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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "2D and Carbon Nanomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2024) | Viewed by 27261

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Dr. Wugang Liao

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Guest Editor

College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Interests: 2D materials; field effect transistors; smart sensors; low frequency noise; ISFETs; memory devices; nanostructured materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Lin Wang

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Guest Editor

School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: nanoelectronics; ferroelectrics; semiconductor physics; 2D materials; scanning probe microscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The advent of the field of graphene and related atomically-thin two-dimensional (2D) materials have created a new paradigm in atomic-scale devices. Numerous applications such as logic devices, advanced photonics, electrochemical applications, multidisciplinary biomedical applications and various sensors have been extensively explored owing to their compelling properties including atomically thin thickness, dangling bond-free surface and appropriate band gaps, etc. Among their extraordinary properties, 2D materials have high surface area-to-volume ratios and ultra-high surface sensitivity to the environment, which endows them great potential applications in different sensor devices such as chemical sensor, gas sensors, thermal sensor, photodetector, pressure sensor, stress sensor, flexible sensor, etc. Motivated by rapid progresses in sensing field of 2D materials, this special topic highlights the material preparation, novel properties, device design and their sensing explorations towards Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Potential topics include, but are not limited to: Chemical sensors based on 2D materials; Gas sensors based on 2D materials; Photodetector based on 2D materials; Flexible sensors based on 2D materials; Pressure sensors based on 2D materials; Thermal sensors based on 2D materials; Future perspectives for 2D materials based sensors.

Dr. Wugang Liao
Dr. Lin Wang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

two dimensional materials
two dimensional sensing
bio-chemical sensors
gas sensors
optoelectronic devices
wearable sensors
electrochemical sensors
ion-selective electrodes
impedance spectroscopy
sensor integration and Internet of Things
smart healthcare

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 147 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial: 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications

by Wugang Liao and Lin Wang

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(3), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15030180 - 23 Jan 2025

Viewed by 929

Abstract

The rapid advancements in the field of two-dimensional (2D) materials have significantly influenced the development of innovative sensor technologies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

16 pages, 3541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Organic–Inorganic-Nanocomposite-Based Reduced Graphene Oxide as an Efficient Nanosensor for NO₂ Detection

by Masoud Khaleghiabbasabadi, Hadi Taghavian, Pooya Gholami, Saeed Khodabakhshi, Mohammad Gheibi, Stanisław Wacławek, Miroslav Černík, Daniele Silvestri, Klaudia Barbara Raczak and Reza Moezzi

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(24), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14241983 - 11 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 982

Abstract

There are three components to every environmental protection system: monitoring, estimation, and control. One of the main toxic gases with considerable effects on human health is NO₂, which is released into the atmosphere by industrial activities and the transportation network. In the present research, a NO₂ sensor is designed based on Fe₃O₄ piperidine-4-sulfonic acid grafted onto a reduced graphene oxide Fe₃O₄@rGO-N-(piperidine-4-SO₃H) nanocomposite, due to the highly efficient detection of pollution in the air. In the first phase of the present study, the nanocomposite synthesis is performed in four steps. Afterward, the novel fabricated nanosensor is characterized through energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman, surface area analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). To determine the optimal condition for sensor performance, graphene-based nanosensors are prepared with various weight percentages (wt%) of rGO-N-(piperidine-4-SO₃H) (1 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt%). During the experimental process, the performance of the sensors, in terms of the sensitivity and response time, is investigated at different NO₂ concentrations, between 2.5 and 50 ppm. The outputs of this study demonstrate that the synthesized nanosensor has the best efficiency at more than a 5 ppm contamination concentration and with at least 15 wt% of rGO-N-(piperidine-4-SO₃H). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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8 pages, 1914 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Reconfigurable Polarimetric Photodetector Based on the MoS₂/PdSe₂ Heterostructure with a Charge-Trap Gate Stack

by Xin Huang, Qinghu Bai, Yang Guo, Qijie Liang, Tengzhang Liu, Wugang Liao, Aizi Jin, Baogang Quan, Haifang Yang, Baoli Liu and Changzhi Gu

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(23), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231936 - 1 Dec 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1117

