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Microorganisms
Special Issues
Detection, Diagnosis, and Host Interactions of Animal Mycoplasmas
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Detection, Diagnosis, and Host Interactions of Animal Mycoplasmas

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2024 | Viewed by 2921

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Margaret A. Highland

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
2. Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Interests: small ruminant infectious diseases; immunology; host-pathogen interaction; veterinary pathology; veterinary microbiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mycoplasmas represent a large and diverse group of bacteria, many of which are pathogens of humans and animals. Mycoplasma species have a global distribution, causing serious diseases in animals worldwide. Mycoplasma species are typically highly contagious, are capable of causing severe disease, and are difficult infections to resolve, requiring rapid and accurate detection and diagnosis to prevent and control disease outbreaks.

This Special Issue aims to provide a collection of articles on methods of detection and diagnosis of mycoplasma infections, host range and prevalence, and mycoplasma–host interactions; topics can include, but are not limited to, transmission, host response, and impact on individual and herd health.  Preference will be given to articles describing mycoplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminant species.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Margaret A. Highland
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • mycoplasma
  • host-pathogen interaction
  • transmission
  • prevalence
  • detection
  • diagnosis
  • host range

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1730 KiB  
Article
First Description of Mycoplasma agalactiae Anatomical Localization in Naturally Infected Hard Ticks (Rhipicephalus bursa)
by Sergio Migliore, Lucia Condorelli, Paola Galluzzo, Lucia Galuppo, Angelica Corrente, Elvio Lepri, Anne Ridley, Guido Ruggero Loria and Roberto Puleio
Microorganisms 2024, 12(7), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071390 - 9 Jul 2024
Viewed by 663
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) is considered the primary causative agent of contagious agalactia (CA) in sheep and goats, which causes severe losses to the small ruminant dairy industry. As early as 1816, it was thought that environmental factors played a role in [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) is considered the primary causative agent of contagious agalactia (CA) in sheep and goats, which causes severe losses to the small ruminant dairy industry. As early as 1816, it was thought that environmental factors played a role in pathogen maintenance in endemic areas. Specifically, recent studies hypothesized a vector role for arthropods in the epidemiology of disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and anatomical localization of Ma in naturally infected Riphicephalus bursa ticks to better evaluate tick–pathogen interactions. Salivary glands and ovaries of confirmed Ma-positive R. bursa were analyzed to look for the Ma antigen using immunohistochemistry (IHC). IHC showed strong positivity to Ma in the cytoplasm of salivary cells as well as in cells from the ovary. Our work demonstrated for the first time the crossing of the tick midgut barrier by Ma and the subsequent infection of organs capable of spreading the infection, and this result represents an absolute novelty in disease-related knowledge. Our preliminary results provide conclusive evidence of the potential vector role represented by hard ticks in the epidemiology of CA. Further field and laboratory investigations are necessary to confirm the tick role in the transmission of clinical CA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection, Diagnosis, and Host Interactions of Animal Mycoplasmas)
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10 pages, 293 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of a Method for Standardized Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing with Mycoplasma hyorhinis Field Isolates
by Lisa Käbisch, Anne-Kathrin Schink, Doris Hoeltig, Jutta Verspohl, Miklós Gyuranecz, Joachim Spergser, Corinna Kehrenberg and Stefan Schwarz
Microorganisms 2023, 11(12), 2881; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11122881 - 29 Nov 2023
Viewed by 996
Abstract
Organizations like the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) or the European Committee of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) provide standardized methodologies for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of a wide range of nonfastidious and fastidious bacteria, but so far not for Mycoplasma spp. of animal [...] Read more.
Organizations like the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) or the European Committee of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) provide standardized methodologies for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of a wide range of nonfastidious and fastidious bacteria, but so far not for Mycoplasma spp. of animal origin. Recently, a proposed method for the standardized broth microdilution testing of Mycoplasma hyorhinis using commercial Sensititre microtiter plates was presented. In this study, we evaluated this broth microdilution method with 37 field isolates and tested their susceptibility toward the following antimicrobial agents: doxycycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, gentamicin, marbofloxacin, tetracycline, tiamulin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, and tylosin. The isolates originated from different countries, isolation sites, and years. The broth microdilution method was carried out using a modified Friis broth as the culture and test medium. For macrolides and lincosamides, a bimodal distribution with elevated MIC values could be observed for almost half of the tested field isolates, deducing reduced susceptibility toward these substances. With a recently published protocol, we were able to test a variety of field isolates, and consistent data could be obtained. Using this method, monitoring studies of Mycoplasma hyorhinis isolates can be carried out in a comparable manner, and the observed susceptibility profiles can be screened for possible changes in MIC values in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection, Diagnosis, and Host Interactions of Animal Mycoplasmas)

Review

Jump to: Research

19 pages, 1902 KiB  
Review
Haemotrophic Mycoplasmas Infecting Pigs: A Review of the Current Knowledge
by Julia Ade, Matthias Eddicks, Mathias Ritzmann, Katharina Hoelzle, Ludwig E. Hoelzle and Julia Stadler
Microorganisms 2024, 12(7), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071267 - 22 Jun 2024
Viewed by 697
Abstract
Haemotrophic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) are a group of highly specific and adapted bacteria. Three different haemoplasma species in pigs are known to date: Mycoplasma (M.) suis, M. parvum and ‘Candidatus (Ca.) M. haemosuis’. Even though these bacteria have [...] Read more.
Haemotrophic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) are a group of highly specific and adapted bacteria. Three different haemoplasma species in pigs are known to date: Mycoplasma (M.) suis, M. parvum and ‘Candidatus (Ca.) M. haemosuis’. Even though these bacteria have been known in pig farming for a long time, it is difficult to draw general conclusions about the relevance of their infections in pigs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the three porcine haemoplasma species with regards to clinical and pathological descriptions, pathobiology, epidemiology and diagnostics as well as prevention and therapy. Overall, it is clear that considerably more data are available for M. suis than for the other two species, but generally, porcine haemoplasmas were found to be highly prevalent all over the world. Mycoplasma suis is the most virulent species, causing acute infectious anaemia in pigs (IAP), whereas M. parvum usually results in chronic and subclinical infections associated with performance losses. Little is known about the clinical significance of the recently discovered third porcine species ‘Ca. M. haemosuis’. So far, the described pathogenic mechanisms mainly include direct destruction of erythrocytes via adhesion, invasion, eryptosis and nutrient scavenging, indirect erythrocyte lysis due to immune-mediated events and immune dysregulation processes. A review of published diagnostic data confirms PCR assays as the current standard method, with various cross-species and species-specific protocols. Overall, there is a need for further examination to obtain valuable insights for practical application, specifically regarding the importance of subclinical infections in naturally infected animals. An essential requirement for this will be to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms operating between the host and the pathogen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection, Diagnosis, and Host Interactions of Animal Mycoplasmas)
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