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Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control
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Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control

A special issue of Mathematics (ISSN 2227-7390). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Applied Mathematics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2025 | Viewed by 29850

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Satyam Paul

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Product Realisation, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering Mälardalens University, 721 23 Västerås, Sweden
Interests: control systems; active vibration control; fuzzy control; control algorithms; automatic fault detection
Dr. Davood Khodadad

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Umeå Universitet, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
Interests: signal and image analysis; imaging systems; digital holography; speckle metrology; optical metrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rob Turnbull

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Gas Turbine and Transmission Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
Interests: fuzzy control; automatic fault detection

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Advances in digital processing hardware have resulted in faster sampling rates and provided the opportunity for control schemes with ever-increasing complexity to be developed. The use of control systems and automation has drastically increased over the past few years, setting a trend that is likely to continue into the future. The practical relevance of control systems is now possible due to advancements in sensors, actuators, control algorithms, and the application of machine learning. Control systems must carry out a variety of difficult activities in unpredictable working conditions, either with or without the assistance of human operators. In order to accomplish this, newly developed sensing, actuation, and control technologies have been thoroughly incorporated into increasingly sophisticated automated systems. This combined complexity creates significant difficulties for modern automatic systems. With intelligent control and cutting-edge technologies, significant advancements in automation are anticipated.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to give subject matter specialists a forum to work on an innovative control strategy. It will cover every facet of control engineering, including system identification, design, implementation, and analysis, for real-world control systems. Applications in mechatronic systems, robotics, automated manufacturing, power, aerospace, automotive, and electronic systems, among others, may be included in this Special Issue. Topics might include but are not limited to:

  • Nonlinear, adaptive, and robust control;
  • Current trends in PID;
  • Vibration control;
  • Fault detection;
  • Machine learning in control systems;
  • Model-based control;
  • Model predictive control (MPC);
  • System identification;
  • Fuzzy control.

Dr. Satyam Paul
Dr. Davood Khodadad
Dr. Rob Turnbull
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Mathematics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • proportional–derivative (PD)
  • proportional–integral–derivative (PID)
  • fuzzy logic
  • neural network
  • artificial intelligence
  • automation
  • control engineering
  • automatic fault detection

