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A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 24198

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Dr. Salman Saleem

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Department of Mathematics, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
Interests: fluid mechanics; nanolfuids; energy storage; lubrications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In last two decades, advances in nanotechnology and nanomaterials have led to the development of new class of heat transfer fluids (Nanofluids) containing nanoparticles (nano-meter sized) usually made up of metals, carbides, oxides or carbon nanotubes. Among other methods to increase heat transfer efficiency, one way is to increase the thermal conductivity of the working fluid. Nanofluids exhibit superior heat transfer characteristics to conventional heat transfer fluids. Due to these enhanced properties, nanofluids are used in several electronic applications (cooling of microchips, fluidic digital display devices, micro-electromechanical systems, micro-reactors, etc.), pharmaceutical processes, transportation industry, in biomedical (Nano drug delivery, cancer therapeutics, cryopreservation, nano cryosurgery, sensing and imaging, etc.) and many others. A nanofluid coolant could flow through tiny passages in MEMS to improve its efficiency. Nanofluids can be used to cool automobile engines and welding equipment and to cool high heat-flux devices such as high power microwave tubes and high-power laser diode arrays. Explicitly, ethylene glycol-based nanofluid is used as a medium for convective heat transfer in liquid cooled computers and automobiles.

The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the impact of new research on heat transfer with nanofluid properties.

Dr. Salman Saleem
Guest Editor

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Keywords

nanomaterials
heat transfer enhancement
mathematical modeling
hybrid nanostructures
thermal radiation
engineering problems in fluid mechanics
convection

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

31 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computer Simulations of EMHD Casson Nanofluid Flow of Blood through an Irregular Stenotic Permeable Artery: Application of Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li Correlations

by Rishu Gandhi, Bhupendra Kumar Sharma, Nidhish Kumar Mishra and Qasem M. Al-Mdallal

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(4), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13040652 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 2595

Abstract

A novel analysis of the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) non-Newtonian nanofluid blood flow incorporating CuO and Al

_{2}

_{3}

nanoparticles through a permeable walled diseased artery having irregular stenosis and an aneurysm is analyzed in this paper. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is [...] Read more.

A novel analysis of the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) non-Newtonian nanofluid blood flow incorporating CuO and Al

_{2}

_{3}

nanoparticles through a permeable walled diseased artery having irregular stenosis and an aneurysm is analyzed in this paper. The non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is addressed by the Casson fluid model. The effective viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluids are calculated using the Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li model, which takes into account the Brownian motion of nanoparticles. The mild stenosis approximation is employed to reduce the bi-directional flow of blood to uni-directional. The blood flow is influenced by an electric field along with a magnetic field perpendicular to the blood flow. The governing mathematical equations are solved using Crank-Nicolson finite difference approach. The model has been developed and validated by comparing the current results to previously published benchmarks that are peculiar to this study. The results are utilized to investigate the impact of physical factors on momentum diffusion and heat transfer. The Nusselt number escalates with increasing CuO nanoparticle diameter and diminishing the diameter of Al

_{2}

_{3}

nanoparticles. The relative % variation in Nusselt number enhances with Magnetic number, whereas a declining trend is obtained for the electric field parameter. The present study’s findings may be helpful in the diagnosis of hemodynamic abnormalities and the fields of nano-hemodynamics, nano-pharmacology, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and blood purification systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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18 pages, 4016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EMHD Nanofluid Flow with Radiation and Variable Heat Flux Effects along a Slandering Stretching Sheet

by Aamir Ali, Hajra Safdar Khan, Salman Saleem and Muhammad Hussan

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3872; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213872 - 2 Nov 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 1891

Abstract

Nanofluids have gained prominence due to their superior thermo-physical properties. The current paper deals with MHD nanofluid flow over a non-linear stretchable surface of varying thickness in the presence of an electric field. We investigated the effects of nanometer-sized copper (Cu) particles in water (base fluid) as a nanofluid, as well as non-linear thermal radiation, variable fluid viscosity, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and non-uniform heat flux. The current study’s aim is influenced by the immense applications in industry and machine building. It has been observed that linear stretching sheets have been extensively used in heat transfer research. Moreover, no effort has been made yet to model a non-linear stretching sheet with variable thickness. Furthermore, the effects of electromagnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid with the cumulative impact of thermal radiation, variable viscosity, viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and variable heat flux have been investigated. Sheets with variable thicknesses are practically significant in real-life applications and are being used in metallurgical engineering, appliance structures and patterns, atomic reactor mechanization and paper production. To investigate the physical features of the problem, we first examined the model and identified all the physical properties of the problem. This problem has been formulated using basic laws and governing equations. The partial differential equations (PDEs) that govern the flow are converted into a system of non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODE’s), using appropriate transformations. The Adam–Bashforth predictor-corrector technique and Mathematica software are utilized to numerically solve the resulting non-dimensionalized system. The interaction of various developing parameters with the flow is described graphically for temperature and velocity profiles. It is concluded that the velocity of nanoparticles declines as the intensity of the magnetic field increases. However, the temperature of the nanomaterials rises, as increasing the values of the electric field also increases the velocity distribution. The radiation parameter enhances the temperature field. The temperature of the fluid increases the occurrence of space- and time-dependent parameters for heat generation and absorption and radiation parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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20 pages, 5714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Transport during Colloidal Mixture of Water with Al₂O₃-SiO₂ Nanoparticles within Porous Medium: Semi-Analytical Solutions

by Hashim, Muhammad Hafeez, Nidhal Ben Khedher, Sayed Mohamed Tag-EIDin and Mowffaq Oreijah

