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Materials
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Conducting Polymers: Recent Progress and New Functions
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Conducting Polymers: Recent Progress and New Functions

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Electronic Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2022) | Viewed by 16672

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Mieczysław Łapkowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
2. Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Science, 34 Curie Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
Interests: material characterization; conducting polymers; physicochemical; electrochemistry; spectroelectrochemistry; organic electronics; optoelectronics; photovoltaics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Conductive polymers were discovered more than 40 years ago, so it seems that most polymer conduction problems have already been resolved. The same can be said of their application for the construction of sensors, organic electronics devices, composites, and many other useful materials. However, maturity is not a synonym for finite, and, therefore, a Special Issue of Materials about new problems related to the testing of conductive polymers and their applications has been launched. In my opinion, there are still problems that require intensive research, even those related to increasing the stability of conjugated polymers and their resistance to the external environment. New materials with better conductivity, higher charge mobility, better optical properties, and appropriate electronic parameters are also sought. In addition, measurement techniques and technologies are constantly evolving, giving new impulses to perform research at a higher level, which enables a better understanding of old materials and obtaining new ones. There is a wide field in which new discoveries are possible and the work that can appear in this Special Issue of Materials "Conducting Polymers: Recent Progress and New Functions" should be addressed in this direction.

Prof. Dr. Mieczysław Łapkowski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • conducting polymers
  • conjugated polymers
  • organic electronics

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 5753 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Studies on the Reactivity of Perimidine–Carbazole–Thiophene Monomers towards the Formation of Multidimensional Macromolecules versus Stable π-Dimeric States
by Malgorzata Czichy, Patryk Janasik, Pawel Wagner, David L. Officer and Mieczyslaw Lapkowski
Materials 2021, 14(9), 2167; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092167 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2282
Abstract
During research on cross-linked conducting polymers, double-functionalized monomers were synthesized. Two subunits potentially able to undergo oxidative coupling were used—perimidine and, respectively, carbazole, 3,6-di(hexylthiophene)carbazole or 3,6-di(decyloxythiophene)carbazole; alkyl and alkoxy chains as groups supporting molecular ordering and 14H-benzo[4,5]isoquinone[2,1-a]perimidin-14-one segment promoting CH⋯O interactions [...] Read more.
During research on cross-linked conducting polymers, double-functionalized monomers were synthesized. Two subunits potentially able to undergo oxidative coupling were used—perimidine and, respectively, carbazole, 3,6-di(hexylthiophene)carbazole or 3,6-di(decyloxythiophene)carbazole; alkyl and alkoxy chains as groups supporting molecular ordering and 14H-benzo[4,5]isoquinone[2,1-a]perimidin-14-one segment promoting CH⋯O interactions and π–π stacking. Electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and density functional theory (DFT) studies have shown that potential-controlled oxidation enables polarization of a specific monomer subunit, thus allowing for simultaneous coupling via perimidine and/or carbazole, but mainly leading to dimer formation. The reason for this was the considerable stability of the dicationic and tetracationic π-dimers over covalent bonding. In the case of perimidine-3,6-di(hexylthiophene)carbazole, the polymer was not obtained due to the steric hindrance of the alkyl substituents preventing the coupling of the monomer radical cations. The only linear π-conjugated polymer was obtained through di(decyloxythiophene)carbazole segment from perimidine-di(decyloxythiophene)-carbazole precursor. Due to the significant difference in potentials between subsequent oxidation states of monomer, it was impossible to polarize the entire molecule, so that both directions of coupling could be equally favored. Subsequent oxidation of this polymer to polarize the side perimidine groups did not allow further crosslinking, because rather the π–π interactions between these perimidine segments dominate in the solid product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conducting Polymers: Recent Progress and New Functions)
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Review

