Molecular Mechanisms of Viral Persistence and Immune Evasion

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 2441

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
Interests: viral persistence; viral immunopathogenesis; viral transcription; viral splicing; HIV; SARS-CoV-2; long COVID

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

DNA and RNA viruses may be (re-)emerging human pathogens, such as HIV, HCV, HBV, herpes, and SARS-CoV-2, which has caused the global pandemic known as COVID-19. Several viruses have developed mechanisms of viral persistence and immune evasion, which may help to overtake both the early phase of the host immune response and the long-term protection against invading viral infections. The impact of novel mechanisms of viral persistence and immune evasion in (re-)emerging human pathogens might be underestimated. More studies are essential to address the challenges associated with (re-)emerging viruses.

In this Special Issue, we invite you to send contributions concerning molecular mechanisms of viral persistence and immune evasion of (re-)emerging DNA and RNA viruses. We welcome submissions of the following article types: articles, comprehensive reviews and case reports. We particularly welcome contributions that include, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Mechanisms of viral pathogenesis, persistence and/or immune evasion;
  • Immune responses in viral-infected individuals;
  • Viral–host interactions and mechanisms to evade the immune response;
  • Mechanisms of innate sensing of viral infections in host cells and tissues;
  • Discovery of novel therapeutic targets or compounds to overcome viral persistence and/or immune evasion.

Dr. Sara Morón-López
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • viral persistence
  • viral immune evasion
  • viral latency
  • RNA viruses
  • DNA viruses
  • therapeutic targets

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1121 KiB  
Article
Altered Plasma microRNA Signature in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Requiring Oxygen Support
by Sandra Franco, Lourdes Mateu, Raquel Pluvinet, Jose Francisco Sanchez-Herrero, Ruth Toledo, Lauro Sumoy, Marta Massanella and Miguel Angel Martinez
Microorganisms 2024, 12(3), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12030440 - 21 Feb 2024
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Abstract
To discover potential micro(mi)RNA biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease progression, large-scale deep-sequencing analysis of small RNA expression was performed on plasma samples from 40 patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection (median 13.50 [IQR 9–24] days since symptoms initiation) and 21 healthy noninfected individuals. [...] Read more.
To discover potential micro(mi)RNA biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease progression, large-scale deep-sequencing analysis of small RNA expression was performed on plasma samples from 40 patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection (median 13.50 [IQR 9–24] days since symptoms initiation) and 21 healthy noninfected individuals. A total of 1218 different miRNAs were identified. When compared with healthy noninfected donors, SARS-CoV-2-infected patients showed significantly (fold change [FC] > 1.2 and adjusted p [padj] < 0.05) altered expression of 190 miRNAs. The top-10 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were miR-122-5p, let-7b-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-342-3p, miR-146b-5p, miR-629-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-12136, let-7a-5p, and miR-191-5p, which displayed FC and padj values ranging from 153 to 5 and 2.51 × 10−32 to 2.21 × 10−21, respectively, which unequivocally diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection. No differences in blood cell counts and biochemical plasma parameters, including interleukin 6, ferritin, and D-dimer, were observed between COVID-19 patients on high-flow oxygen therapy, low-flow oxygen therapy, or not requiring oxygen therapy. Notably, 31 significantly deregulated miRNAs were found, when patients on high- and low-flow oxygen therapy were compared. SARS-CoV-2 infection generates a specific miRNA signature in hospitalized patients. Specific miRNA profiles are associated with COVID-19 prognosis in patients requiring oxygen flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Viral Persistence and Immune Evasion)
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Review

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16 pages, 1364 KiB  
Review
Targeting Viral Transcription for HIV Cure Strategies
by Jon Izquierdo-Pujol, Maria C. Puertas, Javier Martinez-Picado and Sara Morón-López
Microorganisms 2024, 12(4), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040752 - 8 Apr 2024
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Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication to undetectable levels, reduces mortality and morbidity, and improves the quality of life of people living with HIV (PWH). However, ART cannot cure HIV infection because it is unable to eliminate latently infected cells. HIV latency [...] Read more.
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication to undetectable levels, reduces mortality and morbidity, and improves the quality of life of people living with HIV (PWH). However, ART cannot cure HIV infection because it is unable to eliminate latently infected cells. HIV latency may be regulated by different HIV transcription mechanisms, such as blocks to initiation, elongation, and post-transcriptional processes. Several latency-reversing (LRA) and -promoting agents (LPA) have been investigated in clinical trials aiming to eliminate or reduce the HIV reservoir. However, none of these trials has shown a conclusive impact on the HIV reservoir. Here, we review the cellular and viral factors that regulate HIV-1 transcription, the potential pharmacological targets and genetic and epigenetic editing techniques that have been or might be evaluated to disrupt HIV-1 latency, the role of miRNA in post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1, and the differences between the mechanisms regulating HIV-1 and HIV-2 expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Viral Persistence and Immune Evasion)
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