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2 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints”

by Jan Philippe Kretzer and Catherine Van Der Straeten

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092222 - 26 Apr 2021

Viewed by 1529

Abstract

Joint replacement is a very successful medical treatment [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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13 pages, 1572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rheologic Behavior of Bovine Calf Serum

by Tanja Wonerow, Maximilian Uhler, Jens Nuppnau, J. Philippe Kretzer and Frank Mantwill

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2538; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102538 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1929

Abstract

Recent studies have illuminated the rheological behavior of synovial fluid and the role of protein and hyaluronan (HA). However, with respect to artificial joint replacement in standardized wear simulations, bovine serum is used as fluid test medium. Little is known about the rheological [...] Read more.

Recent studies have illuminated the rheological behavior of synovial fluid and the role of protein and hyaluronan (HA). However, with respect to artificial joint replacement in standardized wear simulations, bovine serum is used as fluid test medium. Little is known about the rheological characteristics of bovine serum, which are needed for precise tribological investigations. The steady shear viscosity

η

of bovine calf serum is determined for protein concentrations used in standardized wear simulations depending on shear rate

\dot{γ}

and temperature T. Additionally, the density of the serum is determined for both protein concentrations. The results show shear thinning behavior of bovine calf serum with a nearly Newtonian behavior in the range of high shear rates. Within the range of high shear rates, mean viscosities of η = 0.82–0.88 mPa·s were found for protein concentrations of 20 g/L and mean viscosities of η = 0.88–0.94 mPa·s for 30 g/L, decreasing with temperature. Densities of 1.004–1.005 g/cm³ and 1.007–1.008 g/cm³ were found for 20 and 30 g/L protein concentrations, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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10 pages, 8865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bearing Thickness Is Not a Predictive Factor for Damage and Penetration in Oxford Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty—A Retrieval Analysis

by Johannes Adrian Eckert, Ulrike Mueller, Tilman Walker, Martin Schwarze, Sebastian Jaeger and Jan Philippe Kretzer

Materials 2020, 13(20), 4589; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13204589 - 15 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1917

Abstract

The medial Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (OUKA) shows good survivorship, as well as clinical results. Aseptic loosening, however, remains one of the main reasons for revision and polyethylene debris is known to cause aseptic loosening. The role of bearing thickness in total as [...] Read more.

The medial Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (OUKA) shows good survivorship, as well as clinical results. Aseptic loosening, however, remains one of the main reasons for revision and polyethylene debris is known to cause aseptic loosening. The role of bearing thickness in total as well as unicondylar knee arthroplasty has been the subject of controversial discussions, especially the longevity of lower thickness bearings in total knee arthroplasty was questioned. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of bearing thickness on time to revision, damage pattern, penetration, and volumetric material loss. A cohort of 47 consecutively retrieved medial OUKA bearings was analyzed with conventional direct light microscopy applying the Hood damage analysis, as well as measuring the penetration depth. In this retrieval cohort, a difference on survival time, damage, penetration, as well as volumetric material loss could not be seen. We conclude that low as well as high thickness bearings can safely be used in OUKA without any relevant differences in terms of wear and damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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10 pages, 1266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hip Spacers with a Metal-on-Cement Articulation Did Not Show Significant Surface Alterations of the Metal Femoral Head in Two-Stage Revision for Periprosthetic Joint Infection

by Andre Lunz, Robert Sonntag, J. Philippe Kretzer, Sebastian Jaeger, Therese Bormann, Marcus R. Streit, Nicholas A. Beckmann, Burkhard Lehner and Georg W. Omlor

Materials 2020, 13(17), 3882; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173882 - 2 Sep 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3843

Abstract

Two-stage revision is considered the gold standard treatment for chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). During the interim period, between explantation of the infected hip endoprosthesis and revision arthroplasty, individually formed articulating hip spacers made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement can be used to [...] Read more.

Two-stage revision is considered the gold standard treatment for chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). During the interim period, between explantation of the infected hip endoprosthesis and revision arthroplasty, individually formed articulating hip spacers made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement can be used to provide better soft tissue preservation, local antibiotic release, and improved postoperative mobilization. If effective prevention from luxation is achieved, hip function and hence overall patient satisfaction is improved. Zirconium oxide particles inside conventional PMMA bone cement, however, are known to enhance third-body wear, which may cause alterations of the metal head in the articulating spacer and hence become a serious risk for the patient. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyze whether the articular surface of cobalt-chrome (CoCr) femoral heads is significantly altered in the setting of a metal-on-cement articulation during the interim period of two-stage revision for PJI. We analyzed a consecutive series of 23 spacer cases and compared them with femoral heads from two series of conventional hip arthroplasty revisions with metal-on-polyethylene articulations and different time intervals in situ. To investigate metallic wear, the femoral heads were thoroughly examined, and their surface roughness was measured and analyzed. We found no significant differences between the two conventional hip arthroplasty groups, despite their very different times in situ. Furthermore, the individually different times in situ within the spacer group had no significant impact on surface roughness, either. Compared with the spacer group, the surface roughness of the metal femoral heads from both conventional hip arthroplasty groups were even higher. Within the spacer group, roughness parameters did not show significant differences regarding the five predefined locations on the metal head. We conclude that metal-on-cement articulations do not cause enhanced surface alterations of the metal femoral head and hence do not limit the application in articulating hip spacers in the setting of two-stage revision for PJI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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14 pages, 4290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Cyclic Loading and Motion on the Implant–Cement Interface and Cement Mantle of PEEK and Cobalt–Chromium Femoral Total Knee Arthroplasty Implants: A Preliminary Study

by Lennert de Ruiter, Raelene M. Cowie, Louise M. Jennings, Adam Briscoe, Dennis Janssen and Nico Verdonschot

Materials 2020, 13(15), 3323; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153323 - 26 Jul 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3413

Abstract

This study investigated the fixation of a cemented PEEK femoral TKA component. PEEK and CoCr implants were subjected to a walking gait cycle for 10 million cycles (MC), 100,000 cycles or 0 cycles (unloaded control). A method was developed to assess the fixation [...] Read more.

