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Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2024 | Viewed by 10682

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jian Weng

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Guest Editor

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Interests: metal cutting; cutting mechanics; surface integrity; tool wear

Dr. Kejia Zhuang

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Guest Editor

School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: superalloy; metal cutting; surface integrity; cutting edge geometry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Dongdong Xu

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Guest Editor

School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Interests: cutting; wear; alloy fatigue

Dr. Benkai Li

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Guest Editor

School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China
Interests: cutting; superalloy; powder

Dr. Hongguang Liu

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Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi'an 710054, China
Interests: numerical modeling; material removal processes; surface integrity; cryogenic machining; difficult-to-cut materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Gang Wang

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Guest Editor

College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Interests: deep learning

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to collect research on recent progress in cutting processes of materials in manufacturing, not only for metals but also for composites, optic glass or any other key engineering materials. High-efficiency and high-performance cutting of difficult-to-cut materials has been an important topic for over one hundred years. Our knowledge constantly needs to be updated as the emergence of new machining techniques and materials brings us towards a deeper understanding of cutting processes. Works on any topic within this scope are welcome for submission, for instance, material removal mechanisms, chip formation, cutting force, temperature, surface integrity, etc. The methods can be diverse and over multiple scales based on theoretical models, finite element methods, experiments, artificial intelligence, etc.

Both research papers and review articles are welcome. We look forward to your contributions on (but not limited to) the following topics:

Conventional and non-conventional cutting processes;
Material removal mechanisms in cutting;
Multi-physics in cutting (strain, stress, force, temperature, etc.);
Machining-induced surface integrity;
Chip formation in cutting processes;
Tool performance and design of cutting tools or coatings;
Manufacturing of components with complex features;
Functional performance of machined components.

Dr. Jian Weng
Dr. Kejia Zhuang
Dr. Dongdong Xu
Dr. Benkai Li
Dr. Hongguang Liu
Dr. Gang Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

cutting processes
material removal mechanisms
cutting mechanics
surface integrity
chip formation
tool performance
functional surface

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 9255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Study on Residual Stress Distribution of Machined Surface Layer in Two-Step Cutting of Titanium Alloy

by Jingyi Wang, Bo Kong, Shulei Wei, Jian Zang and Anhai Li

Materials 2024, 17(17), 4283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174283 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 380

Abstract

Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy is known as one of the most difficult metallic materials to machine, and the machined surface residual stress distribution significantly affects properties such as static strength, fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, etc. This study utilized finite element software Abaqus 2020 to simulate the two-step cutting process of titanium alloy, incorporating stages of cooling, unloading, and de-constraining of the workpiece. The chip morphology and cutting force obtained from orthogonal cutting tests were used to validate the finite element model. Results from the orthogonal cutting simulations revealed that with increasing cutting speed and the tool rake angle, the residual stress undergoes a transition from compressive to tensile stress. To achieve greater residual compressive stress during machining, it is advisable to opt for a negative rake angle coupled with a lower cutting speed. Additionally, in two-step machining of titanium alloy, the initial cutting step exerts a profound influence on the subsequent cutting step, thereby shortening the evolution time of the Mises stress, equivalent plastic strain, and stiffness damage equivalent in the subsequent cutting step. These results contribute to optimizing titanium alloy machining processes by providing insights into controlling residual stress, ultimately enhancing product quality and performance of structural part of titanium alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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13 pages, 2507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controllable Preparation of Fused Silica Micro Lens Array through Femtosecond Laser Penetration-Induced Modification Assisted Wet Etching

by Kaijie Cheng, Ji Wang, Guolong Wang, Kun Yang and Wenwu Zhang

Materials 2024, 17(17), 4231; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174231 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 314

