a grid scale, in order to achieve a territorial spatial functional zoning delineation. The results showed that there were intricate trade-off/synergy relationships among production–living–ecology functions. Moreover, the types and intensity of trade-off/synergy evolved continuously with socio-economic development and regional resource endowment disparities. Due to its exceptional resource endowment, the agricultural dominated, urban dominated, and ecological dominated functional areas accounted for a significant proportion of 29%, 7%, and 26%, respectively. However, owing to the intricate trade-offs/synergies inherent in land use multifunctions, only a mere 2% (agricultural), 1% (urban), and 1% (ecological) of the area were identified as Optimization Guidance Zones. Conversely, Remediation Improvement Zones constituted the largest share at 63% of the total area, with agricultural, urban, and ecological Remediation Improvement Zones accounting for approximately 33%, 12%, and 18%, respectively. Based on the results of the type and intensity of trade-off/synergy among production–living–ecological functions, as well as the dominant zones and the integrated territorial spatial functional zoning delineation, this article provided targeted recommendations for the sustainable development of the region. These recommendations took into account both resource endowment and socio-economic development characteristics specific to the study area. The study aims to contribute to related research gaps, while providing valuable insights for other regional studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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18 pages, 942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Influence of Policy Guidance and Market-Driven Factors on Farmers’ Behavior Regarding Black Soil Protection

by Tianyi Wang, Linghui Liu and Shanlin Huang

Land 2024, 13(7), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13071082 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 413

Abstract

Enhancing black soil quality is essential for ensuring national food security and promoting sustainable economic development in Northeast China. This paper utilizes survey data from farmers in the typical black soil region of the Sanjiang Plain to establish a structural equation model. This [...] Read more.

Enhancing black soil quality is essential for ensuring national food security and promoting sustainable economic development in Northeast China. This paper utilizes survey data from farmers in the typical black soil region of the Sanjiang Plain to establish a structural equation model. This study explores the theoretical mechanisms and practical logic behind the influence of policy guidance and market-driven factors on farmers’ black soil protection behavior. The research findings are as follows: The effect values of policy guidance and market-driven factors on farmers’ black soil protection behavior are 0.042 and 0.195, respectively, with the influence of market-driven factors being more significant. The linkage effect value between policy guidance and market-driven factors in promoting farmers’ black soil protection behavior is 0.396. There are differences in the influence pathways of policy guidance and market-driven factors on the black soil protection behavior of different types of farmers. Farmers managing dryland and those with smaller-scale operations are more significantly affected by both policy guidance and market-driven factors, with a noticeable linkage effect between the two. However, the issue of degradation in black soil quality remains severe, and the awareness of black soil conservation among farmers still requires reinforcement. Future research should continue to explore the driving mechanisms behind farmers’ behaviors regarding black soil conservation and compare the actual effects and efficacy of various black soil conservation techniques through impact evaluations. This will facilitate the continuous improvement of mechanisms for black soil protection, ensuring the sustainable development of black soil quality, ecology, and biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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19 pages, 15897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution and Drivers of Production Patterns of Major Crops in Jilin Province, China

by Chaofan Ma, Lingzhi Wang, Yangfan Chen, Junjie Wu, Anqi Liang, Xinyao Li, Chengge Jiang and Hichem Omrani

Land 2024, 13(7), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13070992 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 374

Abstract

Exploring the evolution of the production patterns of major crops and their driving factors can provide new ideas to ensure the security of supply of important agricultural products. This study selected four major crop types in Jilin Province—grain, oil crop, vegetable, and fruit—as [...] Read more.