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

30 pages, 1360 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Adaptive Event-Triggered Mechanism for Fractional-Order Nonlinear Multi-Agent Systems with Actuator Saturation and External Disturbances: Application to Synchronous Generators
by G. Narayanan, M. Baskar, V. Gokulakrishnan and Sangtae Ahn
Mathematics 2025, 13(3), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13030524 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 547
Abstract
This paper presents a novel dynamic adaptive event-triggered mechanism (DAETM) for addressing actuator saturation in leader–follower fractional-order nonlinear multi-agent networked systems (FONMANSs). By utilizing a sector-bounded condition approach and a convex hull representation technique, the proposed method effectively addresses the effects of actuator [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel dynamic adaptive event-triggered mechanism (DAETM) for addressing actuator saturation in leader–follower fractional-order nonlinear multi-agent networked systems (FONMANSs). By utilizing a sector-bounded condition approach and a convex hull representation technique, the proposed method effectively addresses the effects of actuator saturation. This results in less conservative linear matrix inequality (LMI) criteria, guaranteeing asymptotic consensus among agents within the FONMANS framework. The proposed sufficient conditions are computationally efficient, requiring only simple LMI solutions. The effectiveness of the approach is validated through practical applications, such as synchronous generators within a FONMANS framework, where it demonstrates superior performance and robustness. Additionally, comparative studies with Chua’s circuit system enhance the robustness and efficiency of control systems compared to existing techniques. These findings highlight the method’s potential for broad application across various multi-agent systems, particularly in scenarios with limited communication and actuator constraints. The proposed approach enhances system performance and provides a robust, adaptive control solution for dynamic and uncertain environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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34 pages, 765 KiB  
Article
Partial Stability of Linear Hybrid Discrete–Continuous Itô Systems with Aftereffect
by Ramazan I. Kadiev and Arcady Ponosov
Mathematics 2025, 13(3), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13030397 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 414
Abstract
This paper offers several new sufficient conditions of the partial moment stability of linear hybrid stochastic systems with delay. Despite its potential applications in economics, biology and physics, this problem seems to have not been addressed before. A number of general theorems on [...] Read more.
This paper offers several new sufficient conditions of the partial moment stability of linear hybrid stochastic systems with delay. Despite its potential applications in economics, biology and physics, this problem seems to have not been addressed before. A number of general theorems on the partial moment stability of stochastic hybrid systems are proven herein by applying a specially designed regularization method, based on the connections between Lyapunov stability and input-to-state stability, which are well known in control theory. Based on the results obtained for stochastic hybrid systems, some new conditions of the partial stability of deterministic hybrid systems are derived as well. All stability conditions are conveniently formulated in terms of the coefficients of the systems. A numerical example illustrates the feasibility of the suggested framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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17 pages, 4261 KiB  
Article
A Robust Salp Swarm Algorithm for Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Under Partial Shading Conditions
by Boyan Huang, Kai Song, Shulin Jiang, Zhenqing Zhao, Zhiqiang Zhang, Cong Li and Jiawen Sun
Mathematics 2024, 12(24), 3971; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12243971 - 17 Dec 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 725
Abstract
Currently, numerous intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are capable of tackling the global optimization challenge of multi-peak photovoltaic output power under partial shading conditions, yet they often face issues such as slow convergence, low tracking precision, and substantial power fluctuations. To [...] Read more.
Currently, numerous intelligent maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are capable of tackling the global optimization challenge of multi-peak photovoltaic output power under partial shading conditions, yet they often face issues such as slow convergence, low tracking precision, and substantial power fluctuations. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a hybrid algorithm that integrates an improved salp swarm algorithm (SSA) with the perturb and observe (P&O) method. Initially, the SSA is augmented with a dynamic spiral evolution mechanism and a Lévy flight strategy, expanding the search space and bolstering global search capabilities, which in turn enhances the tracking precision. Subsequently, the application of a Gaussian operator for distribution calculations allows for the adaptive adjustment of step sizes in each iteration, quickening convergence and diminishing power oscillations. Finally, the integration with P&O facilitates a meticulous search with a small step size, ensuring swift convergence and further mitigating post-convergence power oscillations. Both the simulations and the experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) in terms of convergence velocity, tracking precision, and the reduction in iteration power oscillation magnitude. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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16 pages, 8983 KiB  