This study investigated the fixation of a cemented PEEK femoral TKA component. PEEK and CoCr implants were subjected to a walking gait cycle for 10 million cycles (MC), 100,000 cycles or 0 cycles (unloaded control). A method was developed to assess the fixation at the cement–implant interface, which exposed the implants to a fluorescent penetrant dye solution. The lateral condyles of the implants were then sectioned and viewed under fluorescence to investigate bonding at the cement–implant interface and cracking of the cement mantle. When tested for 100,000 cycles, debonding of the cement–implant interface occurred in both PEEK (61%) and CoCr (13%) implants. When the duration of testing was extended (10 MC), the percentage debonding was further increased for both materials to 88% and 61% for PEEK and CoCr, respectively. The unloaded PEEK specimens were 79% debonded, which suggests that, when PEEK femoral components are cemented, complete bonding may never occur. Analysis of cracks in the cement mantle showed an absence of full-thickness cracks in the unloaded control group. For the 100,000-cycle samples, on average, 1.3 and 0.7 cracks were observed for PEEK and CoCr specimens, respectively. After 10 MC, these increased to 24 for PEEK and 19 for CoCr. This was a preliminary study with a limited number of samples investigated, but shows that, after 10 MC under a walking gait, substantial debonding was visible for both PEEK and CoCr implants at the cement–implant interface and no significant difference in the number of cement cracks was found between the two materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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22 pages, 7065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Musculoskeletal Multibody Simulation Analysis on the Impact of Patellar Component Design and Positioning on Joint Dynamics after Unconstrained Total Knee Arthroplasty

by Maeruan Kebbach, Martin Darowski, Sven Krueger, Christoph Schilling, Thomas M. Grupp, Rainer Bader and Andreas Geier

Materials 2020, 13(10), 2365; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102365 - 21 May 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4718

Abstract

Patellofemoral (PF) disorders are considered a major clinical complication after total knee replacement (TKR). Malpositioning and design of the patellar component impacts knee joint dynamics, implant fixation and wear propagation. However, only a limited number of studies have addressed the biomechanical impact of [...] Read more.

Patellofemoral (PF) disorders are considered a major clinical complication after total knee replacement (TKR). Malpositioning and design of the patellar component impacts knee joint dynamics, implant fixation and wear propagation. However, only a limited number of studies have addressed the biomechanical impact of the patellar component on PF dynamics and their results have been discussed controversially. To address these issues, we implemented a musculoskeletal multibody simulation (MMBS) study for the systematical analysis of the patellar component’s thickness and positioning on PF contact forces and kinematics during dynamic squat motion with virtually implanted unconstrained cruciate-retaining (CR)-TKR. The patellar button thickness clearly increased the contact forces in the PF joint (up to 27%). Similarly, the PF contact forces were affected by superior–inferior positioning (up to 16%) and mediolateral positioning (up to 8%) of the patellar button. PF kinematics was mostly affected by the mediolateral positioning and the thickness of the patellar component. A medialization of 3 mm caused a lateral patellar shift by up to 2.7 mm and lateral patellar tilt by up to 1.6°. However, deviations in the rotational positioning of the patellar button had minor effects on PF dynamics. Aiming at an optimal intraoperative patellar component alignment, the orthopedic surgeon should pay close attention to the patellar component thickness in combination with its mediolateral and superior–inferior positioning on the retropatellar surface. Our generated MMBS model provides systematic and reproducible insight into the effects of patellar component positioning and design on PF dynamics and has the potential to serve as a preoperative analysis tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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15 pages, 2718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Behavior of Surface-Treated Metallic Implant Materials

by Therese Bormann, Phuong Thao Mai, Jens Gibmeier, Robert Sonntag, Ulrike Müller and J. Philippe Kretzer

Materials 2020, 13(9), 2011; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13092011 - 25 Apr 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3099

Abstract

Corrosion of taper connections in total hip arthroplasty remains of concern, as particles and ions generated by corrosive processes can cause clinical problems such as periprosthetic osteolysis or adverse reaction to metallic debris. Mechanical surface treatments that introduce compressive residual stresses (RSs) in [...] Read more.

Corrosion of taper connections in total hip arthroplasty remains of concern, as particles and ions generated by corrosive processes can cause clinical problems such as periprosthetic osteolysis or adverse reaction to metallic debris. Mechanical surface treatments that introduce compressive residual stresses (RSs) in metallic materials can lead to a better performance in terms of fretting and fatigue and may lower the susceptibility to corrosion. The study investigates the impact of mechanical surface treatments on the corrosion behavior of metallic biomaterials. Compressive RSs were introduced by deep rolling and microblasting in Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo samples. Polished samples served as reference. Corrosion behavior was characterized by repeated anodic polarization. Residual stresses of up to about −900 MPa were introduced by deep rolling with a reach in depth of approximately 500 µm. Microblasting led to compressive RSs up to approximately −800 and −600 MPa for Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo, respectively, in the immediate vicinity of the surface. For Ti6Al4V, microblasting resulted in decreased corrosion resistance with lower breakdown potentials and/or increased passive current densities in comparison to the polished and deep-rolled samples. The corrosion behavior of CoCrMo on the other hand was not affected by the mechanical surface treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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13 pages, 1412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of N, C, Cr, and Nb Content on Silicon Nitride Coatings for Joint Applications

by Luimar Correa Filho, Susann Schmidt, Cecilia Goyenola, Charlotte Skjöldebrand, Håkan Engqvist, Hans Högberg, Markus Tobler and Cecilia Persson

Materials 2020, 13(8), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081896 - 17 Apr 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2932

Abstract

Ceramic coatings deposited on orthopedic implants are an alternative to achieve and maintain high wear resistance of the metallic device, and simultaneously allow for a reduction in metal ion release. Silicon nitride based (SiN_x) coatings deposited by high power impulse magnetron [...] Read more.