Exploring the evolution of the production patterns of major crops and their driving factors can provide new ideas to ensure the security of supply of important agricultural products. This study selected four major crop types in Jilin Province—grain, oil crop, vegetable, and fruit—as research subjects. Using the center of gravity migration model, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and comparative advantage index, the spatial and temporal evolution of these crops’ production patterns from 2000 to 2020 was examined. A geographically weighted regression model was employed to analyze driving factors. The results showed that the planting area of grain was the most extensive; the percentage of production of grain, oil crop, and fruit increased to different degrees; the unit area yield of the four crops increased. The centers of gravity of all four crops’ productions were located in the central-northwestern region of Jilin Province. The global Moran’s I was positive for all four crops’ productions. The comparative advantage characteristics of the four crops were closely related to the natural geographical environment. Grain, vegetable, and fruit production were significantly and positively correlated with fertilizer application, and the most significant factor affecting oil crop production was land input intensity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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29 pages, 3855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolutionary Characteristics, Regional Differences and Spatial Convergence of China’s Sustainable Agricultural Development Level

by Honghui Zhu and Xin Zheng

Land 2024, 13(6), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13060803 - 5 Jun 2024

Viewed by 442

Abstract

Sustainable agricultural development is a fundamental requirement and a crucial goal of modern agriculture. It is also a significant means of enabling farmers to increase their incomes. This paper analyses the evolutionary characteristics, regional differences and spatial convergence of the level of sustainable [...] Read more.

Sustainable agricultural development is a fundamental requirement and a crucial goal of modern agriculture. It is also a significant means of enabling farmers to increase their incomes. This paper analyses the evolutionary characteristics, regional differences and spatial convergence of the level of sustainable agricultural development using kernel density estimation, Dagum’s Gini coefficient and the spatial convergence model based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2021.The results show that: (1) At the level of development, the level of sustainable agricultural development at the national level and in the three major regions has shown an upward trend with fluctuations, with the average level of development in the eastern and central parts of the country higher than the national average, and in the western part of the country lower than the national average; however, the growth rate in the western part of the country is the highest among the three major regions. (2) In terms of evolutionary characteristics, the level of sustainable agricultural development in the country and the three major regions is characterised by spatial agglomeration, with varying degrees of polarisation. (3) In terms of regional differences, the Gini coefficients for the country as a whole, within the three major regions and between regions, generally show a downward trend, with interregional differences remaining the main source of overall differences. (4) In terms of spatial convergence, there is σ-convergence and β-convergence in the level of sustainable agricultural development across the country and the three major regions, and there is a positive spatial spillover effect. The conditional β convergence results show that the eastern region has the fastest rate of convergence. The above findings provide a scientific basis for the formulation of policies related to sustainable agricultural development in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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20 pages, 3455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of an Optimized Grey Multi-Objective Programming-PLUS Model for Multi-Scenario Simulation of Land Use in the Weigan–Kuche River Oasis, China

by Kangning Dong, Hongwei Wang, Kui Luo, Xiaomei Yan, Suyan Yi and Xin Huang

Land 2024, 13(6), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13060802 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 577

Abstract

The oasis serves as the primary supply of cultivable land, along with the hub for human production and habitation in Xinjiang. Accordingly, predicting the land use of these areas based on various goals is an effective instrument for encouraging the sensible distribution of [...] Read more.

The oasis serves as the primary supply of cultivable land, along with the hub for human production and habitation in Xinjiang. Accordingly, predicting the land use of these areas based on various goals is an effective instrument for encouraging the sensible distribution of resource space. The study investigated the creation of a land use-allocation optimization model based on the various objectives of ecological protection, food security, and urban growth using the Weigan–Kuche River oasis as an example. The GMOP-PLUS model’s restriction conversion area was adjusted to include the findings of the land suitability evaluation. Additionally, it optimized and simulated the spatial arrangement and quantitative structure of land usage in the Weigan–Kuche River oasis in 2035. The results indicate the following: (1) the model’s overall accuracy is 89.36%, and its Kappa coefficient is 0.872, more than 0.8. Thus, the model can be considered for adoption in the future when predicting changes in land use in the districts and counties of the Weigan–Kuche River oasis; (2) based on the results of the land suitability evaluation, the percentage of areas that are most suited for agricultural development, urban development, and ecological protection is 39.32%, 24.21%, and 14.06%, respectively; and (3) the three scenarios satisfy the various demands for growth within the oasis, and the land use structure of the oasis varies considerably in response to the various development objectives, with the construction and cultivated land undergoing the most substantial modifications. The multi-scenario simulation of land usage in the oasis can provide essential support and a range of perspectives for future land spatial planning and socioeconomic development decision-making in the Weigan–Kuche River oasis. This is essential for both the efficient use of land resources and sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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20 pages, 19268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the State of Scientific Knowledge and Legal Regulations Sufficiently Protect the Environment of River Valleys?

