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Advanced Experimental Research on Pavement and Subgrade Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2023) | Viewed by 15934

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Katarzyna Zabielska-Adamska

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Guest Editor

Department of Geotechnics and Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
Interests: mechanical properties of soils and waste materials; bearing capacity and deformability of the subsoil; compaction as a method of soil improvement; hydraulic conductivity of soils; cement treated soils, advanced laboratory test method

Dr. Marta Wasilewska

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Guest Editor

Department of Construction and Road Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
Interests: experimental testing of materials and road pavement; construction and maintenance of road pavement; use of recycled materials for road pavement construction and maintenance; monitoring the condition of roads pavement

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

One of the requirements for ensuring the long-term performance of the road network is the use of advanced material solutions for the construction and maintenance of road surfaces. Currently, numerous studies are focused on the development of these products. Researchers must take into account a number of factors regarding the required properties of individual materials so that they constitute effective solutions. However, advanced materials very often require advanced test procedures in order to assess their quality and demonstrate the advisability of their incorporation into a particular layer of road pavement.

It should be remembered that the subgrade is an important element of road pavement construction. It is its, along with soil compaction, that often determines the durability of the entire structure. It is influenced not only by soil and water conditions but also by the accumulation of stresses under cyclic loading of the pavement.

This Special Issue aims to provide a platform to exchange ideas on topics related to trends in the experimental testing of pavement and subgrade materials that will be of value to both researchers and industry.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

Innovative testing of road materials and pavement;
Research on soil materials as elements of road foundation;
Flexible and rigid pavement materials exposed to cyclical loads;
Effect of environmental changes on testing of pavement materials;
Compaction as a method of pavement material improvement;
Alternative and recycled materials used in pavements and advanced test methods for their assessment;
Testing and evaluation of nano materials in pavement materials;
Innovative tools for assessing the technical condition of road pavement.

Prof. Dr. Katarzyna Zabielska-Adamska
Dr. Marta Wasilewska
Guest Editors

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Keywords

advanced laboratory research
pavement materials
subgrade materials
concrete and composites
waste materials
cyclic loading
pavement structure

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 6014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characteristics and Microstructure Analysis of Soft Soil Stabilised with Fine Ground Tile Waste

by Mohd Hafizan Md Isa, Suhana Koting, Huzaifa Hashim, Salsabila Ab Aziz and Syakirah Afiza Mohammed

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155261 - 26 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1163

Abstract

Using ceramic tile waste as a soil stabiliser in road construction is a potential solution to dispose of the waste material while providing a cost-effective alternative to traditional stabilising agents. The ceramic tile waste, when crushed and mixed with soil, helps to improve the strength and durability of the road base. However, the effectiveness of the ceramic tile waste as a soil stabiliser depends on the type and size of ceramic tiles used and the soil properties being stabilised. This study investigated the effect of ground tile waste on the plasticity, compatibility, and mechanical properties such as the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), indirect tensile test (IDT), flexural test (FS), and microstructural analysis. A range of soil mixtures was prepared by adding the different percentages of fine tile waste (TW): 5% to 40%. Including tile waste in the soil led to a decrease in its water-holding capacity, reducing the optimum moisture content required for optimal compaction. Meanwhile, the maximum dry density increased. The UCS, IDT, and FS improved when the optimum 15% of TW was used in the mixes. However, the strength decreased after 20% of the TW addition. This effect was particularly pronounced in the presence of excessive TW contents in soil samples without a pozzolanic reaction. Reusing tile waste as a soil stabiliser can significantly reduce the costs of purchasing new materials and helps to conserve natural resources and reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Experimental Research on Pavement and Subgrade Materials)

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20 pages, 3966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach for Classifying the Permanent Deformation Properties of Granular Materials under Cyclic Loading

by Gang Liu, Mingzhi Zhao, Qiang Luo and Jianchuan Zhou

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062141 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1252