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(20), 3688; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203688 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1595

Abstract

In recent years, energy consumption has become an essential aspect in the manufacturing industry, and low heat transfer is one of the obstacles that affect the quality of the final product. This situation can be managed by suspending nanoparticles into ordinary heat transferring fluid (the base fluid). This newly prepared colloidal suspension has better heat transport capabilities. Keeping such usage of nanofluids in mind, this research was performed to better understand the heat transport characteristics during flow analysis saturated in porous media subject to Al2O3-SiO2/water hybrid nanofluids. This flow problem was generated by a stretching/shrinking surface. The surface of the sheet was under the influence of mass suction and second-order partial slip. The boundary layer flow was formulated in a system of partial differential equations by utilizing basic conservation laws in conjunction with the Tiwari and Das nanofluid model. Then, the appropriate form of the similarity transformation was adapted to transform the model into a system of ordinary differential equations. The built-in function, i.e., the bvp4c function in the MATLAB software, solved the reduced form of the boundary layer model. The novelty of this study lay in the predicting of two different exact and numerical solutions for both the flow and temperature fields. The computed results showed that the medium porosity as well as the nanoparticle volume fraction widened the existence range of the dual solutions. In addition, the investigational output exposed the fact that the temperature fields were significantly enhanced by the higher nanoparticle volume fraction. Moreover, the outcomes of this study showed a superb correlation with existing works. The present results can be utilized in various branches of science and engineering such as the polymer industry and in the treatment of different diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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13 pages, 6010 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Transfer of Magnetohydrodynamic Stratified Dusty Fluid Flow through an Inclined Irregular Porous Channel

by Gajendran Kalpana and Salman Saleem

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3309; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193309 - 23 Sep 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1510

Abstract

The primary objective of the study is to explore the phenomena of dusty fluid flow through an inclined irregular channel under the impact of the transversely applied magnetic field of fixed strength. The density and viscosity of the working fluid are assumed to vary along with the height of the channel as it behaves as a replica of many real world mechanisms. Hence, a stratified dusty fluid through a channel that tilts to an angle

θ

is the main objective of the present study. The prescribed flow is mathematically modeled and it is approached numerically under two distinct boundary conditions. The finite difference technique is employed to discretize the system of equations and solved using the Thomas algorithm. The velocity and temperature fields are discussed for different pertinent parameters which influence the flow. The friction factor and heat transfer rate are discussed as it has been a subject of interest in recent decades. The results show that the stratification decay parameter leads to enhancement in the momentum of the fluid flow. The temperature field is found to be higher in the convective boundary than the Navier slip boundary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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20 pages, 4461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Double Diffusive Convection and Inclined Magnetic Field on the Peristaltic Flow of Fourth Grade Nanofluids in a Non-Uniform Channel

by Yasir Khan, Safia Akram, Alia Razia, Anwar Hussain and H. A. Alsulaimani

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(17), 3037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12173037 - 1 Sep 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 1528

Abstract

This study explored the impact of double diffusive convection and inclined magnetic field in nanofluids on the peristaltic pumping of fourth grade fluid in non-uniform channels. Firstly, a brief mathematical model of fourth grade fluid along inclined magnetic fields and thermal and concentration convection in nanofluids was developed. A lubrication approach was used to simplify the highly non-linear partial differential equations. An analytical technique was then used to solve the highly non-linear differential equations. The exact solutions for the temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction and concentration were calculated. Numerical and graphical outcomes were also examined to see the effects of the different physical parameters of the flow quantities. It was noted that as the impact of Brownian motion increased, the density of the nanoparticles also increased, which led to an increase in the nanoparticle fraction. Additionally, it could be observed that as the effects of thermophoresis increased, the fluid viscosity decreased, which lowered the fraction of nanoparticles that was made up of less dense particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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14 pages, 11092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lid-Driven Chamber with 3D Elliptical Obstacle under the Impacts of the Nano-Properties of the Fluid, Lorentz Force, Thermal Buoyancy, and Space Porosity

by Houssem Laidoudi, Aissa Abderrahmane, Abdulkafi Mohammed Saeed, Kamel Guedri, Obai Younis, Riadh Marzouki, Jae Dong Chung and Nehad Ali Shah

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2373; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142373 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1599

