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Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2023) | Viewed by 27024

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marcin Wachowski

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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, 2 gen.S.Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: advanced joining processes; explosive welding; friction stir welding; laser welding; cladding; multilayer materials; materials characterization; heat treatment; light alloys; ceramic–metal composites; slip casting
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Prof. Dr. Henryk Paul

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Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Interests: explosive welding; TEM and SEM materials characterization; severe plastic deformation; plastic flow instabilities formation; recovery and recrystallization, phase transformations; light alloys; reactive metals
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Prof. Dr. Sebastian Mróz

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Czestochowa University of Technology, 69 Generała Jana Henryka Dąbrowskiego St., 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
Interests: metal forming processes; rolling; forging; extrusion; drawing; explosive welding; multilayer materials; steel; Mg alloys; aluminum alloys; nanomaterials; FE analysis
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metallic and ceramic materials play a significant role in the development of modern science and technology. They have a broad range of applications in various engineering fields. Proper manufacturing process, heat treatment, and forming are three main processes that can lead to obtaining metallic and ceramic materials which are created mainly to discover new or improved materials of construction, e.g., due to their strength properties. The main aim of this Special Issue is to publish original review and research articles from a wide range of research fields involving manufacturing, heat treatment, and forming processes of metallic and ceramic materials.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue which provides an excellent opportunity for those who are working within these continuously evolving fields.

Dr. Marcin Wachowski
Prof. Dr. Henryk Paul
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Mróz
Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Manufacturing
Heat treatment
Forming
Welding
Metallic materials
Ceramics
Composites
Sintering

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 6415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Shape of Rolling Passes and the Temperature on the Corrosion Protection of the Mg/Al Bimetallic Bars

by Sebastian Mróz, Karina Jagielska-Wiaderek, Piotr Szota, Andrzej Stefanik, Robert Kosturek and Marcin Wachowski

Materials 2021, 14(22), 6926; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226926 - 16 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1672

Abstract

The paper presents the results of experimental tests of the rolling process of Mg/Al bimetallic bars in two systems of classic passes (horizontal oval-circle-horizontal oval-circle variant I) and modified (multi-radial horizontal oval-multi-radial vertical oval-multi-radial horizontal oval-circle-variant II). The feedstock in the form of round bimetallic bars with a diameter of 22 mm and 30% of the outer aluminum layer was made through explosive welding. The bimetallic bars consisted of an AZ31 magnesium core and a 1050A aluminum outer layer. Bars with a diameter of 17 mm were obtained as a result of rolling in four passes. The rolling process in the passes was conducted at two temperatures of 300 and 400 °C. Based on the analysis of the test results, it was found that the use of modified passes and a lower rolling temperature (300 °C) ensures a more homogenous distribution of the plating layer around the circumference of the core and results in an even grain decreasing, which improves the corrosion resistance of bimetallic bars compared to rolling bars in a classic system of passes and at a higher temperature (400 °C). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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18 pages, 15982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Boron and Vanadium Addition on Friction-Wear Properties of the Coating AlCrN for Special Applications

by Huu Chien Nguyen, Zdeněk Joska, Zdeněk Pokorný, Zbyněk Studený, Josef Sedlák, Josef Majerík, Emil Svoboda, David Dobrocký, Jiří Procházka and Quang Dung Tran

Materials 2021, 14(16), 4651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164651 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2321

Abstract

Cutting tools have long been coated with an AlCrN hard coating system that has good mechanical and tribological qualities. Boron (B) and vanadium (V) additions to AlCrN coatings were studied for their mechanical and tribological properties. Cathodic multi-arc evaporation was used to successfully manufacture the AlCrBN and AlCrVN coatings. These multicomponent coatings were applied to the untreated and plasma-nitrided surfaces of HS6-5-2 and H13 steels, respectively. Nanoindentation and Vickers micro-hardness tests were used to assess the mechanical properties of the materials. Ball-on-flat wear tests with WC-Co balls as counterparts were used to assess the friction-wear capabilities. Nanoindentation tests demonstrated that AlCrBN coating has a higher hardness (HIT 40.9 GPa) than AlCrVN coating (39.3 GPa). Steels’ wear resistance was significantly increased by a hybrid treatment that included plasma nitriding and hard coatings. The wear volume was 3% better for the AlCrBN coating than for the AlCrVN coating on H13 nitrided steel, decreasing by 89% compared to the untreated material. For HS6-5-2 steel, the wear volume was almost the same for both coatings but decreased by 77% compared to the untreated material. Boron addition significantly improved the mechanical, tribological, and adhesive capabilities of the AlCrN coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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14 pages, 9579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possibilities of the Utilization of Ferritic Nitrocarburizing on Case-Hardening Steels

by Jiri Prochazka, Zdenek Pokorny, Jozef Jasenak, Jozef Majerik and Vlastimil Neumann

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133714 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2615

