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Essential Oil Research and Product Development
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Essential Oil Research and Product Development

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Natural Products Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 18024

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Wen-Ling Shih

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
Interests: functional natural products; rodent animal models; essential oil R&D; apoptosis; signal transduction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Numerous studies have demonstrated the antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and even anti-cancer activities of essential oils in cell culture systems or in vitro experiments, and some of the mechanisms of action have been elucidated. In the aromatherapy industry, essential oils are claimed to have many physiological regulating and even relieving effects on symptoms. However, most claimed effects lack scientific evidence. In view of this, this Special Issue focuses on the application of essential oils in organisms, including their safety and efficacy, under the premise of essential oil composition confirmation, aiming to improve the application specifications of essential oils, not just for their smell and soothing properties or for use in cosmetics. Therefore, the submitted research must confirm the preparation method and index composition of essential oils. Studies using animal model experiments are needed in order to improve the product applications of essential oils, for example, as potential medicines for the treatment of skin diseases, cosmeceuticals, health foods, antidepressants, anxiolytics and sleep aids. In addition to single applications of essential oil products, novel combined applications are also encouraged, such as those combining exercise, hydrogen inhalation, taking health care products, etc. Analysis and research must focus on the therapeutic or conditioning effects of these essential oil functional products in the health field.

Prof. Dr. Wen-Ling Shih
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • essential oil
  • animal model
  • health
  • functional products
  • safety

