Materials

Editorial

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3 pages, 192 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceEditorial

Advances in Elastomers

by Michal Sedlačík

Materials 2021, 14(2), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14020348 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2304

Abstract

Elastomer materials are characteristic for their high elongation and (entropy) elasticity, which makes them indispensable for widespread applications in various engineering areas, medical applications or consumer goods [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Elastomers)

Research

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18 pages, 4727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Carbon Black Types in SBR Rubber: Mechanical and Vibration Damping Properties

by Marek Pöschl, Martin Vašina, Petr Zádrapa, Dagmar Měřínská and Milan Žaludek

Materials 2020, 13(10), 2394; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102394 - 22 May 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7478

Abstract

Styrene–butadiene rubber mixtures with four types of carbon black were studied in this paper. The mechanical properties, including the ability to damp mechanical vibration, were investigated, along with dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). It has been found that carbon black types N 110 and [...] Read more.

Styrene–butadiene rubber mixtures with four types of carbon black were studied in this paper. The mechanical properties, including the ability to damp mechanical vibration, were investigated, along with dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). It has been found that carbon black types N 110 and N 330, having the largest specific surface area and the smallest particle diameter, provide a good stiffening effect. These particles have significant interactions between the rubber, resulting in good reinforcement. On the other hand, the carbon black N 990 type has a lower reinforcing effect and improved vibration damping properties at higher excitation frequencies due to higher dissipation of mechanical energy into heat under dynamic loading. The effect of the number of loading cycles on vibration damping properties of the rubber composites was also investigated in this study. It can be concluded that the abovementioned properties of the investigated rubber composites correspond to physical–mechanical properties of the applied carbon black types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Elastomers)

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16 pages, 6647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Bio-Based Plasticizers on the Properties of NBR Materials

by Md Mahbubur Rahman, Katja Oßwald, Katrin Reincke and Beate Langer

Materials 2020, 13(9), 2095; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092095 - 1 May 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4475

Abstract

A high number of technical elastomer products contain plasticizers for tailoring material properties. Some additives used as plasticizers pose a health risk or have inadequate material properties. Therefore, research is going on in this field to find sustainable alternatives for conventional plasticizers. In [...] Read more.

A high number of technical elastomer products contain plasticizers for tailoring material properties. Some additives used as plasticizers pose a health risk or have inadequate material properties. Therefore, research is going on in this field to find sustainable alternatives for conventional plasticizers. In this paper, two modified bio-based plasticizers (epoxidized esters of glycerol formal from soybean and canola oil) are of main interest. The study aimed to determine the influence of these sustainable plasticizers on the properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR). For comparison, the influence of conventional plasticizers, e.g., treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) and Mesamoll^® were additionally investigated. Two types of NBR with different ratios of monomers formed the polymeric basis of the prepared elastomers. The variation of the monomer ratio results in different polarities, and therefore, compatibility between the NBR and plasticizers should be influenced. The mechanical characteristics were investigated. In parallel, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed and filler macro-dispersion was determined. Bio-based plasticizers were shown to have better mechanical and thermal properties compared to conventional plasticizers. Further, thermo-oxidative aging was realized for 500 h, and afterwards, mechanical characterizations were done. It was observed that bio-based plasticizers have almost the same aging properties compared to conventional plasticizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Elastomers)

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15 pages, 6360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hazardous Waste Management of Buffing Dust Collagen

by Miroslawa Prochon, Anna Marzec and Oleksandra Dzeikala

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071498 - 25 Mar 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2912

Abstract

Buffing Dust Collagen (BDC) is a hazardous waste product of chromium tanning bovine hides. The aim of this study was to investigate whether BDC has the desirable properties required of modern fillers. The microstructural properties of BDC were characterized by elemental analysis (N, [...] Read more.

Buffing Dust Collagen (BDC) is a hazardous waste product of chromium tanning bovine hides. The aim of this study was to investigate whether BDC has the desirable properties required of modern fillers. The microstructural properties of BDC were characterized by elemental analysis (N, Cr₂O₃) of dry residue and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BDC was applied (5 to 30 parts by weight) to styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), obtaining SBR-BDC composites. The physicochemical properties of the SBR-BDC composites were examined by Fourier transform infrared analysis, SEM, UV–Vis spectroscopy, swelling tests, mechanical tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The biodegradability of the SBR-BDC composites and their thermo-oxidative aging were also investigated. The filler contributed to increase the cross-link density in the elastomer structure, as evidenced by enhanced mechanical strength. The introduction of a filler into the elastomer structure resulted in an increase in the efficiency of polymer bonding, which was manifested by more favorable rheological and mechanical parameters. It also influenced the formation of stable interfacial bonds between the individual components in the polymer matrix, which in turn reduced the release of compact chromium in the BDC filler. This was shown by the absorption bands for polar groups in the infrared analysis and by imaging of the vulcanization process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Elastomers)

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14 pages, 4651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Friction, Abrasion and Crack Growth Behavior of In-Situ and Ex-Situ Silica Filled Rubber Composites

by Sankar Raman Vaikuntam, Eshwaran Subramani Bhagavatheswaran, Fei Xiang, Sven Wießner, Gert Heinrich, Amit Das and Klaus Werner Stöckelhuber

Materials 2020, 13(2), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13020270 - 7 Jan 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3129

Abstract

The article focuses on comparing the friction, abrasion, and crack growth behavior of two different kinds of silica-filled tire tread compounds loaded with (a) in-situ generated alkoxide silica and (b) commercial precipitated silica-filled compounds. The rubber matrix consists of solution styrene butadiene rubber [...] Read more.