Ceramic coatings deposited on orthopedic implants are an alternative to achieve and maintain high wear resistance of the metallic device, and simultaneously allow for a reduction in metal ion release. Silicon nitride based (SiN_x) coatings deposited by high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) have shown potential for use in joint replacements, as a result of an improved chemical stability in combination with a good adhesion. This study investigated the effect of N, C, Cr, and Nb content on the tribocorrosive performance of 3.7 to 8.8 µm thick SiN_x coatings deposited by HiPIMS onto CoCrMo discs. The coating composition was assessed from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the surface roughness by vertical scanning interferometry. Hardness and Young’s modulus were measured by nanoindentation and coating adhesion was investigated by scratch tests. Multidirectional wear tests against ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene pins were performed for 2 million cycles in bovine serum solution (25%) at 37 °C, at an estimated contact pressure of 2.1 MPa. Coatings with a relatively low hardness tended to fail earlier in the wear test, due to chemical reactions and eventually dissolution, accelerated by the tribological contact. In fact, while no definite correlation could be observed between coating composition (N: 42.6–55.5 at %, C: 0–25.7 at %, Cr: 0 or 12.8 at %, and Nb: 0–24.5 at %) and wear performance, it was apparent that high-purity and/or -density coatings (i.e., low oxygen content and high nitrogen content) were desirable to prevent coating and/or counter surface wear or failure. Coatings deposited with a higher energy fulfilled the target profile in terms of low surface roughness (Ra < 20 nm), adequate adhesion (L_c2 > 30 N), chemical stability over time in the tribocorrosive environment, as well as low polymer wear, presenting potential for a future application in joint bearings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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16 pages, 3123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characteristics and Mechanical Performance of PCU Composites for Knee Meniscus Replacement

by Adijat Omowumi Inyang and Christopher Leonard Vaughan

Materials 2020, 13(8), 1886; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081886 - 17 Apr 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3569

Abstract

The potential use of fiber-reinforced based polycarbonate-urethanes (PCUs) as candidate meniscal substitutes was investigated in this study. Mechanical test pieces were designed and fabricated using a compression molding technique. Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were impregnated into PCU matrices, and their mechanical [...] Read more.

The potential use of fiber-reinforced based polycarbonate-urethanes (PCUs) as candidate meniscal substitutes was investigated in this study. Mechanical test pieces were designed and fabricated using a compression molding technique. Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were impregnated into PCU matrices, and their mechanical and microstructural properties evaluated. In particular, the tensile moduli of the PCUs were found unsuitable, since they were comparatively lower than that of the meniscus, and may not be able to replicate the inherent role of the meniscus effectively. However, the inclusion of fibers produced a substantial increment in the tensile modulus, to a value within a close range measured for meniscus tissues. Increments of up to 227% were calculated with a PCU fiber reinforcement composite. The embedded fibers in the PCU composites enhanced the fracture mechanisms by preventing the brittle failure and plastic deformation exhibited in fractured PCUs. The behavior of the composites in compression varied with respect to the PCU matrix materials. The mechanical characteristics demonstrated by the developed PCU composites suggest that fiber reinforcements have a considerable potential to duplicate the distinct and multifaceted biomechanical roles of the meniscus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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8 pages, 3901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Measurements of Backside Wear in Acetabular Hip Joint Replacement: Conventional Polyethylene Versus Cross-Linked Polyethylene

by Steffen Braun, Sebastian Jaeger, Robert Sonntag, Stefan Schroeder and J. Philippe Kretzer

Materials 2020, 13(8), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081854 - 15 Apr 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2202

Abstract

As shown in previous studies, the modification of conventional polyethylene (CPE) to cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and the contribution of antioxidants result in a reduction in total wear. The aim of this study was to evaluate XLPE inserts with vitamin E and CPE regarding [...] Read more.

As shown in previous studies, the modification of conventional polyethylene (CPE) to cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and the contribution of antioxidants result in a reduction in total wear. The aim of this study was to evaluate XLPE inserts with vitamin E and CPE regarding their resistance to the backside wear mechanism. A cementless hip cup system (Plasmafit^® Plus 7, Aesculap) was dynamically loaded using CPE and XLPE inserts. The backside wear was isolated, generated and collected using the two-chamber principle. The chambers were filled with ultrapure water. After 2 × 10⁶ cycles, the fluids were examined for wear particles according to a particle analysis. Using XLPE inserts, the backside wear was significantly reduced by 35%. While XLPE backside wear particles are significantly larger than CPE particles, they do not differ in their morphology. This study confirms the greater resistance to backside wear of XLPE compared to CPE. It can be assumed that the improved fatigue resistance of the vitamin E-stabilized XLPE inserts demonstrates XLPE’s effectiveness against micro-motion and the resulting changing tensions in interface areas like surface breakdown, pitting and the release of very small particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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10 pages, 1429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Primary Stability of Porous Tantalum and Titanium Acetabular Revision Constructs

by Nicholas A. Beckmann, Rudi G. Bitsch, Mareike Schonhoff, Klaus-Arno Siebenrock, Martin Schwarze and Sebastian Jaeger

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071783 - 10 Apr 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5079

Abstract

Adequate primary stability of the acetabular revision construct is necessary for long-term implant survival. The difference in primary stability between tantalum and titanium components is unclear. Six composite hemipelvises with an acetabular defect were implanted with a tantalum augment and cup, using cement [...] Read more.