Abstract

Besides the intensity and wavelength, the ability to analyze the optical polarization of detected light can provide a new degree of freedom for numerous applications, such as object recognition, biomedical applications, environmental monitoring, and remote sensing imaging. However, conventional filter-integrated polarimetric sensing systems require complex optical components and a complicated fabrication process, severely limiting their on-chip miniaturization and functionalities. Herein, the reconfigurable polarimetric photodetection with photovoltaic mode is developed based on a few-layer MoS₂/PdSe₂ heterostructure channel and a charge-trap structure composed of Al₂O₃/HfO₂/Al₂O₃ (AHA)-stacked dielectrics. Because of the remarkable charge-trapping ability of carriers in the AHA stack, the MoS₂/PdSe₂ channel exhibits a high program/erase current ratio of 10⁵ and a memory window exceeding 20 V. Moreover, the photovoltaic mode of the MoS₂/PdSe₂ Schottky diode can be operated and manipulable, resulting in high and distinct responsivities in the visible broadband. Interestingly, the linear polarization of the device can be modulated under program/erase states, enabling the reconfigurable capability of linearly polarized photodetection. This study demonstrates a new prototype heterostructure-based photodetector with the capability of both tunable responsivity and linear polarization, demonstrating great potential application toward reconfigurable photosensing and polarization-resolved imaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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11 pages, 4207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Respiration Monitoring Using Humidity Sensor Based on Hydrothermally Synthesized Two-Dimensional MoS₂

by Gwangsik Hong, Mi Eun Kim, Jun Sik Lee, Ja-Yeon Kim and Min-Ki Kwon

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1826; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221826 - 14 Nov 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1993

Abstract

Breathing is the process of exchanging gases between the human body and the surrounding environment. It plays a vital role in maintaining human health, sustaining life, and supporting various bodily functions. Unfortunately, current methods for monitoring respiration are impractical for medical applications because of their high costs and need for bulky equipment. When measuring changes in moisture during respiration, we observed a slow response time for 2D nanomaterial-based resistance measurement methods used in respiration sensors. Through thermal annealing, the crystal structure of MoS₂ is transformed from 1T@2H to 2H, allowing the measurement of respiration at more than 30 cycles per minute and enabling analysis of the response. This study highlights the potential of two-dimensional nanomaterials for the development of low-cost and highly sensitive humidity and respiration sensors for various applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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16 pages, 6674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First-Principles Study of χ₃-Borophene as a Candidate for Gas Sensing and the Removal of Harmful Gases

by Jia-Xing Duan, Yu-Ping Tian, Chao-Bo Wang and Lian-Lian Zhang

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(14), 2117; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13142117 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2191

Abstract

The potential application of borophene as a sensing material for gas-sensing devices is investigated in this work. We utilize density functional theory (DFT) to systematically study the adsorption mechanism and sensing performance of χ₃-borophene to search for high-sensitivity sensors for minor pollutant gases. We compare the results to those for two Pmmn borophenes. The first-principles calculations are used to analyze the sensing performance of the three different borophenes (2 Pmmn borophene, 8 Pmmn borophene, and χ₃-borophene) on five leading harmful gases (CO, NH₃, SO₂, H₂S, and NO₂). The adsorption configuration, adsorption energy, and electronic properties of χ₃-borophene are investigated. Our results indicate that the mechanism of adsorption on χ₃-borophene is chemisorption for NO₂ and physisorption for SO₂ and H₂S. The mode of adsorption of CO and NH₃ on χ₃-borophene can be both physisorption and chemisorption, depending on the initially selected sites. Analyses of the charge transfer and density of states show that χ₃-borophene is selective toward the adsorption of harmful gases and that N and O atoms form covalent bonds when chemisorbed on the surface of χ₃-borophene. An interesting phenomenon is that when 8 Pmmn borophene adsorbs SO₂, the gas molecules are dismembered and strongly adsorb on the surface of 8 Pmmn borophene, which provides a way of generating O₂ while adsorbing harmful substances. Overall, the results of this work demonstrate the potential applications of borophene as a sensing material for harmful gas sensing or removal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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13 pages, 4171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Broadband Optical Properties of Bi₂Se₃

by Georgy A. Ermolaev, Ivan S. Vyslanko, Andrey P. Tselin, Marwa A. El-Sayed, Mikhail K. Tatmyshevskiy, Aleksandr S. Slavich, Dmitry I. Yakubovsky, Mikhail S. Mironov, Arslan B. Mazitov, Amir Eghbali, Daria A. Panova, Roman I. Romanov, Andrey M. Markeev, Ivan A. Kruglov, Sergey M. Novikov, Andrey A. Vyshnevyy, Aleksey V. Arsenin and Valentyn S. Volkov