Abstract

A series of medium-sized cyclic triaxial tests were performed to investigate the permanent deformation properties of granular materials. The strain rate was then plotted against loading cycles to classify the permanent deformation properties of granular materials under different cyclic stress ratios (CSRs). It was found that (1) the permanent strain rate dε_p/dN was linearly correlated with loading cycles N using a double-log coordinate on the condition of CSR < 60%; (2) the deformation tendency factor β, which was extracted from the linear relationship between dε_p/dN and N, significantly varied with CSR and, thus, can be adopted to identify the deformation states; (3) β > 1 implying that permanent strain accumulation ceases in limited cycles and corresponds to the plastic shakedown range, while 0 < β ≤ 1 indicates the temporary steady state, corresponding to the plastic creep range; (4) sluggish decrease or remarkable increase in dε_p/dN appeared as CSR ≥ 60%, leading to soil collapsed in limited loading cycles and resulting in an incremental collapse range. The new approach was validated by the crushed tuff aggregates and subgrade materials reported previously. It is expected that the new approach will have wider applicability than the traditional one and can provide technical guidance for the design and construction of substructures in roadway and railway engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Experimental Research on Pavement and Subgrade Materials)

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16 pages, 6982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Stiffness of Non-Cohesive Soil in Natural State and Improved by Fiber and/or Cement Addition under Different Load Conditions

by Katarzyna Zabielska-Adamska, Patryk Dobrzycki and Mariola Wasil

Materials 2023, 16(1), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010417 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1874

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the stiffness of gravelly sand under various load conditions—static conditions using the CBR test and cyclic conditions using the resilient modulus test. The tests were conducted on natural soil and soil improved by the addition of polypropylene fibers and/or 1.5% cement. The impacts of the compaction and curing time of the stabilized samples were also determined. The soil was sheared during the

M_{r}

tests, even after fiber reinforcement, so the resilient modulus value for the unbound sand could not be obtained. The cement addition improved

M_{r}

, and the curing time also had an impact on this parameter. The fiber addition increased the value of the resilient modulus. The CBR value of the compacted gravelly sand was relatively high. It increased after adding 0.1% fibers in the case of the standard compacted samples. The greater fiber addition lowered the CBR value. For the modified compacted samples, each addition of fibers reduced the CBR value reduced the CBR value. The addition of cement influenced the CBR increase, which was also affected by the compaction method and the curing time. The addition of fibers to the stabilized sample improved the CBR value. The relationship

M_{r} = f (C B R)

obtained for all data sets was statistically significant but characterized by a large error of estimate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Experimental Research on Pavement and Subgrade Materials)

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16 pages, 6190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Mechanical and Microstructure Properties of Silt Improved by Titanium Gypsum-Based Stabilizer

by Qiqi Lin, Xidong Zhen, Yu Rong, Yunlong Li, Haiyan Zhang, Qiping Zhang, Zhanyong Yao and Kai Yao

Materials 2023, 16(1), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010271 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1774

Abstract

Silt in the Yellow River alluvial plain is widely spread, but its uniform particle size and high roundness make it unsuitable as a subgrade filling material, while titanium gypsum (TG) is an industrial solid waste in Shandong Province, not only occupying land resources but also causing water and air pollution. In order to improve the engineering performance of silt, reduce the pollution of solid waste titanium gypsum to the environment and reduce the engineering cost, considering the engineering characteristics of titanium gypsum, it was combined in specific amounts with cement and lime to create a titanium gypsum-based stabilizer (TS) in this study. The effect of curing conditions and TS content on silt improvement was studied through laboratory experiments. The mechanical properties of the stabilized silt were investigated by unconfined compression test (UCT), and the mineral composition and pore structure were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test, X-ray diffraction (XRD) test, and mercury injection pore (MIP) test. The test results show that TS could effectively improve the unconfined compressive strength of silt, and the strength of stabilized silt gradually increases with the curing period and TS content. In terms of the porosity, it decreases with the increase of the curing period and TS content. From the microstructure perspective, this is mainly due to the formation of ettringite and C-S-H during the stabilization of silt by TS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Experimental Research on Pavement and Subgrade Materials)

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30 pages, 15367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Rutting Resistance of Rejuvenated Recycled Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures Using Different Types of Recycling Agents

by Tameem Mohammed Hashim, Mohammed Salah Nasr, Yasir Mohammed Jebur, Abdullah Kadhim, Zainab Alkhafaji, Mirza Ghouse Baig, Saheed Kolawole Adekunle, Mohammed A. Al-Osta, Shamsad Ahmad and Zaher Mundher Yaseen