Adequate primary stability of the acetabular revision construct is necessary for long-term implant survival. The difference in primary stability between tantalum and titanium components is unclear. Six composite hemipelvises with an acetabular defect were implanted with a tantalum augment and cup, using cement fixation between cup and augment. Relative motion was measured at cup/bone, cup/augment and bone/augment interfaces at three load levels; the results were compared to the relative motion measured at the same interfaces of a titanium cup/augment construct of identical dimensions, also implanted into composite bone. The implants showed little relative motion at all load levels between the augment and cup. At the bone/augment and bone/cup interfaces the titanium implants showed less relative motion than tantalum at 30% load (p < 0.001), but more relative motion at 50% (p = n.s.) and 100% (p < 0001) load. The load did not have a significant effect at the augment/cup interface (p = 0.086); it did have a significant effect on relative motion of both implant materials at bone/cup and bone/augment interfaces (p < 0.001). All interfaces of both constructs displayed relative motion that should permit osseointegration. Tantalum, however, may provide a greater degree of primary stability at higher loads than titanium. The clinical implication is yet to be seen Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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13 pages, 2122 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Manufacturing and Osseointegration of Ti6Al4V Implants through Precision Casting and Calcium and Phosphorus Ion Implantation? In Vivo Results of a Large-Scale Animal Trial

by Wölfle-Roos JV, Katmer Amet B, Fiedler J, Michels H, Kappelt G, Ignatius A, Dürselen L, Reichel H and Brenner RE

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071670 - 3 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2410

Abstract

Background: Uncemented implants are still associated with several major challenges, especially with regard to their manufacturing and their osseointegration. In this study, a novel manufacturing technique—an optimized form of precision casting—and a novel surface modification to promote osseointegration—calcium and phosphorus ion implantation into [...] Read more.

Background: Uncemented implants are still associated with several major challenges, especially with regard to their manufacturing and their osseointegration. In this study, a novel manufacturing technique—an optimized form of precision casting—and a novel surface modification to promote osseointegration—calcium and phosphorus ion implantation into the implant surface—were tested in vivo. Methods: Cylindrical Ti6Al4V implants were inserted bilaterally into the tibia of 110 rats. We compared two generations of cast Ti6Al4V implants (CAST 1st GEN, n = 22, and CAST 2nd GEN, n = 22) as well as cast 2nd GEN Ti6Al4V implants with calcium (CAST + CA, n = 22) and phosphorus (CAST + P, n = 22) ion implantation to standard machined Ti6Al4V implants (control, n = 22). After 4 and 12 weeks, maximal pull-out force and bone-to-implant contact rate (BIC) were measured and compared between all five groups. Results: There was no significant difference between all five groups after 4 weeks or 12 weeks with regard to pull-out force (p > 0.05, Kruskal Wallis test). Histomorphometric analysis showed no significant difference of BIC after 4 weeks (p > 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test), whereas there was a trend towards a higher BIC in the CAST + P group (54.8% ± 15.2%), especially compared to the control group (38.6% ± 12.8%) after 12 weeks (p = 0.053, Kruskal–Wallis test). Conclusion: In this study, we found no indication of inferiority of Ti6Al4V implants cast with the optimized centrifugal precision casting technique of the second generation compared to standard Ti6Al4V implants. As the employed manufacturing process holds considerable economic potential, mainly due to a significantly decreased material demand per implant by casting near net-shape instead of milling away most of the starting ingot, its application in manufacturing uncemented implants seems promising. However, no significant advantages of calcium or phosphorus ion implantation could be observed in this study. Due to the promising results of ion implantation in previous in vitro and in vivo studies, further in vivo studies with different ion implantation conditions should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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21 pages, 6943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model-Based Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric Analysis to Monitor the Head–Taper Junction in Total Hip Arthroplasty in Vivo—And They Do Move

by Jing Xu, Robert Sonntag, J. Philippe Kretzer, Dominic Taylor, Raimund Forst and Frank Seehaus

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071543 - 27 Mar 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

Model-based Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) using elementary geometrical shape (EGS) models allows migration measurement of implants without the necessity of additional attached implant markers. The aims of this study were: (i) to assess the possibility of measuring potential head–taper movement in [...] Read more.

Model-based Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) using elementary geometrical shape (EGS) models allows migration measurement of implants without the necessity of additional attached implant markers. The aims of this study were: (i) to assess the possibility of measuring potential head–taper movement in THA in vivo using model-based RSA and (ii) to prove the validity of measured head–taper migration data in vitro and in vivo. From a previous RSA study with a 10 years follow-up, retrospectively for n = 45 patients head–taper migration was calculated as the relative migration between femoral ball head and taper of the femoral stem using model-based RSA. A head–taper migration of 0.026 mm/year can be detected with available RSA technology. In vitro validation showed a total migration of 268 ± 11 µm along the taper axis in a similar range to what has been reported using the RSA method. In vivo, a proof for interchangeable applicability of model-based RSA (EGS) and standard marker-based RSA methods was indicated by a significant deviation within the migration result after 12-month follow-up for all translation measurements, which was significantly correlated to the measured head–taper migration (r from 0.40 to 0.67; p < 0.05). The results identified that model-based RSA (EGS) could be used to detect head–taper migration in vivo and the measured movement could be validated in vitro and in vivo as well. Those findings supported the possibility of applying RSA for helping evaluate the head–taper corrosion related failure (trunnionosis). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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11 pages, 3730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrieval Analysis of Modern Knee Tumor Megaendoprosthesis Shows Considerable Volumetric Metal Wear Generated at the Rotating Hinge

by Therese Bormann, Sebastian Jäger, J. Philippe Kretzer, Laura Nebel, Lucas Clarius, Georg Omlor, Rudi Bitsch and Burkhard Lehner

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071519 - 26 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2627

Abstract

Frequently occurring damage, as well as elevated blood metal ion levels, are reported in relation to a tumor and revision system for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), which applies a rotating hinge coupling with a metal-on-metal (MoM) articulation. As the patient collective for this [...] Read more.