by Monika Konatowska, Adam Młynarczyk, Irmina Maciejewska-Rutkowska and Paweł Rutkowski

Land 2024, 13(5), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050584 - 28 Apr 2024

Viewed by 561

Abstract

The pressure of human activity in river valley environments has always been high. Even today, despite the increasing awareness of societies around the world regarding the need to protect water and biodiversity, there are concerns that the current river valley management systems are [...] Read more.

The pressure of human activity in river valley environments has always been high. Even today, despite the increasing awareness of societies around the world regarding the need to protect water and biodiversity, there are concerns that the current river valley management systems are insufficient. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the state of knowledge about the soils and forest ecosystems of river valleys in terms of the possibility of protecting river valley environments. This study used data obtained from the Forest Data Bank (FDB) database, which focuses on forests in Poland. After analyzing 17,820 forest sections where the soils were described as fluvisols, it was found that forest areas associated with fluvisols (typical, fertile soils of river valleys) are quite well recognized and protected in Poland. Most (55%) forested fluvisols are located in Natura 2000 sites (an important European network of biodiversity hotspots), 4% in nature reserves, and 1% in national parks. Additionally, the main forest habitat type associated with fluvisols is riparian forest, composed mainly of Quercus, Ulmus, and Fraxinus, which is protected as Natura 2000 habitat type 91F0. Preserving the sustainability of the forest is also a form of soil protection. Despite the identification of soils and forests in river valleys, as well as appropriate legal tools, their protection may be ineffective due to the fragmentation of forms of protection and the lack of a coherent system for managing river valleys. Because the conservation status of the river valleys is also influenced by the management of areas located outside the river valleys, in order to protect river valley ecosystems, integrated conservation plans for entire catchments should be implemented. Due to potential conflicts related to the management of areas with diverse expectations of local communities, it would be advisable for such plans to be created by local experts but under the supervision of a specialist/specialists from outside the area covered by a given river basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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20 pages, 4044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land Tenure, Loans, and Farmers’ Cropland Conservation Behavior: Evidence from Rural Northwest China

by Guoren Long, Xiaoyan Zhou and Jun Li

Land 2024, 13(4), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040413 - 23 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1216

Abstract

The pivotal role of farmers’ cropland conservation behavior (CCB) in advancing green agricultural practices is well-recognized. This paper underscores the critical role of stable land tenure in enhancing farmers’ CCB, exemplified by the practice of mulch recycling. Drawing on a survey of 349 [...] Read more.

The pivotal role of farmers’ cropland conservation behavior (CCB) in advancing green agricultural practices is well-recognized. This paper underscores the critical role of stable land tenure in enhancing farmers’ CCB, exemplified by the practice of mulch recycling. Drawing on a survey of 349 cotton farmers in Xinjiang, Northwest China, it offers a systematic examination of how land tenure stability influences CCB and its underlying mechanisms. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between land tenure stability and CCB. Notably, this relationship is mediated by the facilitation of land mortgages, wherein written contracts and extended land tenure durations enhance farmers’ participation in land mortgages, thereby bolstering CCB. Furthermore, the stabilizing effect of land tenure on CCB also mitigates the negative impacts of risk aversion and time preference. The study additionally highlights the differential effects of land tenure stability based on farm size and technical training; its facilitative role in CCB is more pronounced among larger-scale farmers and those engaged in technical training. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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19 pages, 2577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Coupling Degree between Agricultural Modernization and the Coordinated Development of Black Soil Protection and Utilization: A Case Study of Heilongjiang Province

by Guiling Zhao, Zhongji Deng and Chang Liu

Land 2024, 13(3), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13030288 - 26 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 936

Abstract

Agricultural management encompasses various processes, including agricultural modernization and land protection and utilization; however, these aspects are seldom considered simultaneously. This study focuses on Heilongjiang Province, a major grain-producing region in China, in efforts to address this gap. The objective is to facilitate [...] Read more.

