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Chemical Contaminations in Food

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2022) | Viewed by 15867

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
REQUIMTE-LAQV, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: analysis of the quality and safety of food and feed; human risk assessment; contaminants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. REQUIMTE-LAQV, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Farmacognosia, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
2. Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário de Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: analysis of the quality and safety of food and feed; human risk assessment; contaminants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Besides contributing to the essential human biological needs, food is one important contributor to human well-being, in terms of social life and culture. From farm to fork, food undergoes a complex chain of unit operations, during which chemical contamination of food can arise.

Chemical contamination of foodstuffs occurs along the food chain, contributing to human exposure to a myriad of contaminants entering the food chain during the production and processing of foodstuffs, or originating in the environment either naturally or as a result of pollution, with serious repercussions on human health.

Food safety is a public health priority, and it is important to provide scientific assessments on chemical contaminants to understand the potential hazards, assuring the safety of food supplies and managing health risks for protecting human health under the umbrella of the One Health approach. Above all, it is critical to ensure that there is no unacceptable risk to consumers in an increasingly complex international food system due to the global food challenges in the 21st century.

Thus, this Special Issue addresses the challenge of food chemical contamination, a shared responsibility of all food business operators, regulators, researchers, and academics. It welcomes studies that report contaminant occurrence data in the food chain; perform human exposure assessments through food consumption data and human biomonitoring including risk evaluation of food contaminants, with special attention devoted to vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly; and describe new analytical methodologies to determine food contaminants in food matrices and biological fluids. Critical reviews on the current and future challenges posed by food contaminants in the global food system, their risk for consumers, impacts on the agri-food industry and on the global food security and global trade, the relationship between food production and sustainability, and regulatory issues and their importance in the risk management strategies are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Angelina Lopes Simoes Pena
Prof. Dr. Sofia Cancela Duarte
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • food production
  • food safety
  • food security
  • food contaminants
  • packaging
  • regulation
  • risk assessment
  • risk management