Frequently occurring damage, as well as elevated blood metal ion levels, are reported in relation to a tumor and revision system for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), which applies a rotating hinge coupling with a metal-on-metal (MoM) articulation. As the patient collective for this specific system is small, there is no data on wear generated from the couplings. In this study, wear volume and influencing parameters were investigated at 44 retrieved TKAs with MoM couplings. A scoring system rating frequently occurring abrasive wear between 0 (no wear) and 3 (distinct wear) was established. The wear score was correlated to time in vivo, bone resection length, patient weight and polyethylene inlay damage. Volumetric wear was estimated applying coordinate measurements. An elevated wear score of two or higher was found in 43% of cases. The mean wear rate accounted to 7.8 mm³/year. The main influencing coefficient for the extent of wear is time in vivo. We found a tendency for higher wear scores with higher inlay degradation scores. Patient weight and bone resection length did not impact coupling wear. Assessment of wear damage by a semi-quantitative scoring system has proven to be a reliable option for non-destructive coupling evaluation. The generated wear volume is high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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21 pages, 5190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Silver Multilayer Coating for Prevention of Bacterial Colonization of Orthopedic Implants

by Martin Fabritius, Amir Andreas Al-Munajjed, Christiane Freytag, Henriette Jülke, Markus Zehe, Thomas Lemarchand, Jacobus J. Arts, Detlef Schumann, Volker Alt and Katrin Sternberg

Materials 2020, 13(6), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061415 - 20 Mar 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3802

Abstract

Due to increasing rates of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), new approaches are needed to minimize the infection risk. The first goal of this study was to modify a well-established infection model to test surface-active antimicrobial systems. The second goal was to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Due to increasing rates of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI), new approaches are needed to minimize the infection risk. The first goal of this study was to modify a well-established infection model to test surface-active antimicrobial systems. The second goal was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of a silver multilayer (SML) coating. In vitro tests with SML items showed a >4 Log reduction in a proliferation assay and a 2.2 Log reduction in an agar immersion test (7 d). In the in vivo model blank and SML coated K-wires were seeded with ~2 × 10⁴ CFU of a methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus epidermidis (MSSE) and inserted into the intramedullary tibial canal of rabbits. After 7 days, the animals were sacrificed and a clinical, microbiological and histological analysis was performed. Microbiology showed a 1.6 Log pathogen reduction on the surface of SML items (p = 0.022) and in loosely attached tissue (p = 0.012). In the SML group 7 of 12 SML items were completely free of pathogens (cure rate = 58%, p = 0.002), while only 1 of 12 blank items were free of pathogens (cure rate = 8%, p = 0.110). No silver was detected in the blood or urine of the SML treated animals and only scarcely in the liver or adjacent lymph nodes. In summary, an in vivo infection model to test implants with bacterial pre-incubation was established and the antimicrobial activity of the SML coating was successfully proven. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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9 pages, 3242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Different Locking Mechanisms in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Relative Motion between Cup and Inlay

by Sebastian Jaeger, Maximilian Uhler, Stefan Schroeder, Nicholas A. Beckmann and Steffen Braun

Materials 2020, 13(6), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061392 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3768

Abstract

The resulting inflammatory reaction to polyethylene (PE) wear debris, which may result in osteolysis, is still considered to be a main reason for aseptic loosening. In addition to the primary wear in hip joint replacements caused by head-insert articulation, relative motions between the [...] Read more.

The resulting inflammatory reaction to polyethylene (PE) wear debris, which may result in osteolysis, is still considered to be a main reason for aseptic loosening. In addition to the primary wear in hip joint replacements caused by head-insert articulation, relative motions between the PE liner and the metal cup may cause additional wear. In order to limit this motion, various locking mechanisms were used. We investigated three different locking mechanisms (Aesculap, DePuy, and Zimmer Biomet) to address the resulting relative motion between the acetabular cup and PE liner and the maximum disassembly force. A standardized setting with increasing load levels was used in combination with optically based three-dimensional measurements. In addition the maximum disassembly forces were evaluated according to the ASTM F1820-13 standard. Our data showed significant differences between the groups, with a maximum relative motion at the maximum load level (3.5 kN) of 86.5 ± 32.7 µm. The maximum axial disassembly force was 473.8 ± 94.6 N. The in vitro study showed that various locking mechanisms may influence cup-inlay stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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16 pages, 2966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Acetabular Cup Material on the Shell Deformation and Strain Distribution in the Adjacent Bone—A Finite Element Analysis

by Danny Vogel, Matthias Klimek, Michael Saemann and Rainer Bader

Materials 2020, 13(6), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061372 - 18 Mar 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4277

Abstract

In total hip arthroplasty, excessive acetabular cup deformations and altered strain distribution in the adjacent bone are potential risk factors for implant loosening. Materials with reduced stiffness might alter the strain distribution less, whereas shell and liner deformations might increase. The purpose of [...] Read more.

In total hip arthroplasty, excessive acetabular cup deformations and altered strain distribution in the adjacent bone are potential risk factors for implant loosening. Materials with reduced stiffness might alter the strain distribution less, whereas shell and liner deformations might increase. The purpose of our current computational study was to evaluate whether carbon fiber-reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketones with a Young´s modulus of 15 GPa (CFR-PEEK-15) and 23 GPa (CFR-PEEK-23) might be an alternative shell material compared to titanium in terms of shell and liner deformation, as well as strain distribution in the adjacent bone. Using a finite element analysis, the press-fit implantation of modular acetabular cups with shells made of titanium, CFR-PEEK-15 and CFR-PEEK-23 in a human hemi-pelvis model was simulated. Liners made of ceramic and polyethylene were simulated. Radial shell and liner deformations as well as strain distributions were analyzed. The shells made of CFR-PEEK-15 were deformed most (266.7 µm), followed by CFR-PEEK-23 (136.5 µm) and titanium (54.0 µm). Subsequently, the ceramic liners were radially deformed by up to 4.4 µm and the polyethylene liners up to 184.7 µm. The shell materials slightly influenced the strain distribution in the adjacent bone with CFR-PEEK, resulting in less strain in critical regions (<400 µm/m or >3000 µm/m) and more strain in bone building or sustaining regions (400 to 3000 µm/m), while the liner material only had a minor impact. The superior biomechanical properties of the acetabular shells made of CFR-PEEK could not be determined in our present study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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15 pages, 3359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Third Body Wear of UHMWPE-on-PEEK-OPTIMA™

by Raelene M. Cowie, Naveen Manikya Pallem, Adam Briscoe and Louise M. Jennings

Materials 2020, 13(6), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061264 - 11 Mar 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3607