Materials 2022, 15(24), 8769; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248769 - 8 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2040

Abstract

Growing environmental pollution worldwide is mostly caused by the accumulation of different types of liquid and solid wastes. Therefore, policies in developed countries seek to support the concept of waste recycling due to its significant impact on the environmental footprint. Hot-mix asphalt mixtures (HMA) with reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) have shown great performance under rutting. However, incorporating a high percentage of RAP (>25%) is a challenging issue due to the increased stiffness of the resulting mixture. The stiffness problem is resolved by employing different types of commercial and noncommercial rejuvenators. In this study, three types of noncommercial rejuvenators (waste cooking oil (WCO), waste engine oil (WEO), and date seed oil (DSO)) were used, in addition to one type of commercial rejuvenator. Three percentages of RAP (20%, 40%, and 60%) were utilized. Mixing proportions for the noncommercial additives were set as 0–10% for mixtures with 20% RAP, 12.5–17.5% for mixtures with 40% RAP, and 17.5–20% for mixtures with 60% RAP. In addition, mixing proportions for the commercial additive were set as 0.5–1.0% for mixtures with 20% RAP, 1.0–1.5% for mixtures with 40% RAP, and 1.5–2.0% for mixtures with 60% RAP. The rutting performance of the generated mixtures was indicated first by using the rutting index (G*/sin δ) for the combined binders and then evaluated using the Hamburg wheel-track test. The results showed that the rejuvenated mixtures with the commercial additive at 20 and 60% RAP performed well compared to the control mixture, whereas the rejuvenated ones at 40% RAP performed well with noncommercial additives in comparison to the control mixture. Furthermore, the optimum percentages for each type of the used additives were obtained, depending on their respective performance, as 10%, 12.5%, and 17.5% of WCO, 10%, 12.5–17.5%, and 17.5% of WEO, <10%, 12.5%, and 17.5% of DSO, and 0.5–1.0%, 1.0%, and 1.5–2.0% of the commercial rejuvenator, corresponding to the three adopted percentages of RAP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Experimental Research on Pavement and Subgrade Materials)

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13 pages, 3202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Stress−Dilatancy Behaviour of Artificially Bonded Soils

by Zenon Szypcio and Katarzyna Dołżyk-Szypcio

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207068 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1087

Abstract

In this study, the results of triaxial compression tests of some naturally and artificially bonded soils presented in the literature were analysed. It was shown that the three characteristic stages of plastic flow during shear can be identified. In all stages, the stress–dilatancy behaviour could be approximated by the general linear stress–dilatancy equation of the Frictional State Concept. For many shear tests, the failure states and newly defined dilatant failure states are not identical. The points representing dilatant failure states lie on a straight line, for which the position and slope in the η-D plane depend on the soil type and the amount of cement admixture. This line defines the critical frictional state angle, and its slope for bonded soils is greater than for unbonded soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Experimental Research on Pavement and Subgrade Materials)

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20 pages, 4686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Dynamic and Static Deformation Modulus of Unbound Pavement Materials Used for Their Quality Control Methodology

by Martin Decký, Marian Drusa, Daniel Papán and Juraj Šrámek

Materials 2022, 15(8), 2922; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082922 - 16 Apr 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5626

Abstract

In the present study, credible analytical and numerical models are developed in order to explain the apparent discrepancies in the ratios of static and dynamic deformation models for assessing the quality of mechanical efficiency of transport structures in Central Europe. Through of experience, authors specifically deal with the comparison of two commonly used methods: the dynamic load plate test, known as the lightweight dynamic test and the static plate load test. This paper presents the relevant correlation dependency of the most commonly used quantification characteristics in earthworks quality control. Their correlation was obtained by applying the static theory of impact to earthworks quality control, which allows for the application of several quality control methods, in line with other member states of the European Union, specifically with regard to constructions under various boundary conditions (climate, soil moisture of the specified layer). According to an analysis of the results of comparisons of static and dynamic load tests, analytical and numerical models of the subsoil formed by soils and uncemented structural materials, respectively, the linear calculation usually used in the conditions of Central Europe does not have universal validity. Rather than relying on the analytical and FEM models for the soil, the authors have determined that the above dependence is a power dependence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Experimental Research on Pavement and Subgrade Materials)

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