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Microorganisms
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The Oral Microbiome: Inflammation, Oral Health and Autoimmune Diseases
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The Oral Microbiome: Inflammation, Oral Health and Autoimmune Diseases

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 10172

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Zvi Loewy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
Interests: biofilm development and cell dispersion; COPD exacerbation; anti-microbial agent discovery; oral and systemic health linkage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The human oral cavity is home to a diverse microbial community comprised of several hundred different microorganisms. The oral microbiome’s role in health and disease has been the focus of intense research in recent years. It is now known that when the composition of the microbiome is altered, and correspondingly the equilibrium is changed, dysbiosis, an imbalance between the types of organisms present in the natural microbiome ensues.

The oral microbiome has been implicated in the manifestation of many intra- and extraoral diseases. Examples of intra-oral diseases include dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Distinct bacterial species have found to be involved in the onset of various pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, atherosclerosis, chronic infective endocarditis, and rheumatoid arthritis. More recently, there has been an intense effort to investigate the relationship between microbial complexes, especially that of the oral cavity and intestine and autoimmunity. This Special Issue aims to publish advances in the oral microbiome and its relationship to inflammation and autoimmune diseases.

Prof. Dr. Zvi G. Loewy
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dysbiosis
  • pathogenic organisms
  • oral and systemic health
  • oral microbiome
  • autoimmunity

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 381 KiB  
Article
Isolated Systolic Blood Pressure and Red-Complex Bacteria—A Risk for Generalized Periodontitis and Chronic Kidney Disease
by Jaideep Mahendra, Plato Palathingal, Little Mahendra, Janani Muralidharan, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Mohammed Sayed, Maryam H. Mugri, Mohammad Almagbol, Saranya Varadarajan, Thodur Madapusi Balaji, Shilpa Bhandi, Sruthi Srinivasan, A. Thirumal Raj and Shankargouda Patil
Microorganisms 2022, 10(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10010050 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2822
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for generalized periodontitis (GP) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, the role of isolated systolic blood pressure as one of the major risks for these inflammatory diseases has not been explored. Very limited studies exist identifying the red-complex [...] Read more.
Hypertension is a risk factor for generalized periodontitis (GP) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD). However, the role of isolated systolic blood pressure as one of the major risks for these inflammatory diseases has not been explored. Very limited studies exist identifying the red-complex bacteria in association with the isolated systolic blood pressure. Hence, the main objective of this study was to assess the isolated systolic blood pressure and the red-complex bacteria along with the demographic variables, periodontal parameters, and renal parameters in patients with generalized periodontitis and chronic kidney disease. One hundred twenty participants (age 30–70 years) were divided into four groups—Group C: control (systemically and periodontally healthy subjects), Group GP: generalized periodontitis, Group CKD: subjects with CKD with good periodontal health, Group CKD + GP: subjects with both generalized periodontitis and CKD. Demographic variables and periodontal parameters were measured and recorded. Blood pressure measurements and a detailed history and renal parameters such as serum creatinine, eGFR, and fasting blood sugar were recorded. The red-complex bacteria (RCB) were assessed in the subgingival plaque samples of all four groups using RT-PCR. Older participants (above 50 years) showed worse periodontal scores in the CKD + GP group along with elevated isolated systolic blood pressure, higher serum creatinine, and fasting blood sugar. eGFR was significantly decreased compared to the other groups. Bacterial counts were higher in the GP + CKD group, suggesting that they may be at a higher risk for generalized periodontitis and chronic kidney disease. Isolated systolic blood pressure (ISBP) and RCB were significantly correlated with the renal and periodontal parameters. A log-linear relationship exists between periodontal disease, CKD, RCB, and isolated systolic hypertension levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Oral Microbiome: Inflammation, Oral Health and Autoimmune Diseases)
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13 pages, 3105 KiB  
Article
Microbiome Analysis of Carious Lesions in Pre-School Children with Early Childhood Caries and Congenital Heart Disease
by Nelly Schulz-Weidner, Markus Weigel, Filip Turujlija, Kassandra Komma, Jan Philipp Mengel, Maximiliane Amelie Schlenz, Julia Camilla Bulski, Norbert Krämer and Torsten Hain
Microorganisms 2021, 9(9), 1904; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091904 - 8 Sep 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2573
Abstract
Oral bacteria have been associated with several systemic diseases. Moreover, the abundance of bacteria associated with caries has been found to be higher in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) than in healthy control groups (HCGs). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the [...] Read more.
Oral bacteria have been associated with several systemic diseases. Moreover, the abundance of bacteria associated with caries has been found to be higher in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) than in healthy control groups (HCGs). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the dental microbiota in children with CHD compared to a HCG. The aim was to describe and compare the carious microbiome regarding the composition, diversity, and taxonomic patterns in these two groups. Twenty children with CHD and a HCG aged between two and six years participated. All of them were affected by early childhood caries. Microbiome profiling indicated that Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, and Oribacterium were more abundant in the CHD group, whereas Lactobacillus and Rothia were predominant in the HCG. Furthermore, microbiome analysis revealed three distinct clusters for the CHD and HCG samples. In the first cluster, we found mainly the genera Lactobacillus and Coriobacteriaceae. The second cluster showed a higher relative abundance of the genus Actinomyces and a more diverse composition consisting of more genera with a smaller relative lot. The third cluster was characterized by two genera, Streptococcus and Veillonella. These data can help us to understand the oral microbial community structures involved in caries and endodontic infections of pre-school children in relation to the general health of these high-risk patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Oral Microbiome: Inflammation, Oral Health and Autoimmune Diseases)
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20 pages, 5784 KiB  
Article
Microbiome of Odontogenic Abscesses
by Sebastian Böttger, Silke Zechel-Gran, Daniel Schmermund, Philipp Streckbein, Jan-Falco Wilbrand, Michael Knitschke, Jörn Pons-Kühnemann, Torsten Hain, Markus Weigel, Hans-Peter Howaldt, Eugen Domann and Sameh Attia
Microorganisms 2021, 9(6), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061307 - 16 Jun 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3955
Abstract
Severe odontogenic abscesses are regularly caused by bacteria of the physiological oral microbiome. However, the culture of these bacteria is often prone to errors and sometimes does not result in any bacterial growth. Furthermore, various authors found completely different bacterial spectra in odontogenic [...] Read more.
Severe odontogenic abscesses are regularly caused by bacteria of the physiological oral microbiome. However, the culture of these bacteria is often prone to errors and sometimes does not result in any bacterial growth. Furthermore, various authors found completely different bacterial spectra in odontogenic abscesses. Experimental 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing analysis was used to identify the microbiome of the saliva and the pus in patients with a severe odontogenic infection. The microbiome of the saliva and the pus was determined for 50 patients with a severe odontogenic abscess. Perimandibular and submandibular abscesses were the most commonly observed diseases at 15 (30%) patients each. Polymicrobial infections were observed in 48 (96%) cases, while the picture of a mono-infection only occurred twice (4%). On average, 31.44 (±12.09) bacterial genera were detected in the pus and 41.32 (±9.00) in the saliva. In most cases, a predominantly anaerobic bacterial spectrum was found in the pus, while saliva showed a similar oral microbiome to healthy individuals. In the majority of cases, odontogenic infections are polymicrobial. Our results indicate that these are mainly caused by anaerobic bacterial strains and that aerobic and facultative anaerobe bacteria seem to play a more minor role than previously described by other authors. The 16S rRNA gene analysis detects significantly more bacteria than conventional methods and molecular methods should therefore become a part of routine diagnostics in medical microbiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Oral Microbiome: Inflammation, Oral Health and Autoimmune Diseases)
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