Abstract

As an integrable micro-optical device, micro lens arrays (MLAs) have significant applications in modern optical imaging, new energy technology, and advanced displays. In order to reduce the impact of laser modification on wet etching, we propose a technique of femtosecond laser penetration-induced modification-assisted wet etching (FLIPM-WE), which avoids the influence of previous modification layers on subsequent laser pulses and effectively improves the controllability of lens array preparation. We conducted a detailed study on the effects of the laser single pulse energy, pulse number, and hydrofluoric acid etching duration on the morphology of micro lenses and obtained the optimal process parameters. Ultimately, two types of fused silica micro lens arrays with different focal lengths but the same numerical aperture (NA = 0.458) were fabricated using the FLPIM-WE technology. Both arrays exhibited excellent geometric consistency and surface quality (Ra~30 nm). Moreover, they achieved clear imaging at various magnifications with an adjustment range of 1.3×~3.0×. This provides potential technical support for special micro-optical systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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16 pages, 5066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Algorithmic Optimization of the Cutting Process for the Green Machining of PM Green Compacts

by Yuchen Zhang, Dayong Yang, Lingxin Zeng, Zhiyang Zhang and Shuping Li

Materials 2024, 17(16), 3963; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17163963 - 9 Aug 2024

Viewed by 563

Abstract

Powder metallurgy (PM) technology is extensively employed in the manufacturing sector, yet its processing presents numerous challenges. To alleviate these difficulties, green machining of PM green compacts has emerged as an effective approach. The aim of this research is to explore the deformation features of green compacts and assess the impact of various machining parameters on the force of cutting. The cutting variables for compacts of PM green were modeled, and the cutting process was analyzed using Abaqus (2022) software. Subsequently, the orthogonal test ANOVA method was utilized to evaluate the significance of each parameter for the cutting force. Optimization of the machining parameters was then achieved through a genetic algorithm for neural network optimization. The investigation revealed that PM green compacts, which are brittle, undergo a plastic deformation stage during cutting and deviate from the traditional model for brittle materials. The findings indicate that cutting thickness exerts the most substantial influence on the cutting force, whereas the speed of cutting, the tool rake angle, and the radius of the rounded edge exert minimal influence. The optimal parameter combination for the cutting of PM green compacts was determined via a genetic algorithm for neural network optimization, yielding a cutting force of 174.998 N at a cutting thickness of 0.15 mm, a cutting speed of 20 m/min, a tool rake angle of 10°, and a radius of the rounded edge of 25 μm, with a discrepancy of 4.05% from the actual measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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14 pages, 3591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Twin-Tool Orientation Synchronous Smoothing Algorithm of Pinch Milling in Nine-Axis Machine Tools

by Dongdong Song, Shuai Zhu, Fei Xue, Yagang Feng and Bingheng Lu

Materials 2024, 17(12), 2977; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122977 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 509

Abstract

Pinch milling is a new technique for slender and long blade machining, which can simultaneously improve the machining quality and efficiency. However, two-cutter orientation planning is a major challenge due to the irregular blade surfaces and the structural constraints of nine-axis machine tools. In this paper, a method of twin-tool smoothing orientation determination is proposed for a thin-walled blade with pinch milling. Considering the processing status of the two cutters and workpiece, the feasible domain of the twin-tool axis vector and its characterization method are defined. At the same time, an evaluation algorithm of global and local optimization is proposed, and a smoothing algorithm is explored within the feasible domain along the two tool paths. Finally, a set of smoothly aligned tool orientations are generated, and the overall smoothness is nearly globally optimized. A preliminary simulation verification of the proposed algorithm is conducted on a turbine blade model and the planning tool orientation is found to be stable, smooth, and well formed, which avoids collision interference and ultimately improves the machining accuracy of the blade with difficult-to-machine materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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16 pages, 3990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Modeling, Statistical Analysis, and Optimization of the Laser-Cutting Process of Hardox 400 Steel

by Mehdi Safari, Seyed Mohammad Abtahi and Jalal Joudaki

Materials 2024, 17(12), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122798 - 7 Jun 2024

Viewed by 573

Abstract

Fiber laser cutting machines are widely used in industry for cutting various sheet metals. Hardox steel is widely used in the construction of machinery and equipment that are subjected to wear and impact due to its anti-wear properties and good impact resistance. In this experimental study, the effect of input parameters including laser output power (LOP), laser-cutting speed (LCS), and focal point position (FPP) of fiber laser on the surface roughness and kerf width of Hardox 400 steel sheets are studied. In addition, the optimization of input parameters to achieve the desired surface roughness and kerf width are investigated and analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments are performed using a 4 kW fiber laser-cutting machine and the output results including surface roughness and kerf width are measured using roughness meters and optical microscope. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for surface roughness and kerf width show that the FPP and LCS are the most significant process parameters affecting the surface roughness and kerf width. With a positive focal point, the surface roughness decreases while the kerf width increases. With increasing the laser-cutting speed, both the surface roughness and kerf width decrease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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25 pages, 32539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Material Removal Mechanism of SiC Ceramic by Porous Diamond Grinding Wheel Using Discrete Element Simulation

by Zhaoqin Zhang, Jiaxuan Xu, Yejun Zhu, Zhongxing Zhang and Weiqi Zeng

Materials 2024, 17(11), 2688; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112688 - 2 Jun 2024