The article focuses on comparing the friction, abrasion, and crack growth behavior of two different kinds of silica-filled tire tread compounds loaded with (a) in-situ generated alkoxide silica and (b) commercial precipitated silica-filled compounds. The rubber matrix consists of solution styrene butadiene rubber polymers (SSBR). The in-situ generated particles are entirely different in filler morphology, i.e., in terms of size and physical structure, when compared to the precipitated silica. However, both types of the silicas were identified as amorphous in nature. Influence of filler morphology and surface modification of silica on the end performances of the rubbers like dynamic friction, abrasion index, and fatigue crack propagation were investigated. Compared to precipitated silica composites, in-situ derived silica composites offer better abrasion behavior and improved crack propagation with and without admixture of silane coupling agents. Silane modification, particle morphology, and crosslink density were identified as further vital parameters influencing the investigated rubber properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Elastomers)

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18 pages, 8721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Viscoelastic and Electrical Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomers with Nanosized Ni-Mg Cobalt-Ferrites as Fillers

by Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Saiful Amri Mazlan, U Ubaidillah, Muhammad Kashfi Shabdin, Nurul Azhani Yunus, Nur Azmah Nordin, Seung-Bok Choi and Rizuan Mohd Rosnan

Materials 2019, 12(21), 3531; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213531 - 28 Oct 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3059

Abstract

Carbon-based particles, such as graphite and graphene, have been widely used as a filler in magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) fabrication in order to obtain electrical properties of the material. However, these kinds of fillers normally require a very high concentration of particles to enhance [...] Read more.

Carbon-based particles, such as graphite and graphene, have been widely used as a filler in magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) fabrication in order to obtain electrical properties of the material. However, these kinds of fillers normally require a very high concentration of particles to enhance the conductivity property. Therefore, in this study, the nanosized Ni-Mg cobalt ferrite is introduced as a filler to soften MRE and, at the same time, improve magnetic, rheological, and conductivity properties. Three types of MRE samples without and with different compositions of Mg, namely Co_0.5Ni_0.2Mg_0.3Fe₂O₄ (A1) and Co_0.5Ni_0.1Mg_0.4Fe₂O₄ (A2), are fabricated. The characterization related to the micrograph, magnetic, and rheological properties of the MRE samples are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and the rheometer. Meanwhile, the effect of the nanosized Ni-Mg cobalt ferrites on the electrical resistance property is investigated and compared with the different Mg compositions. It is shown that the storage modulus of the MRE sample with the nanosized Ni-Mg cobalt ferrites is 43% higher than that of the MRE sample without the nanomaterials. In addition, it is demonstrated that MREs with the nanosized Ni-Mg cobalt ferrites exhibit relatively low electrical resistance at the on-state as compared to the off-state condition, because MRE with a higher Mg composition shows lower electrical resistance when higher current flow occurs through the materials. This salient property of the proposed MRE can be effectively and potentially used as an actuator to control the viscoelastic property of the magnetic field or sensors to measure the strain of the flexible structures by the electrical resistance signal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Elastomers)

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Review

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21 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Systematic Review on the Effects, Roles and Methods of Magnetic Particle Coatings in Magnetorheological Materials

by Siti Khumaira Mohd Jamari, Nur Azmah Nordin, Ubaidillah, Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz, Nurhazimah Nazmi and Saiful Amri Mazlan

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5317; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235317 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

Magnetorheological (MR) material is a type of magneto-sensitive smart materials which consists of magnetizable particles dispersed in a carrier medium. Throughout the years, coating on the surface of the magnetic particles has been developed by researchers to enhance the performance of MR materials, [...] Read more.

Magnetorheological (MR) material is a type of magneto-sensitive smart materials which consists of magnetizable particles dispersed in a carrier medium. Throughout the years, coating on the surface of the magnetic particles has been developed by researchers to enhance the performance of MR materials, which include the improvement of sedimentation stability, enhancement of the interaction between the particles and matrix mediums, and improving rheological properties as well as providing extra protection against oxidative environments. There are a few coating methods that have been employed to graft the coating layer on the surface of the magnetic particles, such as atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), chemical oxidative polymerization, and dispersion polymerization. This paper investigates the role of particle coating in MR materials with the effects gained from grafting the magnetic particles. This paper also discusses the coating methods employed in some of the works that have been established by researchers in the particle coating of MR materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Elastomers)

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24 pages, 4241 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Magnetorheological Elastomers: Fabrication, Characteristics, and Applications

by Sung Soon Kang, Kisuk Choi, Jae-Do Nam and Hyoung Jin Choi

Materials 2020, 13(20), 4597; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13204597 - 15 Oct 2020

Cited by 69 | Viewed by 8409

Abstract

Magnetorheological (MR) elastomers become one of the most powerful smart and advanced materials that can be tuned reversibly, finely, and quickly in terms of their mechanical and viscoelastic properties by an input magnetic field. They are composite materials in which magnetizable particles are [...] Read more.

Magnetorheological (MR) elastomers become one of the most powerful smart and advanced materials that can be tuned reversibly, finely, and quickly in terms of their mechanical and viscoelastic properties by an input magnetic field. They are composite materials in which magnetizable particles are dispersed in solid base elastomers. Their distinctive behaviors are relying on the type and size of dispersed magnetic particles, the type of elastomer matrix, and the type of non-magnetic fillers such as plasticizer, carbon black, and crosslink agent. With these controllable characteristics, they can be applied to various applications such as vibration absorber, isolator, magnetoresistor, and electromagnetic wave absorption. This review provides a summary of the fabrication, properties, and applications of MR elastomers made of various elastomeric materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Elastomers)

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