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2376 KiB  
Article
Effect of Foliar Sodium Selenate and Nano Selenium Supply on Biochemical Characteristics, Essential Oil Accumulation and Mineral Composition of Artemisia annua L.
by Lidia Logvinenko, Nadezhda Golubkina, Irina Fedotova, Maria Bogachuk, Mikhail Fedotov, Vladislav Kataev, Andrey Alpatov, Oksana Shevchuk and Gianluca Caruso
Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8246; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238246 - 26 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1462
Abstract
Selenium (Se) biofortification of aromatic plants is a promising strategy to produce valuable functional food with high biological activity and enhanced essential oil yield. The experiment carried out in 2021 and 2022 on A. annua treated with sodium selenate or nano-Se sprayed on [...] Read more.
Selenium (Se) biofortification of aromatic plants is a promising strategy to produce valuable functional food with high biological activity and enhanced essential oil yield. The experiment carried out in 2021 and 2022 on A. annua treated with sodium selenate or nano-Se sprayed on foliar apparatus demonstrated a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments, pectin, waxes, macro- and microelements and a decrease in malonic dialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Contrary to literature reports, neither selenate nor nano-Se showed a beneficial effect on essential oil accumulation; the oil yield did not differ between the selenate treated and control plants but was halved by the nano-Se application. Extremely high variations in the number of essential oil components, as well as in the eucalyptol, artemisia ketone, camphor and germacrene D ratio in the 2021 and 2022 experiments were recorded. The analysis of the 2016–2022 data for oil yield and composition in the control plants revealed a direct correlation between the number of components and of solar flares, and a negative correlation between oil yield and the percentage of spotless days. Both control plants and plants fortified with selenium showed higher levels of germacrene D and lower levels of artemisia ketone in 2022, characterized by more remarkable solar activity compared to 2021. Nano-Se supply resulted in the highest percentage of germacrene D accumulation. The results of the present research highlight the importance of the solar activity effect on the essential oil yield and quality of aromatic plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil Research and Product Development)
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13 pages, 744 KiB  
Article
Effects of Supplemental Light Spectra on the Composition, Production and Antimicrobial Activity of Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oil
by Ha Thi Thu Chu, Thi Nghiem Vu, Thuy Thi Thu Dinh, Phat Tien Do, Ha Hoang Chu, Tran Quoc Tien, Quang Cong Tong, Manh Hieu Nguyen, Quyen Thi Ha and William N. Setzer
Molecules 2022, 27(17), 5599; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175599 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of different supplemental light spectra and doses (duration and illuminance) on the essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivated in the net-house in Vietnam during four months. Ten samples of basil aerial parts [...] Read more.
This study was performed to investigate the effects of different supplemental light spectra and doses (duration and illuminance) on the essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivated in the net-house in Vietnam during four months. Ten samples of basil aerial parts were hydrodistilled to obtain essential oils which had the average yields from 0.88 to 1.30% (v/w, dry). The oils analyzed using GC-FID and GC-MS showed that the main component was methyl chavicol (87.4–90.6%) with the highest values found in the oils of basil under lighting conditions of 6 h/day and 150–200 µmol·m−2·s−1. Additional lighting conditions caused the significant differences (p < 0.001) in basil biomass and oil production with the highest values found in the oils of basil under two conditions of (1) 71% Red: 20% Blue: 9.0% UVA in at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1 in 6 h/day and (2) 43.5% Red: 43.5% Blue: 8.0% Green: 5.0% Far-Red at 100 μmol·m−2·s−1 in 6 h/day. The oils of basil in some formulas showed weak inhibitory effects on only the Bacillus subtilis strain. Different light spectra affect the biomass and essential oil production of basil, as well as the concentrations of the major components in the oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil Research and Product Development)
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14 pages, 1907 KiB  
Article
Potential Action Mechanism and Inhibition Efficacy of Morinda citrifolia Essential Oil and Octanoic Acid against Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum Infestations
by Mateus S. Dalcin, Bruna L. Dias, Luis O. Viteri Jumbo, Ana C. S. S. Oliveira, Sabrina H. C. Araújo, Wellington S. Moura, Dalmarcia S. C. Mourão, Talita P. S. Ferreira, Fabricio S. Campos, Alex Sander R. Cangussu, Marcos V. G. Alves, Bruno S. Andrade, Javier G. Mantilla-Afanador, Raimundo W. A. Aguiar, Eugênio E. Oliveira and Gil R. Santos
Molecules 2022, 27(16), 5173; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165173 - 13 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2232
Abstract
The use of plant-based products has been shown to efficiently inhibit fungi-mediated diseases in agricultural crops. Here, we extracted and evaluated the composition of noni, Morinda citrifolia L., essential oil and assessed its activities against Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum in Cucumis melo L. Using in [...] Read more.
The use of plant-based products has been shown to efficiently inhibit fungi-mediated diseases in agricultural crops. Here, we extracted and evaluated the composition of noni, Morinda citrifolia L., essential oil and assessed its activities against Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum in Cucumis melo L. Using in silico molecular approaches, potential interactions between the essential oil major components and S. cucurbitacearum tyrosine–tRNA ligase were predicted. Finally, we also measured the potential interference of plant physiology (the stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis) mediated by the application of the M. citrifolia essential oil. Chromatographic analysis revealed that octanoic acid (75.8%), hexanoic acid (12.8%), and isobutyl pent-4-enyl carbonate (3.1%) were the major essential oil compounds. Octanoic acid and noni essential oil, when used as preventive measures, reduce fungal mycelial growth at a concentration of 5 mg/mL without causing significant damage to the treated leaves, which reinforces their efficacies as preventive tools against S. cucurbitacearum. Molecular docking analyses predicted very stable interactions between the major essential oil constituents and S. cucurbitacearum tyrosine–tRNA ligase, suggesting the interference of these plant-based molecules upon enzyme activation. Octanoic acid and M. citrifolia essential oil at concentrations of 20 mg/mL decreased the stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis rate of melon plants, resulting in robust phytotoxicity. Collectively, our findings indicated that despite the phytotoxicity risks at higher concentrations, M. citrifolia essential oil and octanoic acid, have potential as alternative tools for the integrative management of S. cucurbitacearum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil Research and Product Development)
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15 pages, 16575 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) Essential Oil on Acute Inflammatory Response In Vitro and In Vivo
by Robson Araújo de Freitas Junior, Paloma Kênia de Moraes Berenguel Lossavaro, Cândida Aparecida Leite Kassuya, Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero, Nelson Carvalho Farias Júnior, Maria Inês Lenz Souza, Francielli Maria de Souza Silva-Comar, Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman, Denise Brentan Silva, Mônica Cristina Toffoli-Kadri and Saulo Euclides Silva-Filho
Molecules 2022, 27(12), 3666; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123666 - 7 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4502
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical profile, oral acute toxicity, and the effect of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) essential oil (YEO) on acute inflammation. YEO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For in vitro tests, [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical profile, oral acute toxicity, and the effect of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) essential oil (YEO) on acute inflammation. YEO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For in vitro tests, YEO was assessed using cytotoxicity, neutrophil chemotaxis induced by N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP), and phagocytic activity tests. YEO was orally administered in zymosan-induced peritonitis, carrageenan-induced leukocyte rolling, and adhesion events in the in situ microcirculation model and in carrageenan-induced paw edema models. YEO (2000 mg/kg) was also tested using an acute toxicity test in Swiss mice. YEO showed a predominance of benzyl acetate, linalool, benzyl benzoate, and methyl benzoate. YEO did not present in vitro cytotoxicity. YEO reduced the in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis induced by fMLP and reduced the phagocytic activity. The oral treatment with YEO reduced the leukocyte recruitment and nitric oxide production in the zymosan-induced peritonitis model, reduced rolling and adherent leukocyte number induced by carrageenan in the in situ microcirculation model, and reduced carrageenan-induced edema and mechanical hyperalgesia. YEO did not present signs of toxicity in the acute toxicity test. In conclusion, YEO affected the leukocyte activation, and presented antiedematogenic, anti-hyperalgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil Research and Product Development)
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Review