Viewed by 610

Abstract

SiC ceramics are typically hard and brittle materials. Serious surface/subsurface damage occurs during the grinding process due to the poor self-sharpening ability of monocrystalline diamond grits. Nevertheless, recent findings have demonstrated that porous diamond grits can achieve high-efficiency and low-damage machining. However, research on the removal mechanism of porous diamond grit while grinding SiC ceramic materials is still in the bottleneck stage. A discrete element simulation model of the porous diamond grit while grinding SiC ceramics was established to optimize the grinding parameters (e.g., grinding wheel speed, undeformed chip thickness) and pore parameters (e.g., cutting edge density) of the porous diamond grit. The influence of these above parameters on the removal and damage of SiC ceramics was explored from a microscopic perspective, comparing with monocrystalline diamond grit. The results show that porous diamond grits cause less damage to SiC ceramics and have better grinding performance than monocrystalline diamond grits. In addition, the optimal cutting edge density and undeformed chip thickness should be controlled at 1–3 and 1–2 um, respectively, and the grinding wheel speed should be greater than 80 m/s. The research results lay a scientific foundation for the efficient and low-damage grinding of hard and brittle materials represented by SiC ceramics, exhibiting theoretical significance and practical value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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14 pages, 5153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micro-Milling of Additively Manufactured Al-Si-Mg Aluminum Alloys

by Qiongyi He, Xiaochong Kang and Xian Wu

Materials 2024, 17(11), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112668 - 1 Jun 2024

Viewed by 449

Abstract

Additively manufactured aluminum alloy parts attract extensive applications in various felids. To study the machinability of additively manufactured aluminum alloys, micro-milling experiments were conducted on the additively manufactured AlSi7Mg and AlSi10Mg. By comparing the machinability of Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys with different Si content, the results show that due to the higher hardness of the AlSi10Mg, the cutting forces are higher than the AlSi7Mg by about 11.8% on average. Due to the increased Si content in additively manufactured Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys, the surface roughness of AlSi10Mg is 26.9% higher than AlSi7Mg on average. The burr morphology of additively manufactured aluminum alloys in micro-milling can be divided into fence shape and branch shape, which are, respectively, formed by the plastic lateral flow and unseparated chips. The up-milling edge exhibits a greater burr width than the down-milling edge. Due to the better plasticity of AlSi7Mg, the burr width of the down-milling edge is 28.1% larger, and the burr width of the up-milling edge is 10.1% larger than the AlSi10Mg. This research can provide a guideline for the post-machining of additively manufactured aluminum alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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17 pages, 5460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Temperature at Tool–Chip Interface during Initial Period of Chip Formation in Orthogonal Cutting of Inconel 718

by Youssef Alammari, Jian Weng, Jannis Saelzer and Dirk Biermann

Materials 2024, 17(10), 2232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102232 - 9 May 2024

Viewed by 806

Abstract

Machining nickel-based super alloys such as Inconel 718 generates a high thermal load induced via friction and plastic deformation, causing these alloys to be among most difficult-to-cut materials. Localized heat generation occurring in machining induces high temperature gradients. Experimental techniques for determining cutting tool temperature are challenging due to the small dimensions of the heat source and the chips produced, making it difficult to observe the tool–chip interface. Therefore, theoretical analysis of cutting temperatures is crucial for understanding heat generation and temperature distribution during cutting operations. Periodic heating and cooling occurring during cutting and interruption, respectively, are modeled using a hybrid analytical and finite element (FE) transient thermal model. In addition to identifying a transition distance associated with initial period of chip formation (IPCF) from apparent coefficient of friction results using a sigmoid function, the transition temperature is also identified using the thermal model. The model is validated experimentally by measuring the tool–chip interface temperature using a two-color pyrometer at a specific cutting distance. Due to the cyclic behavior in interrupted cutting, where a steady-state condition may or may not be achieved, transient thermal modeling is required in this case. Input parameters required to identify the heat flux for the transient thermal model are obtained experimentally and the definitions of heat-flux-reducing factors along the cutting path are associated with interruptions and the repeating IPCF. The thermal model consists of two main parts: one is related to identifying the heat flux, and the other part involves the determination of the temperature field within the tool using a partial differential equation (PDE) solved numerically via a 2D finite element method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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19 pages, 12445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Characteristics of Ultrasound-Assisted Fracture Splitting for AISI 1045 Quenched and Tempered Steel