Abstract

PEEK-OPTIMA™ is being considered as an alternative to cobalt chrome (CoCr) in the femoral component of total knee replacements. To date, investigations of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-on-PEEK have shown an equivalent wear rate to conventional implant materials under standard conditions. In this [...] Read more.

PEEK-OPTIMA™ is being considered as an alternative to cobalt chrome (CoCr) in the femoral component of total knee replacements. To date, investigations of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-on-PEEK have shown an equivalent wear rate to conventional implant materials under standard conditions. In this study, the third body wear performance of UHMWPE-on-PEEK was directly compared to UHMWPE-on-CoCr in a series of pin-on-plate studies using two approaches for third body damage. Damage simulation with particles of bone cement showed a significant (p < 0.001), four-fold increase in the mean surface roughness of PEEK plates compared to CoCr. However, wear simulation against the damaged plates showed no significant difference in the wear of UHMWPE pins against the different materials (p = 0.59), and a polishing effect by the pin against the PEEK plates was observed. Scratching PEEK and CoCr counterfaces with a diamond stylus to create scratches representative of severe third body damage (4 µm lip height) resulted in a significantly higher (p = 0.01) wear of UHMWPE against CoCr compared to PEEK and again, against PEEK plates, polishing by the UHMWPE pin led to a reduction in scratch lip height. This study shows that in terms of its wear performance under third body wear/damage conditions, UHMWPE-on-PEEK differs from conventional knee replacement materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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22 pages, 3874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Proceed with Asymptomatic Modular Dual Taper Hip Stems in the Case of Acetabular Revision

by Thomas M. Grupp, Marc Baxmann, Volkmar Jansson, Henning Windhagen, Karl-Dieter Heller, Michael M. Morlock and Hanns-Peter Knaebel

Materials 2020, 13(5), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051098 - 2 Mar 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3058

Abstract

How to proceed with a clinically asymptomatic modular Metha® Ti alloy stem with dual taper CoCr neck adapter in case of acetabular revision? To systematically answer this question the status of research and appropriate diagnostic methods in context to clinically symptomatic and asymptomatic [...] Read more.

How to proceed with a clinically asymptomatic modular Metha® Ti alloy stem with dual taper CoCr neck adapter in case of acetabular revision? To systematically answer this question the status of research and appropriate diagnostic methods in context to clinically symptomatic and asymptomatic dual taper stem-neck couplings has been evaluated based on a systematic literature review. A retrieval analysis of thirteen Metha® modular dual taper CoCr/Ti alloy hip stems has been performed and a rational decision making model as basis for a clinical recommendation was developed. From our observations we propose that in cases of acetabular revision, that for patients with a serum cobalt level of > 4 µg/L and a Co/Cr ratio > 3.6, the revision of the modular dual taper stem may be considered. Prior to acetabular revision surgery a systematic diagnostic evaluation should be executed, using specific tests such as serum metal (Co, Cr) ion analysis, plain antero-posterior and lateral radiographs and cross-sectional imaging modalities (Metal Artefact Reduction Sequence Magnetic Resonance Imaging). For an asymptomatic Metha® dual taper Ti alloy/CoCr stem-neck coupling at the stage of acetabular revision careful clinical decision making according to the proposed model should be followed and overreliance on any single examination should be avoided, considering the complete individual differential diagnosis and patient situation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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14 pages, 1478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Reactions to Metal Particles and Ions in the Synovial Layer of Mice

by Xiangyun Cheng, Sabine C. Dirmeier, Sandra Haßelt, Andrea Baur-Melnyk, Jan Philippe Kretzer, Rainer Bader, Sandra Utzschneider and Alexander C. Paulus

Materials 2020, 13(5), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051044 - 26 Feb 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2543

Abstract

Metal particles and ions released from implants not only have a fundamental effect on the longevity of total joint replacements, but can also be disseminated to remote organs. Periprosthetic tissues harvested during revision surgeries mainly reflect end-stage failure but may not adequately reveal [...] Read more.

Metal particles and ions released from implants not only have a fundamental effect on the longevity of total joint replacements, but can also be disseminated to remote organs. Periprosthetic tissues harvested during revision surgeries mainly reflect end-stage failure but may not adequately reveal initial biological reactions and systemic side effects. Therefore, primary reactions caused by metal particles and ions were investigated in an established murine model. Left knee joints in three groups, each consisting of ten female BALB/c mice, received injections of metal ions (MI), metal particles (MP) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (control). Seven days after the injection, immunohistochemical analyses of the synovial layer were performed with respect to some biological markers including Tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Cluster of Differentiation 45 (CD45), Cluster of Differentiation 68 (CD68) and Cluster of Differentiation 3(CD3). The MP group showed significantly enhanced proinflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). Interestingly, CD3, as a marker for T lymphocytes, did not increase in any of the groups. The MI group showed a significantly increased expression of CD45 compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Therefore, during the primary process, metal particles have stronger pro-inflammatory potential than metal ions, and T lymphocytes did not seem to be activated in our murine model. Systemic reactions caused by metal particles and ions were found by observing the untreated right knees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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11 pages, 1548 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Long-Term Results of a Second-Generation, Small-Diameter, Metal-On-Metal Bearing in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty at 14-Year Follow-Up

by Tobias Reiner, Matthias C. Klotz, Kirsten Seelmann, Fabian Hertzsch, Moritz M. Innmann, Marcus R. Streit, Timo A. Nees, Babak Moradi, Christian Merle, Jan Philippe Kretzer and Tobias Gotterbarm