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21 pages, 1611 KiB  
Review
Nano-Encapsulated Essential Oils as a Preservation Strategy for Meat and Meat Products Storage
by Sergio A. Ojeda-Piedra, María L. Zambrano-Zaragoza, Ricardo M. González-Reza, Claudia I. García-Betanzos, Samantha A. Real-Sandoval and David Quintanar-Guerrero
Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8187; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238187 - 24 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2853
Abstract
Consumers today demand the use of natural additives and preservatives in all fresh and processed foods, including meat and meat products. Meat, however, is highly susceptible to oxidation and microbial growth that cause rapid spoilage. Essential oils are natural preservatives used in meat [...] Read more.
Consumers today demand the use of natural additives and preservatives in all fresh and processed foods, including meat and meat products. Meat, however, is highly susceptible to oxidation and microbial growth that cause rapid spoilage. Essential oils are natural preservatives used in meat and meat products. While they provide antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, they also present certain disadvantages, as their intense flavor can affect the sensory properties of meat, they are subject to degradation under certain environmental conditions, and have low solubility in water. Different methods of incorporation have been tested to address these issues. Solutions suggested to date include nanotechnological processes in which essential oils are encapsulated into a lipid or biopolymer matrix that reduces the required dose and allows the formation of modified release systems. This review focuses on recent studies on applications of nano-encapsulated essential oils as sources of natural preservation systems that prevent meat spoilage. The studies are critically analyzed considering their effectiveness in the nanostructuring of essential oils and improvements in the quality of meat and meat products by focusing on the control of oxidation reactions and microbial growth to increase food safety and ensure innocuity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil Research and Product Development)
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20 pages, 4141 KiB  
Review
The Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Korean Native Thyme Bak-Ri-Hyang (Thymus quinquecostatus Celak.)
by Minju Kim, Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan and Songmun Kim
Molecules 2022, 27(13), 4251; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134251 - 1 Jul 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4092
Abstract
Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. (Korean name: bak-ri-hyang) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb in Korea, which is named for the spread of its fragrance over a distance of approximately 40 km. In traditional Korean systems of medicine, T. quinquecostatus has been used to [...] Read more.
Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. (Korean name: bak-ri-hyang) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb in Korea, which is named for the spread of its fragrance over a distance of approximately 40 km. In traditional Korean systems of medicine, T. quinquecostatus has been used to treat cancer, constipation, hepatic disease, arteriosclerosis, poor circulation in women, constipation, and menstrual irregularities. At present, T. quinquecostatus is used only for ornamental and ground cover purposes. A literature search was conducted to retrieve information regarding the essential oil composition and biological properties of T. quinquecostatus from PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and other literature databases. T. quinquecostatus can be divided into different chemotypes, such as γ-terpinene, thymol, phenol, carvacrol, and geraniol, according to the presence of major components in its essential oil. Further, the essential oil from T. quinquecostatus has been reported to possess various therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sleep prolonging, soothing, skin protection and whitening, anti-aging, anti-obesity, and anti-acne properties. In conclusion, this review will be helpful for utilizing the T. quinquecostatus plant in different industries including food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfumery, and cosmetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oil Research and Product Development)
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