Article
A Finite-Time Disturbance Observer for Tracking Control of Nonlinear Systems Subject to Model Uncertainties and Disturbances
by Manh Hung Nguyen and Kyoung Kwan Ahn
Mathematics 2024, 12(22), 3512; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12223512 - 10 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1157
Abstract
In this study, a finite-time disturbance observer (FTDOB) with a new structure is originally put forward for the motion tracking problem of a class of nonlinear systems subject to model uncertainties and exogenous disturbances. Compared to existing disturbance estimator designs in the literature, [...] Read more.
In this study, a finite-time disturbance observer (FTDOB) with a new structure is originally put forward for the motion tracking problem of a class of nonlinear systems subject to model uncertainties and exogenous disturbances. Compared to existing disturbance estimator designs in the literature, in which the estimation error only converges to the origin asymptotically under assumptions that the first and/or second derivatives are vanishing, the suggested DOB is able to estimate the disturbance exactly in finite time. Firstly, uncertainties (parametric and unstructured uncertainties), unknown dynamics, and external disturbances in system dynamics are lumped into a generalized disturbance term that is subsequently estimated by the proposed DOB. Based on this, a DOB-based backstepping controller is synthesized to ensure high-accuracy tracking performance under various working conditions. The stability analysis of not only the DOB but also the overall closed-loop system is theoretically confirmed by the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the advantages of the proposed FTDOB and the FTDOB-based controller over other DOBs and existing DOB-based controllers are explicitly simultaneously demonstrated by a series of numerical simulations on a second-order mechanical system and comparative experiments on an actual DC motor system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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14 pages, 418 KiB  
Article
Bi-Objective Optimization for Interval Max-Plus Linear Systems
by Cailu Wang, Jiye Zhang, Pengcheng Chen and Haichao Zhao
Mathematics 2024, 12(5), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12050653 - 23 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1039
Abstract
This paper investigates the interval-valued-multi-objective-optimization problem, whose objective function is a vector-valued max-plus interval function and the constraint function is a real-affine function. The strong and weak solvabilities of the interval-valued-optimization problem are introduced, and the solvability criteria are established. A necessary and [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the interval-valued-multi-objective-optimization problem, whose objective function is a vector-valued max-plus interval function and the constraint function is a real-affine function. The strong and weak solvabilities of the interval-valued-optimization problem are introduced, and the solvability criteria are established. A necessary and sufficient condition for the strong solvability of the multi-objective-optimization problem is provided. In particular, for the bi-objective-optimization problem, a necessary and sufficient condition of the weak solvability is provided, and all the solvable sub-problems are found out. The interval optimal solution is obtained by constructing the set of all optimal solutions of the solvable sub-problems. The optimal load distribution is used to demonstrate how the presented results work in real-life examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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20 pages, 6346 KiB  
Article
Temperature-Controlled Laser Cutting of an Electrical Steel Sheet Using a Novel Fuzzy Logic Controller
by Dinh-Tu Nguyen, Yuan-Ting Lin, Jeng-Rong Ho, Pi-Cheng Tung and Chih-Kuang Lin
Mathematics 2023, 11(23), 4769; https://doi.org/10.3390/math11234769 - 25 Nov 2023
Viewed by 13719
Abstract
A novel PID-type fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with an online fuzzy tuner was created to maintain stable in situ control of the cutting front temperature, aiming to enhance the laser process for thin non-oriented electrical steel sheets. In the developed controller, the output [...] Read more.
A novel PID-type fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with an online fuzzy tuner was created to maintain stable in situ control of the cutting front temperature, aiming to enhance the laser process for thin non-oriented electrical steel sheets. In the developed controller, the output scaling factors and the universe of discourse were initially optimized using a hybrid of the particle swarm optimization and grey wolf optimization methods. The optimal parameters obtained were utilized in experiments involving the laser cutting of thin non-oriented electrical steel sheets, compared to an open-loop control system maintaining a constant cutting speed. The PID-type FLC with an online fuzzy tuner demonstrated a superior cutting quality, generating a smaller roundness and a reduced heat-affected zone (HAZ) through the in situ tuning of control parameters. Particularly, the HAZ width was significantly smaller than that reported in a previous study which used fuzzy gain scheduling for temperature control. Moreover, the cutting time was diminished by optimally adjusting the cutting speed using PID-type FLC with an online fuzzy tuner. Therefore, the accumulated heat in the steel sheet, particularly under high laser pulse frequencies, was effectively reduced, making it suitable for industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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22 pages, 4341 KiB  