Materials 2020, 13(3), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030557 - 24 Jan 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2889

Abstract

(1) Background: The objective of the present study was to review the clinical and radiological results of a small-head, MoM bearing in primary THA and to determine blood metal ion levels at long-term follow-up. (2) Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiological [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The objective of the present study was to review the clinical and radiological results of a small-head, MoM bearing in primary THA and to determine blood metal ion levels at long-term follow-up. (2) Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiological results of 284 small-diameter, MoM 28-mm Metasul THA at a mean follow-up of 14.5 years, and measured blood metal ion concentrations in 174 of these patients. (3) Results: After 14 years, survival free for revision due to any reason was 94%. Proximal femoral osteolysis was seen in 23% of hips, and MRI demonstrated ARMD in 27 of the 66 investigated hips (41%). Mean cobalt, chromium, and titanium ion concentrations were 0.82 µg/L (range 0.22–4.45), 1.51 µg/L (0.04–22.69), and 2.68 µg/L (0.26–19.56) in patients with unilateral THA, and 2.59 µg/L (0.43–24.75), 2.50 µg/L (0.26–16.75), and 3.76 µg/L (0.67–19.77), respectively in patients with bilateral THA. Twenty-nine percent of patients showed cobalt or chromium ion levels > 2 µg/L. (4) Conclusions: Despite good clinical long-term results, increased blood metal ion levels (cobalt or chromium > 2 µg/L) were found in approximately one-third of asymptomatic patients, and proximal femoral osteolysis and ARMD were frequently seen in this cohort. Blood metal ion analysis appears helpful in the long-term follow-up of these patients in order to identify individuals at risk. In accordance with contemporary consensus statements, symptomatic patients with elevated metal ion levels and/or progressive osteolysis should be considered for additional CT or MARS MRI to determine the extent of soft tissue affection prior to revision surgery. Further studies are necessary to investigate the clinical relevance of ARMD in asymptomatic patients with small-head, MoM THA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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10 pages, 818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Titanium Acetabular Component Deformation under Cyclic Loading

by Nicholas A. Beckmann, Rudi G. Bitsch, Theresa Bormann, Steffen Braun and Sebastian Jaeger

Materials 2020, 13(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13010052 - 20 Dec 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2853

Abstract

Acetabular cup deformation may affect liner/cup congruency, clearance and/or osseointegration. It is unclear, whether deformation of the acetabular components occurs during load and to what extent. To evaluate this, revision multi-hole cups were implanted into six cadaver hemipelvises in two scenarios: without acetabular [...] Read more.

Acetabular cup deformation may affect liner/cup congruency, clearance and/or osseointegration. It is unclear, whether deformation of the acetabular components occurs during load and to what extent. To evaluate this, revision multi-hole cups were implanted into six cadaver hemipelvises in two scenarios: without acetabular defect (ND); with a large acetabular defect (LD) that was treated with an augment. In the LD scenario, the cup and augment were attached to the bone and each other with screws. Subsequently, the implanted hemipelvises were loaded under a physiologic partial-weight-bearing modality. The deformation of the acetabular components was determined using a best-fit algorithm. The statistical evaluation involved repeated-measures ANOVA. The mean elastic distension of the ND cup was 292.9 µm (SD 12.2 µm); in the LD scenario, 43.7 µm (SD 11.2 µm); the mean maximal augment distension was 79.6 µm (SD 21.6 µm). A significant difference between the maximal distension of the cups in both scenarios was noted (F(1, 10) = 11.404; p = 0.007). No significant difference was noted between the compression of the ND and LD cups, nor between LD cups and LD augments. The LD cup displayed significantly lower elastic distension than the ND cup, most likely due to increased stiffness from the affixed augment and screw fixation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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16 pages, 5517 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Calcium Phosphate Bone Graft Substitutes with High Mechanical Load Capacity and High Degree of Interconnecting Porosity

by Georg Hettich, Ronja A. Schierjott, Matthias Epple, Uwe Gbureck, Sascha Heinemann, Hadi Mozaffari-Jovein and Thomas M. Grupp

Materials 2019, 12(21), 3471; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12213471 - 23 Oct 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3738

Abstract

Bone graft substitutes in orthopedic applications have to fulfill various demanding requirements. Most calcium phosphate (CaP) bone graft substitutes are highly porous to achieve bone regeneration, but typically lack mechanical stability. This study presents a novel approach, in which a scaffold structure with [...] Read more.

Bone graft substitutes in orthopedic applications have to fulfill various demanding requirements. Most calcium phosphate (CaP) bone graft substitutes are highly porous to achieve bone regeneration, but typically lack mechanical stability. This study presents a novel approach, in which a scaffold structure with appropriate properties for bone regeneration emerges from the space between specifically shaped granules. The granule types were tetrapods (TEPO) and pyramids (PYRA), which were compared to porous CaP granules (CALC) and morselized bone chips (BC). Bulk materials of the granules were mechanically loaded with a peak pressure of 4 MP; i.e., comparable to the load occurring behind an acetabular cup. Mechanical loading reduced the volume of CALC and BC considerably (89% and 85%, respectively), indicating a collapse of the macroporous structure. Volumes of TEPO and PYRA remained almost constant (94% and 98%, respectively). After loading, the porosity was highest for BC (46%), lowest for CALC (25%) and comparable for TEPO and PYRA (37%). The pore spaces of TEPO and PYRA were highly interconnected in a way that a virtual object with a diameter of 150 µm could access 34% of the TEPO volume and 36% of the PYRA volume. This study shows that a bulk of dense CaP granules in form of tetrapods and pyramids can create a scaffold structure with load capacities suitable for the regeneration of an acetabular bone defect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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11 pages, 2866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical Study of a Novel, Expandable, Non-Metallic and Radiolucent CF/PEEK Vertebral Body Replacement (VBR)

by Daniel Adler, Michael Akbar, Anna Spicher, Stephanie-Alice Goerke and Werner Schmoelz