Agricultural management encompasses various processes, including agricultural modernization and land protection and utilization; however, these aspects are seldom considered simultaneously. This study focuses on Heilongjiang Province, a major grain-producing region in China, in efforts to address this gap. The objective is to facilitate the mutual sustainable development of agricultural modernization as well as the protection and utilization of black soil through research and coordination. Statistical data from a case study conducted in Heilongjiang Province serve as the basis for this investigation, aiming to identify contradictions in the coordinated development of agricultural modernization and black soil protection and utilization in the province, design mechanisms to sustain this development, and ensure the mutually supportive progress of both aspects. This research delves into an infrequently explored dimension of the current policies surrounding black soil imposed by the Chinese authorities, offering significant insights into agricultural modernization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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18 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Value Perception, Government Regulation, and Farmers’ Behavior toward Continuing to Maintain the Sloping Land Conversion Program

by Chen Chen, Qiheng Zhong and Liqun Wang

Land 2024, 13(3), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13030286 - 25 Feb 2024

Viewed by 828

Abstract

As a major ecological project with the largest investment scale, strongest policy support, most extensive involvement, and the highest level of public participation in the world, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) implemented by China is important for protecting the ecological environment and [...] Read more.

As a major ecological project with the largest investment scale, strongest policy support, most extensive involvement, and the highest level of public participation in the world, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) implemented by China is important for protecting the ecological environment and achieving long-term stability. Consolidating the SLCP’s achievements is key to its sustainable operation. Based on a sample of 612 farmers in Guizhou Province, this paper discusses the impact of value perception and government regulation on farmers’ behavior in terms of their continued SLCP maintenance. The results show that (1) value perception and government regulation are important factors affecting the sustainability of farmers’ behavior of continuing to maintain the SLCP. Perceived economic value and perceived cost input, as dimensions of value perception, and policy publicity and economic incentives, as dimensions of government regulation, have important influences on farmers’ continued SLCP maintenance. (2) There are complementary effects between value perception and government regulation. Policy publicity and perceived ecological value, technical guidance and perceived economic and social value, and economic incentives and perceived economic value can have complementary effects on farmers’ continued maintenance behavior. (3) Value perception and government regulation heterogeneously impact different groups of farmers. In terms of intergenerational differences, perceived cost inputs and punitive measures significantly affect only new-generation farmers. In terms of farmer type, perceived economic value does not significantly affect nonfarmers; perceived cost input significantly affects part-time farmers engaged mainly in off-farm employment, and technical guidance and economic incentives have the greatest impact on pure farmers. In terms of tree species, perceived cost input and policy publicity significantly impact only ecological forest farmers, while technical guidance has a greater impact on economic forest farmers. The findings provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanism underlying farmers’ behavior in maintaining the SLCP and offer a reference for promoting the goals of forestry ecological policies against the background of rural revitalization and green development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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17 pages, 2522 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Survey of Missouri Landowners to Explore the Potential of Woody Perennials to Integrate Conservation and Production

by Raelin Kronenberg, Sarah Lovell, Bhuwan Thapa, Christine Spinka, Corinne Valdivia, Michael Gold and Sougata Bardhan

Land 2023, 12(10), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101911 - 12 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1925

Abstract

The state of Missouri, USA offers a unique opportunity for tree planting under several federal conservation programs. However, many landowners remain hesitant to enroll and take land out of agricultural production. This study explores the willingness of landowners to adopt agroforestry systems with [...] Read more.