Article
A No-Chatter Single-Input Finite-Time PID Sliding Mode Control Technique for Stabilization of a Class of 4D Chaotic Fractional-Order Laser Systems
by Majid Roohi, Saeed Mirzajani and Andreas Basse-O’Connor
Mathematics 2023, 11(21), 4463; https://doi.org/10.3390/math11214463 - 27 Oct 2023
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2099
Abstract
Over the past decade, fractional-order laser chaotic systems have attracted a lot of attention from a variety of fields, including theoretical research as well as practical applications, which has resulted in the development of a number of different system classes. This paper introduces [...] Read more.
Over the past decade, fractional-order laser chaotic systems have attracted a lot of attention from a variety of fields, including theoretical research as well as practical applications, which has resulted in the development of a number of different system classes. This paper introduces a novel single-input finite-time PID sliding mode control (SMC) technique to stabilize a specific group of unknown 4-dimensional chaotic fractional-order (FO) laser systems. By combining the PID concept with the FO-version of the Lyapunov stability theory, a novel finite-time PID SMC strategy has been developed, which effectively mitigates chaotic behavior in the mentioned unknown 4-dimensional chaotic FO laser system. This method makes use of a characteristic of FO chaotic systems known as boundedness, which is used here. Notably, the control input’s sign function, which is responsible for undesirable chattering, is transformed into the fractional derivative of the control input. This transformation results in a smooth and chattering-free control input, further enhancing the method’s performance. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed chattering-free–finite-time PID SMC technique, two numerical scenarios are presented, showcasing its efficient performance in stabilizing the unknown 4-dimensional chaotic FO laser system. These scenarios serve as illustrations of the method’s potential for practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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20 pages, 5818 KiB  
Article
Adaptively Learned Modeling for a Digital Twin of Hydropower Turbines with Application to a Pilot Testing System
by Hong Wang, Shiqi (Shawn) Ou, Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug, Pål-Tore Storli, Hans Ivar Skjelbred and Ingrid Vilberg
Mathematics 2023, 11(18), 4012; https://doi.org/10.3390/math11184012 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1945
Abstract
In the development of a digital twin (DT) for hydropower turbines, dynamic modeling of the system (e.g., penstock, turbine, speed control) is crucial, along with all the necessary data interface, virtualization, and dashboard designs. Since the DT must mimic the actual dynamics of [...] Read more.
In the development of a digital twin (DT) for hydropower turbines, dynamic modeling of the system (e.g., penstock, turbine, speed control) is crucial, along with all the necessary data interface, virtualization, and dashboard designs. Since the DT must mimic the actual dynamics of the hydropower turbine accurately, adaptive learning is required to train these dynamic models online so that the models in the DT can effectively follow the representation of the actual hydropower turbine dynamics accurately and reliably. This study presents an adaptive learning method for obtaining the hydropower turbine models for DT development of hydropower systems using the recursive least squares algorithm. To simplify the formulation, the hydropower turbine under consideration was assumed to operate near a fixed operating point, where the system dynamics can be well represented by a set of linear differential equations with constant parameters. In this context, the well-known six-coefficient model for the Francis turbine was formulated as the starting point to obtain input and output models for the turbine. Then, an adaptive learning mechanism was developed to learn model parameters using real-time data from a hydropower turbine testing system. This led to semi-physical modeling, in which first principles and data-driven modeling are integrated to produce dynamic models for DT development. Applications to a pilot system at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) were made, and the models learned adaptively using the data collected from the university’s pilot system. Desired modeling and validation results were obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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19 pages, 3760 KiB  
Article
Automatic Piston-Type Flow Standard Device Calibration System
by Xinming Song, Xiaoli Wang and Min Ma
Mathematics 2023, 11(18), 3802; https://doi.org/10.3390/math11183802 - 5 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1876
Abstract
Measurement of flow is crucial for assuring product quality, increasing manufacturing effectiveness, and promoting the development of science and technology. With the advancement of calibration and automation, standard devices using the mass method, volumetric method, and master meter method have limitations, such as [...] Read more.