Abstract

This paper is devoted to the possibilities of the utilization of chosen chemical heat treatment technologies on steels used for manufacturing highly stressed components of military vehicles and weapons systems. The technologies chosen for this research are plasma ferritic nitrocarburizing and ferritic nitrocarburizing in a gaseous atmosphere. These technologies were applied on a steel equivalent 1.5752 (i.e., CSN 41 6426), which is suitable for carburizing. Chemical composition of the steel was verified by optical emission spectrometry. An observation of a microstructure and an assessment of the parameters of obtained white layers were performed by optical microscopy. Morphology and porosity of the surface were observed by electron microscopy. The depth of diffusion layers was evaluated in accordance with ISO 18203:2016(E) from the results of microhardness measurements. A friction coefficient was obtained as a result of measurements in accordance with a linearly reciprocating ball-on-flat sliding wear method. Wear resistance was assessed by employing the scratch test method and a profilometry. The profilometry was also utilized for surface roughness assessment. It was proved that both tested chemical heat treatment technologies are suitable for surface treatment of the selected steel. Both technologies, ferritic nitrocarburizing in plasma and a gaseous atmosphere, are beneficial for the improvement of surface properties and could lead to a suppression of geometrical deformation in comparison with frequently utilized carburizing. Moreover, the paper presents a procedure that creates a white layer-less ferritic nitrocarburized surface by utilizing an appropriate modification of chemical heat treatment parameters, thus subsequent machining is no longer required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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21 pages, 17160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Fire Temperature and Exposure Time on High-Strength Steel Bolts Microstructure and Residual Mechanical Properties

by Paweł Artur Król and Marcin Wachowski

Materials 2021, 14(11), 3116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14113116 - 6 Jun 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3149

Abstract

In this study, the influence of different fire conditions on tempered 32CrB3 steel bolts of Grade 8.8 was investigated. In this research different temperatures, heating time, and cooling methods were correlated with the microstructure, hardness, and residual strength of the bolts. Chosen parameters of heat treatments correspond to simulated natural fire conditions that may occur in public facilities. Heat treated and unheated samples cut out from a series of tested bolts were subjected to microstructural tests using light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), XRD phase analysis, and the quantitative analysis of the microstructure. The results of the microstructure tests were compared with the results of strength tests, including hardness and the ultimate residual tensile strength of the material (UTS) in the initial state and after the heat treatments. Results of the investigations revealed considerable microstructural changes in the bolt material as a result of exposing it to different fire conditions and cooling methods. A conducted comparative analysis also showed a significant effect of all such factors as the temperature level of the simulated fire, its duration, and the fire-fighting method on the mechanical properties of the bolts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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11 pages, 4550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyclic Fatigue of Dental NiTi Instruments after Plasma Nitriding

by Michal Bumbalek, Zdenek Joska, Zdenek Pokorny, Josef Sedlak, Jozef Majerik, Vlastimil Neumann and Karel Klima

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092155 - 23 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

This study investigated the possibility of nitride NiTi instruments using low-temperature plasma nitriding technology in a standard industrial device. Changes in the properties and fatigue life of used NiTi instruments before and after low-temperature nitriding application were investigated and compared. Nontreated and two series of plasma-nitrided NiTi instruments, designed by Mtwo company with tip sizes of 10/.04 taper, 15/.05 taper, and 20/.06 taper, were experimentally tested in this study. All these instruments were used and discarded from clinical use. The instruments were tested in an artificial canal made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, a 60° angle of curvature, and a radius of curvature of 3 mm. A low-temperature plasma nitriding process was used for the surface treatment of dental files using two different processes: 550 °C for 20 h, and 470 °C for 4 h. The results proved that it is possible to nitride dental instruments made of NiTi with a low-temperature plasma nitriding process. Promising results were achieved in trial testing by NiTi instruments nitrided at a higher temperature. Plasma-nitrided files were found to have, in some cases, significantly higher values than nontreated files in terms of fatigue life. The results showed that the nitriding process offers promising possibilities for suitably modified surface properties and quality of surface layer of NiTi instruments. Within the limitations of the present study, the cyclic fatigue life of plasma-nitrided NiTi dental files can be increased using this surface technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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15 pages, 4161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Technology of Monodisperse Droplets by a High-Throughput and Instant-Mixing Droplet Microfluidic System

by Rui Xu, Shijiao Zhao, Lei Nie, Changsheng Deng, Shaochang Hao, Xingyu Zhao, Jianjun Li, Bing Liu and Jingtao Ma

Materials 2021, 14(5), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051263 - 7 Mar 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2197

Abstract

In this study, we report a novel high-throughput and instant-mixing droplet microfluidic system that can prepare uniformly mixed monodisperse droplets at a flow rate of mL/min designed for rapid mixing between multiple solutions and the preparation of micro-/nanoparticles. The system is composed of a magneton micromixer and a T-junction microfluidic device. The magneton micromixer rapidly mixes multiple solutions uniformly through the rotation of the magneton, and the mixed solution is sheared into monodisperse droplets by the silicone oil in the T-junction microfluidic device. The optimal conditions of the preparation of monodisperse droplets for the system have been found and factors affecting droplet size are analyzed for correlation; for example, the structure of the T-junction microfluidic device, the rotation speed of the magneton, etc. At the same time, through the uniformity of the color of the mixed solution, the mixing performance of the system is quantitatively evaluated. Compared with mainstream micromixers on the market, the system has the best mixing performance. Finally, we used the system to simulate the internal gelation broth preparation of zirconium broth and uranium broth. The results show that the system is expected to realize the preparation of ceramic microspheres at room temperature without cooling by the internal gelation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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19 pages, 6472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fibre-Reinforced Cement–Glass Composite

by Marcin Małek, Waldemar Łasica, Marta Kadela, Janusz Kluczyński and Daniel Dudek