by Yinfang Jiang, Yangyang Wang, Xiancheng Liu, Deli Sha and Mengcheng Zhu

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092143 - 3 May 2024

Viewed by 681

Abstract

Ultrasonic vibration-assisted con-rod fracture splitting (UV-CFS) was used to carry out the fracture experiment of 1045 quenched and tempered steel. The effect of ultrasonic vibration on the fracture properties was studied, the fracture microstructure and the evolution of dislocations near the fracture were analyzed and the microscopic mechanism was analyzed. The results show that in the case of conventional fracture splitting without amplitude, the dimple and the fracture belong to ductile fracture. With the increase in ultrasonic amplitude, the plasticity and pore deformation of the con-rod samples decrease at first and then increase; when the amplitude reaches a certain point, the load required for cracking is reduced to a minimum and the ultrasonic hardening effect is dominant, resulting in a decrease in the plasticity of the sample, a cleavage fracture, a brittle fracture, the minimum pore deformation and high cracking quality. The research results also show that with the increase in ultrasonic amplitude, the fracture dislocation density decreases at first, then increases, and dislocation entanglement and grain breakage appear, then decrease, and multiple dislocation slip trajectories appear. The changes in the dislocation density and microstructure are consistent with the above results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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19 pages, 72798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Water Jet-Guided Laser Micro-Hole Drilling of C_f/SiC Composites

by Binying Bao, Guangyi Zhang, Zhongan Chen, Yang Chao, Chunhai Guo and Wenwu Zhang

Materials 2024, 17(9), 1975; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091975 - 24 Apr 2024

Viewed by 724

Abstract

In this paper, water jet-guided laser (WJGL) drilling of

C_{f} / SiC

In this paper, water jet-guided laser (WJGL) drilling of

C_{f} / SiC

composites was employed and the effects of the processing parameters on the depth and quality of the micro-holes were systematically investigated. Firstly, the depth measurement showed that the increase in processing time and power density led to a significant improvement in micro-hole drilling depth. However, the enhancement of the water jet speed resulted in a pronounced decrease in the depth due to the phenomenon of water splashing. In contrast, the scanning speed, path overlap ratio, pulse frequency, and helium pressure exhibited less effect on the micro-hole depth. Secondly, the microstructural analysis revealed that the increase in power density resulted in the deformation and fracture of the carbon fibers, while the augmentation in water jet speed reduced the thermal defects. Finally, based on the optimization of the processing parameters, a micro-hole of exceptional quality was achieved, with a depth-to-diameter ratio of 8.03 and a sidewall taper of 0.72°. This study can provide valuable guidance for WJGL micro-hole drilling of

C_{f} / SiC

composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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25 pages, 17845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of 2D Roughness Periodical Profiles on a Flat Surface Generated by Milling with a Ball Nose End Mill

by Mihaita Horodinca, Florin Chifan, Emilian Paduraru, Catalin Gabriel Dumitras, Adriana Munteanu and Dragos-Florin Chitariu

Materials 2024, 17(6), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061425 - 20 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 810