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1233 KiB  
Article
Dissipation Residue Behaviors and Dietary Risk Assessment of Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin in Watermelon by HPLC-MS/MS
by Le Lv, Yue Su, Bizhang Dong, Wang Lu, Jiye Hu and Xiaolu Liu
Molecules 2022, 27(14), 4410; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144410 - 09 Jul 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1659
Abstract
Fungicides containing active ingredients of boscalid and pyraclostrobin have been widely applied in watermelon disease control. To provide data for avoiding health hazards caused by fungicides, we investigated its terminal residues and evaluated the dietary risk. In this work, watermelon samples were collected [...] Read more.
Fungicides containing active ingredients of boscalid and pyraclostrobin have been widely applied in watermelon disease control. To provide data for avoiding health hazards caused by fungicides, we investigated its terminal residues and evaluated the dietary risk. In this work, watermelon samples were collected from field sites in six provinces and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The average recoveries of boscalid and pyraclostrobin in the watermelon matrix were 97–108% and 93–103%, respectively, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 9.1%. The limits of quantifications (LOQs) were 0.01 and 0.005 mg/kg for boscalid and pyraclostrobin. Twenty-one days after applying the test pesticide with 270 g a.i./ha, the terminal residues of boscalid and pyraclostrobin were all below 0.05 mg/kg and below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) recommended by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). According to the national estimated daily intake (NEDI), the risk quotients (RQs) of boscalid and pyraclostrobin were 48.4% and 62.6%, respectively. That indicated the pesticide evaluated in watermelon exhibited a low dietary risk to consumers. All data provide a reference for the MRL establishment of boscalid in watermelon for China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Contaminations in Food)
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12 pages, 1543 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Different d-SPE Sorbent Performances Based on Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) Methodology for Multiresidue Pesticide Analyses in Rapeseeds
by Saida Belarbi, Martin Vivier, Wafa Zaghouani, Aude De Sloovere, Valerie Agasse and Pascal Cardinael
Molecules 2021, 26(21), 6727; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216727 - 06 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2220
Abstract
Pesticide extraction in rapeseed samples remains a great analytical challenge due to the complexity of the matrix, which contains proteins, fatty acids, high amounts of triglycerides and cellulosic fibers. An HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of 179 pesticides in rapeseeds. The [...] Read more.
Pesticide extraction in rapeseed samples remains a great analytical challenge due to the complexity of the matrix, which contains proteins, fatty acids, high amounts of triglycerides and cellulosic fibers. An HPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantification of 179 pesticides in rapeseeds. The performances of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method were evaluated using different dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) sorbents containing common octadecylsilane silica/primary–secondary amine adsorbent (PSA/C18) and new commercialized d-SPE materials dedicated to fatty matrices (Z-Sep, Z-Sep+, and EMR-Lipid). The analytical performances of these different sorbents were compared according to the SANTE/12682/2019 document. The best results were obtained using EMR-Lipid in terms of pesticide average recoveries (103 and 70 of the 179 targeted pesticides exhibited recoveries within 70–120% and 30–70%, respectively, with low RSD values). Moreover, the limits of quantification (LOQ) range from 1.72 µg/kg to 6.39 µg/kg for 173 of the pesticides. Only the recovery for tralkoxydim at 10 μg/kg level was not satisfactory (29%). The matrix effect was evaluated and proved to be limited between −50% and 50% for 169 pesticides with this EMR-Lipid and freezing. GC-Orbitrap analyses confirmed the best efficiency of the EMR-Lipid sorbent for the purification of rapeseeds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Contaminations in Food)
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20 pages, 4426 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of QuEChERS Followed by UHPLC-ToF-MS Method for Determination of Multi-Mycotoxins in Pistachio Nuts
by Ana Rita Soares Mateus, Sílvia Barros, Angelina Pena and Ana Sanches Silva
Molecules 2021, 26(19), 5754; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195754 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2112
Abstract
Pistachios are one of the types of tree nut fruits with the highest mycotoxin contamination, especially of aflatoxins, worldwide. This study developed a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method that was followed by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography combined with Time-of-Flight [...] Read more.
Pistachios are one of the types of tree nut fruits with the highest mycotoxin contamination, especially of aflatoxins, worldwide. This study developed a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method that was followed by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography combined with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC–ToF-MS) for the determination of mycotoxins in pistachios. Different approaches to dispersive solid phase extraction as a clean-up method for high lipid matrices were evaluated. For this, classic sorbents such as C18 (octadecyl-modified silica) and PSA (primary secondary amine), and new classes of sorbents, namely EMR-Lipid (enhanced matrix removal-lipid) and Z-Sep (modified silica gel with zirconium oxide), were used. The QuEChERS method, followed by Z-Sep d-SPE clean-up, provided the best analytical performance for aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), toxin T2 (T2) and toxin HT-2 (HT2) in pistachios. The method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, repeatability, interday precision and recovery; it achieved good results according to criteria imposed by Commission Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006. The method was applied to real samples and the results show that pistachios that are available in Portuguese markets are safe from mycotoxins that are of concern to human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Contaminations in Food)
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Review