Materials 2019, 12(17), 2732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172732 - 26 Aug 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3944

Abstract

Vertebral body replacement is well-established to stabilize vertebral injuries due to trauma or cancer. Spinal implants are mainly manufactured by metallic alloys; which leads to artifacts in radiological diagnostics; as well as in radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the [...] Read more.

Vertebral body replacement is well-established to stabilize vertebral injuries due to trauma or cancer. Spinal implants are mainly manufactured by metallic alloys; which leads to artifacts in radiological diagnostics; as well as in radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical data of a novel carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) vertebral body replacement (VBR). Six thoracolumbar specimens were tested in a six degrees of freedom spine tester. In all tested specimens CF/PEEK pedicle screws were used. Two different rods (CF/PEEK versus titanium) with/without cross connectors and two different VBRs (CF/PEEK prototype versus titanium) were tested. In lateral bending and flexion/extension; range of motion (ROM) was significantly reduced in all instrumented states. In axial rotation; the CF/PEEK combination (rods and VBR) resulted in the highest ROM; whereas titanium rods with titanium VBR resulted in the lowest ROM. Two cross connectors reduced ROM in axial rotation for all instrumentations independently of VBR or rod material. All instrumented states in all planes of motion showed a significantly reduced ROM. No significant differences were detected between the VBR materials in all planes of motion. Less rigid CF/PEEK rods in combination with the CF/PEEK VBR without cross connectors showed the smallest reduction in ROM. Independently of VBR and rod material; two cross connectors significantly reduced ROM in axial rotation. Compared to titanium rods; the use of CF/PEEK rods results in higher ROM. The stiffness of rod material has more influence on the ROM than the stiffness of VBR material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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13 pages, 3870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Electrocautery on Fatigue Life of Spinal Fusion Constructs—An In Vitro Biomechanical Study

by Haidara Almansour, Robert Sonntag, Wojciech Pepke, Thomas Bruckner, Jan Philippe Kretzer and Michael Akbar

Materials 2019, 12(15), 2471; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152471 - 3 Aug 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4040

Abstract

Instrumentation failure in the context of spine surgery is attributed to cyclic loading leading to formation of fatigue cracks, which later propagate and result in rod fracture. A biomechanical analysis of the potential impact of electrocautery on the fatigue life of spinal implants [...] Read more.

Instrumentation failure in the context of spine surgery is attributed to cyclic loading leading to formation of fatigue cracks, which later propagate and result in rod fracture. A biomechanical analysis of the potential impact of electrocautery on the fatigue life of spinal implants has not been previously performed. The aim of this study was to assess the fatigue life of titanium (Ti) and cobalt-chrome (CoCr) rod-screw constructs after being treated with electrocautery. Twelve spinal constructs with CoCr and Ti rods were examined. Specimens were divided into four groups by rod material (Ti and CoCr) and application of monopolar electrocautery on the rods’ surface (control-group and electrocautery-group). Electrocautery was applied on each rod at three locations, then constructs were cyclically tested. Outcome measures were load-to-failure, total number of cycles-to-failure, and location of rod failure. Ti-rods treated with electrocautery demonstrated a significantly decreased fatigue life compared to non-treated Ti-rods. Intergroup comparison of cycles-to-failure revealed a significant mean decrease of almost 9 × 10⁵ cycles (p = 0.03). No CoCr-rods failed in this experiment. Electrocautery application on the surface of Ti-rods significantly reduces their fatigue life. Surgeons should exercise caution when using electrocautery in the vicinity of Ti-rods to mitigate the risk of rod failure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

14 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessReview

What the Surgeon Can Do to Reduce the Risk of Trunnionosis in Hip Arthroplasty: Recommendations from the Literature

by Claude B. Rieker and Peter Wahl

Materials 2020, 13(8), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13081950 - 21 Apr 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3665

Abstract

Trunnionosis, defined as wear and corrosion at the head–neck taper connection, is a cause of failure in hip arthroplasty. Trunnionosis is linked to a synergistic combination of factors related to the prosthesis, the patient, and the surgeon. This review presents analytical models that [...] Read more.

Trunnionosis, defined as wear and corrosion at the head–neck taper connection, is a cause of failure in hip arthroplasty. Trunnionosis is linked to a synergistic combination of factors related to the prosthesis, the patient, and the surgeon. This review presents analytical models that allow for the quantification of the impact of these factors, with the aim of providing practical recommendations to help surgeons minimize the occurrence of this failure mode. A tighter fit reduces micromotion and, consequently, fretting of the taper connection. The paramount parameters controlling the fixation force are the coefficient of friction and the impaction force. The influence of the head diameter, as well as of the diameter and angle of the taper, is comparatively small, but varus alignment of the taper and heads with longer necks are unfavourable under physiologic loads. The trunnion should be rinsed, cleaned, and dried carefully, while avoiding any contamination of the bore—the female counterpart within the head—prior to assembly. Biological debris, and even residual water, might critically reduce the fixation of the taper connection between the head and the neck. The impaction force applied to the components should correspond to at least two strong blows with a 500 g hammer, striking the head with an ad hoc impactor aligned with the axis of the taper. These strong blows should correspond to a minimum impaction force of 4000 N. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Research about Biomechanics and Biomaterials Used in Hip, Knee and Related Joints)

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