Materials 2021, 14(3), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14030637 - 30 Jan 2021

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4389

Abstract

In accordance with the principles of sustainable development, environmentally friendly, low-emission, and energy-intensive materials and technologies, as well as waste management, should be used. Concrete production is responsible for significant energy consumption and CO₂ production; therefore, it is necessary to look for new solutions in which components are replaced by other materials, preferably recycled. A positive way is to use glass waste. In order to determine the effect of a significant glass cullet content on the properties of concrete, glass powder was used as a filler and 100% glass aggregate. The cement–glass composite has low tensile strength and brittle failure. In order to improve tensile strength, the effects of adding polypropylene fibres on the mechanical properties of the composite were investigated. With the addition of 300, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 g/m³ of fibres, which corresponds to 0.0625%, 0.1250%, 0.1875%, 0.2500%, and 0.3125% of cement mass, respectively, flexural strength increased compared with the base sample by 4.1%, 8.2%, 14.3%, 20.4%, and 26.5%, respectively, while the increase in splitting strength was 35%, 45%, 115%, 135%, and 185%, respectively. Moreover, with the addition of fibres, a decrease in slump by 25.9%, 39.7%, 48.3%, 56.9%, and 65.5%, respectively, compared with the reference specimen was determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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20 pages, 13009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Heat Treatment on Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of Selectively Laser Melted 316L Steel

by Janusz Kluczyński, Lucjan Śnieżek, Krzysztof Grzelak, Janusz Torzewski, Ireneusz Szachogłuchowicz, Artur Oziębło, Krzysztof Perkowski, Marcin Wachowski and Marcin Małek

Materials 2020, 13(24), 5737; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245737 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2589

Abstract

The paper is a project continuation of the examination of the additive-manufactured 316L steel obtained using different process parameters and subjected to different types of heat treatment. This work contains a significant part of the research results connected with material analysis after low-cycle fatigue testing, including fatigue calculations for plastic metals based on the Morrow equation and fractures analysis. The main aim of this research was to point out the main differences in material fracture directly after the process and analyze how heat treatment affects material behavior during low-cycle fatigue testing. The mentioned tests were run under conditions of constant total strain amplitudes equal to 0.30%, 0.35%, 0.40%, 0.45%, and 0.50%. The conducted research showed different material behaviors after heat treatment (more similar to conventionally made material) and a negative influence of precipitation heat treatment of more porous additive manufactured materials during low-cycle fatigue testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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8 pages, 2189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Method for Modeling the Cyclic Structure of the Surface Microrelief of Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V After Processing with Femtosecond Pulses

by Volodymyr Hutsaylyuk, Iaroslav Lytvynenko, Pavlo Maruschak, Volodymyr Dzyura, Georg Schnell and Hermann Seitz

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4983; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214983 - 5 Nov 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

A method of computer modeling of a surface relief is proposed, and its efficiency and high accuracy are proven. The method is based on the mathematical model of surface microrelief, using titanium alloy Ti6Al4V subjected to processing with femtosecond pulses as an example. When modeling the examples of microrelief, changes in the shape of segments-cycles of the studied surface processes, which correspond to separate morphological formations, were taken into account. The proposed algorithms were realized in the form of a computer simulation program, which provides for a more accurate description of the geometry of the microrelief segments. It was proven that the new method significantly increases the efficiency of the analysis procedure and processing of signals that characterize self-organized relief formations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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14 pages, 4800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Multi-Stage Drawing Process of Zinc-Coated Medium-Carbon Steel Wires in Conventional and Hydrodynamic Dies

by Maciej Suliga, Radosław Wartacz and Marek Hawryluk

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214871 - 30 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2518

Abstract

This paper discusses experimental studies aiming to determine the effect of the drawing method on the lubrication conditions, zinc coating mass and mechanical properties of medium-carbon steel wires. The test material was 5.5 mm-diameter galvanized wire rod which was drawn into 2.2 mm-diameter wire in seven draws at a drawing speed of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 20 m/s, respectively. Conventional and hydrodynamic dies with a working portion angle of α = 5° were used for the drawing process. It has been shown that using hydrodynamic dies in the process of multi-stage drawing of zinc-coated wire improves the lubrication conditions, which leads to a reduction in friction at the wire/die interface. As a consequence, wires drawn hydrodynamically, as compared to wires drawn conventionally, are distinguished by a thicker zinc coating and better mechanical and technological properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Manufacturing, Heat Treatment and Forming of Advanced Metallic and Ceramic Materials)

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