Measurement of flow is crucial for assuring product quality, increasing manufacturing effectiveness, and promoting the development of science and technology. With the advancement of calibration and automation, standard devices using the mass method, volumetric method, and master meter method have limitations, such as low calibration efficiency and automation, large size, and complex operation. Innovations in this area are desperately needed. To realize the automation of calibrating ultrasonic water meters, a piston-type flow standard device calibration system with a high degree of automation, high calibration efficiency, small size, and easy operation was designed. A piston-type flow standard device was designed, the standard device was modeled, the selection of the main hardware and the design of the automated control of the hardware parts were completed; an automation control system adapted to the flow standard device was developed; and, furthermore, a water meter flow point calibration algorithm integrating the start–stop method and the dual-time method, as well as a water meter flow correction algorithm, was devised to improve the efficiency of ultrasonic water meter calibration. An uncertainty assessment of the designed system was completed; the standard uncertainty and expanded uncertainty of the device were 0.013% and 0.026%. Meanwhile, flow calibration tests were conducted, validating the rationality of the automated calibration algorithm for ultrasonic water meters. The results show that ultrasonic water meters calibrated with flow correction have a flow error within ±3% in the “low flow range” and within ±2% in the “high flow range”, with a repeatability of less than 0.05%. This indicates that a piston-type flow standard device, coupled with an automation calibration control system, can efficiently, accurately, and conveniently perform water meter calibration, and the system has good practical value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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14 pages, 6015 KiB  
Article
Mathematical Modelling of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing of Poly Vinyl Alcohol Parts through Statistical Design of Experiments Approach
by Mahmoud Moradi, Mojtaba Karamimoghadam, Saleh Meiabadi, Giuseppe Casalino, Mohammad Ghaleeh, Bobymon Baby, Harikrishna Ganapathi, Jomal Jose, Muhammed Shahzad Abdulla, Paul Tallon, Mahmoud Shamsborhan, Mohammad Rezayat, Satyam Paul and Davood Khodadad
Mathematics 2023, 11(13), 3022; https://doi.org/10.3390/math11133022 - 7 Jul 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3033
Abstract
This paper explores the 3D printing of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process by conducting statistical modeling and optimization. This study focuses on varying the infill percentage (10–50%) and patterns (Cubic, Gyroid, tri-hexagon and triangle, Grid) as input [...] Read more.
This paper explores the 3D printing of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process by conducting statistical modeling and optimization. This study focuses on varying the infill percentage (10–50%) and patterns (Cubic, Gyroid, tri-hexagon and triangle, Grid) as input parameters for the response surface methodology (DOE) while measuring modulus, elongation at break, and weight as experimental responses. To determine the optimal parameters, a regression equation analysis was conducted to identify the most significant parameters. The results indicate that both input parameters significantly impact the output responses. The Design Expert software was utilized to create surface and residual plots, and the interaction between the two input parameters shows that increasing the infill percentage (IP) leads to printing heavier samples, while the patterns do not affect the weight of the parts due to close printing structures. On the contrary, the discrepancy between the predicted and actual responses for the optimal samples is below 15%. This level of error is deemed acceptable for the DOE experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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18 pages, 487 KiB  
Article
Echo State Network-Based Adaptive Event-Triggered Control for Stochastic Nonaffine Systems with Actuator Hysteresis
by Shuxian Lun, Zhenkai Qin, Xiaodong Lu, Ming Li and Tianping Tao
Mathematics 2023, 11(8), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/math11081884 - 16 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1274
Abstract
This paper studies the problem of the event-triggered control of nonaffine stochastic nonlinear systems with actuator hysteresis. The echo state network (ESN) is introduced to approximate an unknown nonlinear function. The command filtering technology is used to avoid the derivation of the virtual [...] Read more.
This paper studies the problem of the event-triggered control of nonaffine stochastic nonlinear systems with actuator hysteresis. The echo state network (ESN) is introduced to approximate an unknown nonlinear function. The command filtering technology is used to avoid the derivation of the virtual controller in the controller design process and tries to solve the problem of complexity explosion in the traditional method. Based on Lyapunov’s finite-time stability theory, the proposed method verifies the stability of non-affine stochastic nonlinear systems. It is proved that the proposed controller method can guarantee that all of the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded, and the tracking error can converge to a minimal neighborhood of zero even if there exists an actuator hysteresis. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the simulation example. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Control Systems and Automatic Control)
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