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Design and Mechanical Behavior of Martensitic Alloys

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A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Structural Integrity of Metals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 8549

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Matthias Bönisch

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Guest Editor

Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Interests: shape memory and superelastic alloys; transformation- and twinning-induced plasticity; titanium alloys; stainless steels; 4D material characterization; in-situ synchrotron X-ray microscopy; X-ray diffraction; phase transformation engineering; thermal expansion management; multi-scale crystal plasticity modelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Martensitic phases give rise to unique behaviors including but not limited to shape memory, superelasticity, transformation-induced plasticity, and tailorable thermal expansion. These exceptional properties combined with recent advances in synthesis and characterization techniques fuel scientific and technological interest in alloys exhibiting martensitic transformations. Of prime concern is to understand and engineer the material behavior in response to external stimuli including mechanical loads, temperature, as well as magnetic and other fields. Application-directed engineering of martensitic alloys can be achieved via alloying, microstructure design, thermomechanical processing, cycling in external fields, etc. The diverse application potential and rich physics of alloys based on martensitic transformations promotes interdisciplinary research across materials science and engineering, physics, and mechanics.

This Special Issue is devoted to the status and recent advancements in the science and technology of alloys for whose function a martensitic phase or a martensitic transformation is of central importance. Of specific interest are the development and use of i) novel synthesis methods including additive manufacturing; ii) advanced characterization techniques revealing the material response on different length and possibly time scales; iii) advanced computational tools including machine learning and artificial intelligence; as well as iv) novel approaches in continuum mechanics, micro mechanics, and thermodynamics. Original research contributions and reviews discussing recent advances and emerging trends in the science, engineering, and technology of martensite-forming alloys are equally welcome for submission to this Special Issue.

Dr. Matthias Bönisch
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

martensite
shape memory effect and superelasticity
transformation-induced plasticity
thermal expansion
alloy and microstructure design
alloy synthesis and characterization
mechanics and thermodynamics
computational materials engineering and machine-learning

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 6595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superelasticity of Geometrically Graded NiTi Shape Memory Alloys

by Weimei Chen, Rui Xi, Hao Jiang, Xiaoqiang Li, Guiwei Dong and Xiebin Wang

Metals 2023, 13(9), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13091518 - 26 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 994

Abstract

A stress plateau with a strain of 5–8% normally occurs during the stress-induced martensite transformation (SIM) of NiTi shape memory alloys. Within the stress plateau, the correlation between the stress and strain is lost, which limits their application in certain fields which require accurate control of inelastic deformation. In order to address this limitation, a series of step-like NiTi samples with graded cross-sectional area were designed and fabricated. Multiple stress plateaus were achieved by varying the sample width and adjusting the number of steps; for instance, two and three stress plateaus were obtained in the samples with two and three steps, respectively. Also, linear force–strain response was obtained by changing gradually the width of the samples. The functional stability of the geometrically graded samples was significantly improved by incomplete recrystallization annealing (600 °C) followed by low-temperature (250 °C) aging treatment. The incompletely recrystallized specimens contained many dislocations and grain and sub-grain boundaries, which promoted the uniform precipitation of Ni₄Ti₃ nanoparticles during aging treatment. The homogeneously and densely dispersed Ni₄Ti₃ nanoparticles were able to strengthen the matrix considerably and prevent plastic activities during stress-induced martensite transformation. As a result, the functional stability of the geometrically graded NiTi samples was much improved. After aging at 250 °C for 120 h, all the samples showed a small residual strain of <1.0% after 20 loading–unloading cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Mechanical Behavior of Martensitic Alloys)

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11 pages, 4793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of M789 Alloy Fabricated Using DED

by Seung-Chang Han, Umer Masood Chaudry, Sandra Bernardo Cenalmor, Si Mo Yeon, Jongcheon Yoon, Hyub Lee, Kyeongtae Kim and Tea-Sung Jun

Metals 2023, 13(7), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071214 - 29 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1039

Abstract

The directed energy deposition (DED) process offers potential advantages, such as a large building space, limited dilutions, narrow heat-affected zones (HAZ) and potentially improved surface properties. Moreover, heat treatments have been reported to significantly improve the properties of the as-built sample by modifying the microstructure. In this study, the influences of various combinations of heating and cryogenic treatments on the mechanical performance and corrosion resistance of DED M789 steel have been critically investigated. The microstructure and hardness were examined to discuss the characteristics of the M789 parts in the as-printed and heat-treated states. The corrosion rate was determined from the weight loss monitoring based on the seawater immersion condition. The microstructural results revealed the distortion of martensite lattice and the formation of nano-carbide precipitates after the cryogenic treatment. Moreover, the microhardness of the cryogenically treated M789 steel was found to be significantly higher which was attributed to the precipitate strengthening and elimination of retained austenite, resulting from the increased volume fraction of carbides due to cryogenic treatment. The corrosion characteristics were also modified by the heating/cryogenic treatments, and the substrate-to-deposit ratio of the corrosion sample also substantially affected the overall corrosion rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Mechanical Behavior of Martensitic Alloys)