The state of Missouri, USA offers a unique opportunity for tree planting under several federal conservation programs. However, many landowners remain hesitant to enroll and take land out of agricultural production. This study explores the willingness of landowners to adopt agroforestry systems with food producing tree and shrub species through federal conservation program funding using mail and online surveys. Surveys followed the Dillman Tailored Design Method to collect data on landowners’ farm characteristics, production practices, and land management choices. Survey participants were sampled on a county basis within each of the six major geographic regions of the state. Twelve counties were randomly selected, and surveys were mailed to a proportional sampling of farm addresses gathered from each of the county tax assessor offices. The goal of the survey was to (1) identify landowners’ current land management practices and goals, (2) understand landowners’ perceptions of and preferences for different planting plans for their farm, and (3) capture landowners’ interest in participating in conservation programs to assist in the planting of trees and shrubs on their land. Our analysis of this survey found that landowners are receptive to agroforestry plantings, rating them higher on average than traditional agricultural land management practices. Landowner age, past participation in a conservation program, and presence of marginal land all had significant correlation with willingness to adopt agroforestry. The inclusion of technical assistance or federal conservation funding was found to increase the willingness of landowners to plant multifunctional agroforestry designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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13 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Farm Sustainability Assessment and Model: Achieving Food Security through the Food Estate Program in North Sumatra

by Dany Juhandi, Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto, Masyhuri Masyhuri, Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo, Nugroho Adi Sasongko, Martin Anda and Tri Martini

Land 2023, 12(10), 1833; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101833 - 26 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1943

Abstract

Improving food crop production is critical for achieving food security. The Food Estate (FE) program initiated by the government seeks to accomplish this through extensive and intensive farming practices while taking sustainability into consideration. In this paper, a multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach to [...] Read more.

Improving food crop production is critical for achieving food security. The Food Estate (FE) program initiated by the government seeks to accomplish this through extensive and intensive farming practices while taking sustainability into consideration. In this paper, a multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach to determine the status and model of agricultural sustainability of the FE program was adopted. Three scenarios were developed to improve the sustainability status based on primary data from interviews with 50 farmers in Ria-Ria Village, Pollung District, North Sumatra. The findings indicate that the farming status is at a moderate sustainability, and improving all aspects can significantly increase the sustainability value. The study suggests that the government should prioritize the improvement of all aspects to raise the sustainability status of FE farming in order to achieve food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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21 pages, 3477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Land Ecological Security Based on the Boston Model: A Case Study from China

by Yingchao Li, Zhongkang Lian, Tianlin Zhai, Xiaotong Xie, Yuchen Wang and Minghui Li

Land 2023, 12(7), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071348 - 6 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1520

Abstract

Land resources are essential natural resources and strategic economic resources for human survival and development. However, human improper use has brought unprecedented pressure and challenges to the ecosystem. Therefore, the assessment and analysis of land ecological security status and the identification and diagnosis [...] Read more.

Land resources are essential natural resources and strategic economic resources for human survival and development. However, human improper use has brought unprecedented pressure and challenges to the ecosystem. Therefore, the assessment and analysis of land ecological security status and the identification and diagnosis of obstacles affecting land ecological security are helpful to avoid land ecological security problems caused by improper land use at the source and provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable use of land resources and the construction of ecological civilization in China. Based on the data from 2006 to 2020, this study constructed the land ecological risk-evaluation index system and land ecological health-evaluation index system. AHP, entropy method, combination weighting method, TOPSIS model, Boston matrix and obstacle degree model were used to assess the land ecological security situation in Nanyang City and to analyze the obstacle factors. The results show the following: (1) during the study period, the land ecological risk value of Nanyang City exhibited a Kuznets inverted “U” curve change, while the land ecological health value showed a “U” curve change; (2) the overall level of land ecological security in Nanyang City has gradually improved, with a security level pattern of “relatively safe (2006–2020)–unsafe (2011–2016)–relatively safe (2017–2019)–safe (2020)”; (3) the main obstacle factors of land ecosystem were the following: erosion area, sewage discharge, area of waterlogging control, grain sown area, coverage of urban green built-up area and farmland effective irrigated area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agriculture, Forestry, Land Allocation and Environmental Sustainability)

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