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(9), 1460; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091460 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3027

Abstract

Materials with high optical constants are of paramount importance for efficient light manipulation in nanophotonics applications. Recent advances in materials science have revealed that van der Waals (vdW) materials have large optical responses owing to strong in-plane covalent bonding and weak out-of-plane vdW interactions. However, the optical constants of vdW materials depend on numerous factors, e.g., synthesis and transfer method. Here, we demonstrate that in a broad spectral range (290–3300 nm) the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k of Bi₂Se₃ are almost independent of synthesis technology, with only a

~

10% difference in n and k between synthesis approaches, unlike other vdW materials, such as MoS₂, which has a

~

60% difference between synthesis approaches. As a practical demonstration, we showed, using the examples of biosensors and therapeutic nanoparticles, that this slight difference in optical constants results in reproducible efficiency in Bi₂Se₃-based photonic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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7 pages, 1727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct CVD Growth of Transferable 3D Graphene for Sensitive and Flexible SERS Sensor

by Su Han Kim, Shiru Jiang and Sang-Shin Lee

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(6), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13061029 - 13 Mar 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2449

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) graphene (Gr) has been successfully grown on a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) with very low mismatch between Gr and the sapphire nanostructure through metal-catalyst-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD). However, the transfer of the 3D Gr film without compromising the structural integrity of Gr is challenging because of the low etching rate of PSS. For easy and high-quality transfer of 3D Gr, we propose to coat a transfer-support layer (TSL) on PSS before direct CVD growth of 3D Gr. The TSL is directly deposited on PSS by atomic layer deposition without causing any structural changes in the substrate, as verified through atomic force microscopy (AFM). Few-layer 3D Gr is conformally produced along the surface of the TSL/PSS and successfully transferred onto a flexible substrate through wet-etching transfer, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, AFM, and Raman spectroscopy studies. We also present the fabrication of a sensitive and flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor based on 3D Gr on PMMA with high detection performance for low concentrations of R6G (10⁻⁹ M). The proposed transfer method with TSL is expected to broaden the use of 3D graphene in next-generation device applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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13 pages, 2947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Simulation of a Ratiometric SPR Sensor Based on a 2D van der Waals Heterojunction for Refractive Index Measurement

by Jun Zhou, Xiantong Yu, Lianzhen Zhang, Xuejing Liu, Youjun Zeng and Xuedian Zhang

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030515 - 27 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1663

Abstract

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have been widely applied in many fields because of their advantages of working in real time and high sensitivity. However, because the spectrum of an SPR sensor is easily affected by the smoothness of the metal surface, this type of sensor has obvious disadvantages in the application of quantitative detection. We designed an SPR refractive index sensor for molecular detection that has the advantage of quantifiability. A ratio spectral quantitative analysis method was established based on the two coherent dips of the SPR spectrum formed by the strong coupling effect between the surface plasmon polaritons and the excitons of the J-aggregate molecule 5,6-dichloro-2–[3–[5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-3–(4-sulfobutyl)–2-benzimidazoline subunit] propenyl]–3-ethyl-1–(4-sulfobutyl) benzimidazole hydroxide inner salt (TDBC). The introduced MoS₂/graphene van der Waals heterojunction produced an effective charge transfer to the Ag film, resulting in significant electric field enhancement at the sensing interface and further improving the detection sensitivity of the sensor. The simulation results showed that for 43 nm Ag film, for example, the ratiometric SPR sensor with the Ag film structure can obtain 16.12 RIU⁻¹ sensing sensitivity, applied to the detection of gas molecules, while the SPR sensor with single-layer graphene and three layers of MoS₂ heterostructures can obtain 50.68 RIU⁻¹ sensing sensitivity. The addition of van der Waals heterostructures can significantly improve sensing performance by 215%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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11 pages, 2416 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pixelated Micropolarizer Array Based on Carbon Nanotube Films

by Hui Zhang, Yanji Yi, Yibin Wang, Huwang Hou, Ting Meng, Peng Zhang and Yang Zhao

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030391 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1773