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20 pages, 1520 KiB  
Review
Electrical Stimulation and Cellular Behaviors in Electric Field in Biomedical Research
by Shiyun Meng, Mahmoud Rouabhia and Ze Zhang
Materials 2022, 15(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010165 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4526
Abstract
Research on the cellular response to electrical stimulation (ES) and its mechanisms focusing on potential clinic applications has been quietly intensified recently. However, the unconventional nature of this methodology has fertilized a great variety of techniques that make the interpretation and comparison of [...] Read more.
Research on the cellular response to electrical stimulation (ES) and its mechanisms focusing on potential clinic applications has been quietly intensified recently. However, the unconventional nature of this methodology has fertilized a great variety of techniques that make the interpretation and comparison of experimental outcomes complicated. This work reviews more than a hundred publications identified mostly from Medline, categorizes the techniques, and comments on their merits and weaknesses. Electrode-based ES, conductive substrate-mediated ES, and noninvasive stimulation are the three principal categories used in biomedical research and clinic. ES has been found to enhance cell proliferation, growth, migration, and stem cell differentiation, showing an important potential in manipulating cellular activities in both normal and pathological conditions. However, inappropriate parameters or setup can have negative effects. The complexity of the delivered electric signals depends on how they are generated and in what form. It is also difficult to equate one set of parameters with another. Mechanistic studies are rare and badly needed. Even so, ES in combination with advanced materials and nanotechnology is developing a strong footing in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conducting Polymers: Recent Progress and New Functions)
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48 pages, 13869 KiB  
Review
Perinone—New Life of an Old Molecule
by Mieczysław Łapkowski
Materials 2021, 14(22), 6880; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226880 - 15 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2955
Abstract
A review of publications on the synthesis and properties of a family of compounds called perinones was carried out. The basic molecule has been known for several decades mainly as a photostable pigment, and in recent years it has become increasingly used in [...] Read more.
A review of publications on the synthesis and properties of a family of compounds called perinones was carried out. The basic molecule has been known for several decades mainly as a photostable pigment, and in recent years it has become increasingly used in organic electronics. This paper describes the methods of synthesis of low molecular weight compounds and polymers based on that molecule; the basic spectroscopic, photochemical, electrochemical and electronic properties important for the construction of organic electronics and optoelectronics devices are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conducting Polymers: Recent Progress and New Functions)
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39 pages, 6259 KiB  
Review
Azaacenes Based Electroactive Materials: Preparation, Structure, Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy and Applications—A Critical Review
by Kamil Kotwica, Ireneusz Wielgus and Adam Proń
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185155 - 8 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2779
Abstract
This short critical review is devoted to the synthesis and functionalization of various types of azaacenes, organic semiconducting compounds which can be considered as promising materials for the fabrication of n-channel or ambipolar field effect transistors (FETs), components of active layers in light [...] Read more.
This short critical review is devoted to the synthesis and functionalization of various types of azaacenes, organic semiconducting compounds which can be considered as promising materials for the fabrication of n-channel or ambipolar field effect transistors (FETs), components of active layers in light emitting diodes (LEDs), components of organic memory devices and others. Emphasis is put on the diversity of azaacenes preparation methods and the possibility of tuning their redox and spectroscopic properties by changing the C/N ratio, modifying the nitrogen atoms distribution mode, functionalization with electroaccepting or electrodonating groups and changing their molecular shape. Processability, structural features and degradation pathways of these compounds are also discussed. A unique feature of this review concerns the listed redox potentials of all discussed compounds which were normalized vs. Fc/Fc+. This required, in frequent cases, recalculation of the originally reported data in which these potentials were determined against different types of reference electrodes. The same applied to all reported electron affinities (EAs). EA values calculated using different methods were recalculated by applying the method of Sworakowski and co-workers (Org. Electron. 2016, 33, 300–310) to yield, for the first time, a set of normalized data, which could be directly compared. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conducting Polymers: Recent Progress and New Functions)
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20 pages, 3512 KiB  
Review
New Approach in the Application of Conjugated Polymers: The Light-Activated Source of Versatile Singlet Oxygen Molecule
by Agata Blacha-Grzechnik
Materials 2021, 14(5), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051098 - 26 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3270
Abstract
For many years, the research on conjugated polymers (CPs) has been mainly focused on their application in organic electronics. Recent works, however, show that due to the unique optical and photophysical properties of CPs, such as high absorption in UV–Vis or even near-infrared [...] Read more.
For many years, the research on conjugated polymers (CPs) has been mainly focused on their application in organic electronics. Recent works, however, show that due to the unique optical and photophysical properties of CPs, such as high absorption in UV–Vis or even near-infrared (NIR) region and efficient intra-/intermolecular energy transfer, which can be relatively easily optimized, CPs can be considered as an effective light-activated source of versatile and highly reactive singlet oxygen for medical or catalytic use. The aim of this short review is to present the novel possibilities that lie dormant in those exceptional polymers with the extended system of π-conjugated bonds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conducting Polymers: Recent Progress and New Functions)
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