Abstract

This paper presents a study of 2D roughness profiles on a flat surface generated on a steel workpiece by ball nose end milling with linear equidistant tool paths (pick-intervals). The exploration of the milled surface with a surface roughness tester (on the pick and feed directions) produces 2D roughness profiles that usually have periodic evolutions. These evolutions can be considered as time-dependent signals, which can be described as a sum of sinusoidal components (the wavelength of each component is considered as a period). In order to obtain a good approximate description of these sinusoidal components, two suitable signal processing techniques are used in this work: the first technique provides a direct mathematical (analytical) description and is based on computer-aided curve (signal) fitting (more accurate); the second technique (synthetic, less accurate, providing an indirect and incomplete description) is based on the spectrum generated by fast Fourier transform. This study can be seen as a way to better understand the interaction between the tool and the workpiece or to achieve a mathematical characterisation of the machined surface microgeometry in terms of roughness (e.g., its description as a collection of closely spaced 2D roughness profiles) and to characterise the workpiece material in terms of machinability by cutting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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27 pages, 12548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigations on the Surface Integrity and Wear Mechanisms of TiAlYN-Coated Tools in Inconel 718 Milling Operations

by Francisco J. G. Silva, Naiara P. V. Sebbe, Rúben D. F. S. Costa, André F. V. Pedroso, Rita C. M. Sales-Contini, Marta L. S. Barbosa and Rui P. Martinho

Materials 2024, 17(2), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020443 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1144

Abstract

Inconel 718 is a Ni superalloy with superior mechanical properties, even at high temperatures. However, due to its high hardness and low thermal conductivity, it is considered a difficult-to-machine material. This material is widely used in applications that require good dimensional stability, making the milling process the most used in machining this alloy. The wear resulting from this process and the quality of the machined surface are still challenging factors when it comes to Inconel 718. TiAlN-based coating has been used on cutting tools with Yttrium as a doping element to improve the process performance. Based on this, this work evaluated the machined surface integrity and wear resistance of cutting tools coated using Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) HiPIMS with TiAlYN in the end milling of Inconel 718, varying the process parameters such as cutting speed (v_c), feed per tooth (f_z), and cutting length (L_cut). It was verified that the L_cut is the parameter that exerts the most significant influence since, even at small distances, Inconel 718 already generates high tool wear (TW). Furthermore, the main wear mechanisms were abrasive and adhesive wear, with the development of a built-up edge (BUE) under a125 m/min feed rate (f) and a L_cut = 15 m. Chipping, cracking, and delamination of the coating were also observed, indicating a lack of adhesion between the coating and the substrate, suggesting the need for a good interlayer or the adjustment of the PVD parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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14 pages, 4485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Roughness Prediction of Titanium Alloy during Abrasive Belt Grinding Based on an Improved Radial Basis Function (RBF) Neural Network

by Kun Shan, Yashuang Zhang, Yingduo Lan, Kaimeng Jiang, Guijian Xiao and Benkai Li

Materials 2023, 16(22), 7224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227224 - 18 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1073

Abstract

Titanium alloys have become an indispensable material for all walks of life because of their excellent strength and corrosion resistance. However, grinding titanium alloy is exceedingly challenging due to its pronounced material characteristics. Therefore, it is crucial to create a theoretical roughness prediction model, serving to modify the machining parameters in real time. To forecast the surface roughness of titanium alloy grinding, an improved radial basis function neural network model based on particle swarm optimization combined with the grey wolf optimization method (GWO-PSO-RBF) was developed in this study. The results demonstrate that the improved neural network developed in this research outperforms the classical models in terms of all prediction parameters, with a model-fitting R² value of 0.919. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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Review

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30 pages, 4402 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gear Hobs—Cutting Tools and Manufacturing Technologies for Spur Gears: The State of the Art

by Norbert Hodgyai, Márton Máté, Gheorghe Oancea and Mircea-Viorel Dragoi

Materials 2024, 17(13), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133219 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 825

Abstract

The present work aims to provide the readers with a bird’s-eye view of the general domain of cylindrical gear manufacturing technologies, including the cutting tools used, and related topics. The main scientific sources are explored to collect data about the subject. A systematization of the scientific works is completed, to emphasize the main issues the researchers have focused on in the past years in the domain. Several specific aspects are investigated: chip-forming process, cutting tool lifetime, the materials used to produce gear hobs, temperature and lubrication, the cutting tool geometry, cutting parameters, design methods, and optimization. Some gaps in the research have been identified, which are mainly related to the gear hob’s design. These gaps, the organization of knowledge, the current requirements of the industry, and the actual socio-economic priorities form the basis for identifying new scientific research directions for the future in the area of spur gears manufacturing technologies and cutting tools. The main output of this work is a frame to guide the development of scientific research in the domain of spur gear production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting Processes for Materials in Manufacturing)

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