Abstract

A micropolarizer array (MPA) that can be integrated into a scientific camera is proposed as a real-time polarimeter that is capable of extracting the polarization parameters. The MPA is based on highly aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) films inspired by their typical anisotropy and selectivity for light propagation over a wide spectral range. The MPA contains a dual-tier CNT pixel plane with 0° and 45° orientations. The thickness of the dual-tier structure of the CNT-based MPA is limited to less than 2 μm with a pixel size of 7.45 μm × 7.45 μm. The degree of polarization of the CNT-MPA reached 93% at a 632 nm wavelength. The specific designs in structure and semiconductor fabrication procedures are described. Compared with customary MPAs, CNT-based MPA holds great potential in decreasing the cross-talk risk associated with lower film thickness and can be extended to a wide spectral range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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12 pages, 5293 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Green Extraction of Graphene from Natural Mineral Shungite

by Anastasia Novikova and Alina Karabchevsky

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(24), 4356; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12244356 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2320

Abstract

Conventional fabrication methods to produce graphene are cumbersome, expensive, and not ecologically friendly. This is due to the fact that the processing of a large volume of raw materials requires large amounts of acids and alkalis which, in turn, require special disposal. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new technologies or to refine existing ones for the production of graphene—and to create new, ecologically-safe and effective methods. Here, we utilized physical sonication to extract graphene films from natural mineral shungite rock. From our study of the structure of shungite by Raman spectrometry and X-ray phase analysis, we found that shungite is characterized by graphite-like mineral structures. Transmission electron microscopy images obtained from the processed material revealed graphene films—with surfaces as small as 200 nanometers long and several layers wide. Our green method of fabicating graphene can be widely used in a variety of fields, from electro-optics to ecology, to list a few. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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10 pages, 4099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green-Graphene Protective Overlayer on Optical Microfibers: Prolongs the Device Lifetime

by Anastasia Novikova, Aviad Katiyi, Aviran Halstuch and Alina Karabchevsky

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(17), 2915; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12172915 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1605

Abstract

Optical microfibers find new applications in various fields of industry, which in turn require wear resistance, environmental friendliness and ease of use. However, optical microfibers are fragile. Here we report a new method to prolong the microfiber lifetime by modifying its surface with green-extracted graphene overlayers. Graphene films were obtained by dispergation of shungite mineral samples in an aqueous medium. For this, we tapered optical fibers and sculptured them with graphene films mixed with gold nanoparticles. We observed that due to the surface modification the lifetime and survivability of the microfiber increased 5 times, as compared to the bare microfiber. The embedded gold nanoparticles can also be utilized for enhanced sensitivity and other applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

60 pages, 16927 KiB

Open AccessReview

1D/2D Heterostructures: Synthesis and Application in Photodetectors and Sensors

by Yuqian Liu, Yihao Lin, Yanbo Hu, Wenzhao Wang, Yiming Chen, Zihui Liu, Da Wan and Wugang Liao

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(21), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14211724 - 29 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1990

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor components have excellent physical attributes, such as excellent mechanical ductility, high mobility, low dielectric constant, and tunable bandgap, which have attracted much attention to the fields of flexible devices, optoelectronic conversion, and microelectronic devices. Additionally, one-dimensional (1D) semiconductor materials with unique physical attributes, such as high surface area and mechanical potency, show great potential in many applications. However, isolated 1D and 2D materials often do not meet the demand for multifunctionality. Therefore, more functionality is achieved by reconstructing new composite structures from 1D and 2D materials, and according to the current study, it has been demonstrated that hybrid dimensional integration yields a significant enhancement in performance and functionality, which is widely promising in the field of constructing novel electronic and optoelectronic nanodevices. In this review, we first briefly introduce the preparation methods of 1D materials, 2D materials, and 1D/2D heterostructures, as well as their advantages and limitations. The applications of 1D/2D heterostructures in photodetectors, gas sensors, pressure and strain sensors, as well as photoelectrical synapses and biosensors are then discussed, along with the opportunities and challenges of their current applications. Finally, the outlook of the emerging field of 1D/2D heterojunction structures is given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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32 pages, 11348 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Trends in Nanomaterials for Metal Oxide-Based Conductometric Gas Sensors: Advantages and Limitations—Part 2: Porous 2D Nanomaterials

by Ghenadii Korotcenkov and Valeri P. Tolstoy

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13020237 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3054

Abstract

This article discusses the features of the synthesis and application of porous two-dimensional nanomaterials in developing conductometric gas sensors based on metal oxides. It is concluded that using porous 2D nanomaterials and 3D structures based on them is a promising approach to improving the parameters of gas sensors, such as sensitivity and the rate of response. The limitations that may arise when using 2D structures in gas sensors intended for the sensor market are considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for Advanced Sensors: Fabrication and Applications)

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