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33 pages, 3642 KiB  
Review
Chemical Contamination in Bread from Food Processing and Its Environmental Origin
by Agnieszka Maher and Adriana Nowak
Molecules 2022, 27(17), 5406; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175406 - 24 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4548
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA), furan and furan derivatives, polycyclic aromatic amines (PAHs), monochloropropanediols (MCPDs), glycidol, and their esters are carcinogens that are being formed in starchy and high-protein foodstuffs, including bread, through baking, roasting, steaming, and frying due to the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction [...] Read more.
Acrylamide (AA), furan and furan derivatives, polycyclic aromatic amines (PAHs), monochloropropanediols (MCPDs), glycidol, and their esters are carcinogens that are being formed in starchy and high-protein foodstuffs, including bread, through baking, roasting, steaming, and frying due to the Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction mechanism has also been described as the source of food processing contaminants. The above-mentioned carcinogens, especially AA and furan compounds, are crucial substances responsible for the aroma of bread. The other groups of bread contaminants are mycotoxins (MTs), toxic metals (TMs), and pesticides. All these contaminants can be differentiated depending on many factors such as source, the concentration of toxicant in the different wheat types, formation mechanism, metabolism in the human body, and hazardous exposure effects to humans. The following paper characterizes the most often occurring contaminants in the bread from each group. The human exposure to bread contaminants and their safe ranges, along with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification (if available), also have been analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Contaminations in Food)
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21 pages, 584 KiB  
Review
Human Biomonitoring of Selected Hazardous Compounds in Portugal: Part I—Lessons Learned on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Metals, Metalloids, and Pesticides
by Angelina Pena, Sofia Duarte, André M. P. T. Pereira, Liliana J. G. Silva, Célia S. M. Laranjeiro, Marta Oliveira, Celeste Lino and Simone Morais
Molecules 2022, 27(1), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010242 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1920
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) data provide information on total exposure regardless of the route and sources of exposure. HBM studies have been applied to quantify human exposure to contaminants and environmental/occupational pollutants by determining the parent compounds, their metabolites or even their reaction products [...] Read more.
Human biomonitoring (HBM) data provide information on total exposure regardless of the route and sources of exposure. HBM studies have been applied to quantify human exposure to contaminants and environmental/occupational pollutants by determining the parent compounds, their metabolites or even their reaction products in biological matrices. HBM studies performed among the Portuguese population are disperse and limited. To overcome this knowledge gap, this review gathers, for the first time, the published Portuguese HBM information concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, metalloids, and pesticides concentrations detected in the urine, serum, milk, hair, and nails of different groups of the Portuguese population. This integrative insight of available HBM data allows the analysis of the main determinants and patterns of exposure of the Portuguese population to these selected hazardous compounds, as well as assessment of the potential health risks. Identification of the main difficulties and challenges of HBM through analysis of the enrolled studies was also an aim. Ultimately, this study aimed to support national and European policies promoting human health and summarizes the most important outcomes and lessons learned through the HBM studies carried out in Portugal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Contaminations in Food)
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13 pages, 328 KiB  
Review
Human Biomonitoring of Selected Hazardous Compounds in Portugal: Part II—Lessons Learned on Mycotoxins
by Angelina Pena, Sofia Duarte, André M. P. T. Pereira, Liliana J. G. Silva, Célia S. M. Laranjeiro, Marta Oliveira, Celeste Lino and Simone Morais
Molecules 2022, 27(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010130 - 27 Dec 2021
Viewed by 2537
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) data provide information on total exposure regardless of the route and sources of exposure. HBM studies have been applied to quantify human exposure to contaminants and environmental/occupational pollutants by means of determining the parent compounds, their metabolites, or even their [...] Read more.
Human biomonitoring (HBM) data provide information on total exposure regardless of the route and sources of exposure. HBM studies have been applied to quantify human exposure to contaminants and environmental/occupational pollutants by means of determining the parent compounds, their metabolites, or even their reaction products in biological matrices. HBM studies performed among the Portuguese population are dispersed and limited. Thus, to overcome this knowledge gap, this work reviews the published Portuguese HBM information concerning mycotoxins detected in the urine, serum, milk, hair, and nails of different groups of the Portuguese population. This integrative approach to the available HBM data allows us to analyze the main determinants and patterns of exposure of the Portuguese population to the selected hazardous compounds, as well as to assess the potential health risks. We also aimed to identify the main difficulties and challenges of HBM through the analysis of the enrolled studies. Ultimately, this study aims to support national and European policies in promoting human health by summarizing the most important outcomes and lessons learned through the HBM studies carried out in Portugal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Contaminations in Food)
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