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17 pages, 14605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Rate and Temperature Sensitivity in TWIP/TRIP VCrFeCoNi Multi-Principal Element Alloy

by Omar El Batal, Wael Abuzaid, Mehmet Egilmez, Maen Alkhader, Luca Patriarca and Riccardo Casati

Metals 2022, 12(9), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12091510 - 13 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1395

Abstract

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs), also sometimes referred to as multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs), present opportunities to develop new materials with outstanding mechanical properties. Through the careful selection of constituent elements along with optimized thermal processing for proper control of structure, grain size, and deformation mechanisms, many of the newly developed HEA systems exhibit superior strength and ductility levels across a wide range of temperatures, particularly at cryogenic deformation temperatures. Such a remarkable response has been attributed to the hardening capacity of many MPEAs that is achieved through the activation of deformation twinning. More recent compositions have considered phase transforming systems, which have the potential for enhanced strengthening and therefore high strength and ductility levels. However, the strain rate sensitivity of such transforming MPEAs is not well understood and requires further investigation. In this study, the tensile properties of the non-equiatomic V₁₀Cr₁₀Fe₄₅Co₃₀Ni₅ MPEA were investigated at different deformation rates and temperatures ranging from 77 K (−196 °C) to 573 K (300 °C). Depending on the deformation temperature, the considered MPEA exhibits plasticity through either crystallographic slip, deformation twinning, or solid-state phase transformation. At 300 °C, only slip-mediated plasticity was observed for all the considered deformation rates. Deformation twinning was detected in samples deformed at room temperature, while face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic phase transformation became more favorable at cryogenic deformation temperatures. The trends are nonlinear with twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) favored at the intermediate deformation rate, while transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) was observed, although limited, only at the slowest deformation rate. For all the considered deformation rates at cryogenic deformation temperature, a significant TRIP activity was always detected. The extent of TRIP, however, was dependent on the deformation rate. Increasing the deformation rate is not conducive to TRIP and thus hinders the hardening capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Mechanical Behavior of Martensitic Alloys)

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Review

Jump to: Research

17 pages, 3116 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Shape Memory Alloys with Martensitic Transition at Cryogenic Temperatures

by Adelaide Nespoli, Davide Ninarello and Carlo Fanciulli

Metals 2023, 13(7), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/met13071311 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1843

Abstract

Shape memory alloys (SMA) are functional materials known for their shape memory and pseudoelastic properties, which originated from a thermoelastic phase transition between two solid phases: austenite and martensite. The ranges of temperature at which austenite and martensite are stable depend primarily on the chemical composition and the thermomechanical history of the alloy. This work presents a broad overview of shape memory alloys presenting the thermoelastic phase transition at cryogenic temperatures—that is, at temperatures below the freezing point of water. Currently, this class of SMA is not very well explored due to the difficulties in conducting both structural and functional experimentations at very low temperatures. However, these materials are of great importance for extreme environments such as space. In this work, the different classes of cryogenic SMA will first be presented as a function of their phase transformation temperatures. Hints of their mechanical performance will also be reported. Cu-based systems have been identified as cryogenic SMA presenting the lowest phase transformation temperatures. The lowest measured M_s (45 K) was found for the Cu-8.8Al-13.1Mn (wt.%) alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Mechanical Behavior of Martensitic Alloys)

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18 pages, 3675 KiB

Open AccessReview

State-of-the-Art Review on the Aspects of Martensitic Alloys Studied via Machine Learning

by Upadesh Subedi, Sachin Poudel, Khem Gyanwali, Yuri Amorim Coutinho, Grzegorz Matula and Anil Kunwar

Metals 2022, 12(11), 1884; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111884 - 4 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2354

Abstract

Though the martensitic transformation has been a commonly investigated topic in the field of experimental and computational materials science, the understanding of this mechanism in a variety of alloys is yet far from complete. In this era of Industry 4.0, there have been ongoing trends on employing machine learning (ML) techniques for the study of the martensitic alloys, and such data-driven approaches are expected to unravel a great amount of information about the process-structure-property behaviour relationship in this class of materials. However, with the availability of a large variety of datasets and with an option to use different ML models, a bulk amount of information has already been generated with regard to martensitic alloys. The discovery and design of shape memory alloys can be accelerated if the multi-principal element functional alloys and martensitic transformation phenomenon are studied extensively using machine learning techniques. Thus, it is necessary to highlight the major categories or aspects of these alloys that have been predicted with ML. The present work performs a state-of-the-art review on the machine learning models developed for the quantification of aspects such as martensitic start temperature (Ms), materials properties, microstructure, mechanisms etc., on the alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Mechanical Behavior of Martensitic Alloys)

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