Abstract

In this work, we have performed an investigation to increase our understanding of the motion of a hybrid nanofluid trapped inside a three-dimensional container. The room also includes a three-dimensional heated obstacle of an elliptic cross-section. The top wall of space is horizontally movable and adiabatic, while the lower part is zigzagged and thermally insulated as well. The lateral walls are cold. The container’s space is completely replete with Al2O3-Cu/water; the concentration of nanoparticles is 4%. The space is also characterized by the permeability, which is given by the value of the Darcy number (limited between 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻²). This studied system is immersed in a magnetic field with an intensity is defined in terms of Hartmann number (limited between 0 and 100). The thermal buoyancy has a constant impact (Gr = 1000). This study investigates the influences of these parameters and the inclination angle of the obstacle on the heat transfer coefficient and entropy generation. The Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) was the principal technique for obtaining the solution of the main partial equations. Findings from our work may be exploited to depict the conditions for which the system is effective in thermal cooling and the case in which the system is effective in thermal insulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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18 pages, 2893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Dipole and Thermophoretic Particle Deposition Impact on Bioconvective Oldroyd-B Fluid Flow over a Stretching Surface with Cattaneo–Christov Heat Flux

by Seemab Bashir, Muhammad Ramzan, Hassan Ali S. Ghazwani, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar, C. Ahamed Saleel and Anas Abdelrahman

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(13), 2181; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12132181 - 25 Jun 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 1735

Abstract

This study emphasizes the performance of two-dimensional electrically non-conducting Oldroyd-B fluid flowing across a stretching sheet with thermophoretic particle deposition. The heat and mass transfer mechanisms are elaborated in the presence of a magnetic dipole, which acts as an external magnetic field. The fluid possesses magnetic characteristics due to the presence of ferrite particles. The gyrotactic microorganisms are considered to keep the suspended ferromagnetic particles stable. Cattaneo–Christov heat flux is cogitated instead of the conventional Fourier law. Further, to strengthen the heat transfer and mass transfer processes, thermal stratification and chemical reaction are employed. Appropriate similarity transformations are applied to convert highly nonlinear coupled partial differential equations into non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To numerically solve these ODEs, an excellent MATLAB bvp4c approach is used. The physical behavior of important parameters and their graphical representations are thoroughly examined. The tables are presented to address the thermophoretic particle velocity deposition, rate of heat flux, and motile microorganisms’ density number. The results show that the rate of heat transfer decreases as the value of the thermal relaxation time parameter surges. Furthermore, when the thermophoretic coefficient increases, the velocity of thermophoretic deposition decreases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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15 pages, 5938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling Entropy in Magnetized Flow of Eyring–Powell Nanofluid through Nonlinear Stretching Surface with Chemical Reaction: A Finite Element Method Approach

by Salman Saleem, Degavath Gopal, Nehad Ali Shah, Nosheen Feroz, Naikoti Kishan, Jae Dong Chung and Saleha Safdar

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(11), 1811; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111811 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 1880

Abstract

The present paper explores the two-dimensional (2D) incompressible mixed-convection flow of magneto-hydrodynamic Eyring–Powell nanofluid through a nonlinear stretching surface in the occurrence of a chemical reaction, entropy generation, and Bejan number effects. The main focus is on the quantity of energy that is lost during any irreversible process of entropy generation. The system of entropy generation was examined with energy efficiency. The set of higher-order non-linear partial differential equations are transformed by utilizing non-dimensional parameters into a set of dimensionless ordinary differential equations. The set of ordinary differential equations are solved numerically with the help of the finite element method (FEM). The illustrative set of computational results of Eyring–Powell (E–P) flow on entropy generation, Bejan number, velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions, as well as physical quantities are influenced by several dimensionless physical parameters that are also presented graphically and in table-form and discussed in detail. It is shown that the Schemit number increases alongside an increase in temperature, but the opposite trend occurs in the Prandtl number. Bejan number and entropy generation decline with the effect of the concentration diffusion parameter, and the results are shown in graphs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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21 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significance of Dust Particles, Nanoparticles Radius, Coriolis and Lorentz Forces: The Case of Maxwell Dusty Fluid

by Yanming Wei, Saif Ur Rehman, Nageen Fatima, Bagh Ali, Liaqat Ali, Jae Dong Chung and Nehad Ali Shah

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1512; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091512 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 2765

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the momentum and thermal transport of a rotating dusty Maxwell nanofluid flow on a magnetohydrodynamic Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium with conducting dust particles. Nanouids are the most important source of effective heat source, having many applications in scientific and technological processes. The dust nanoparticles with superior thermal characteristics offer a wide range of uses in chemical and mechanical engineering eras and modern technology. In addition, nanofluid Cu-water is used as the heat-carrying fluid. The governing equations for the two phases model are partial differential equations later transmuted into ordinary ones via similarity transforms. An efficient code for the Runge–Kutta technique with a shooting tool is constructed in MATLAB script to obtain numeric results. The study is compared to previously published work and determined to be perfect. It is observed that the rising strength of the rotating and magnetic parameters cause to recede the x- and y-axis velocities in the two phase fluid, but the temperature function exhibits an opposite trend. By improving the diameter of nanoparticles

D_{m}

, the axial velocity improves while transverse velocity and temperature show the opposite behaviors. Furthermore, it is reported that the inclusion of dust particles or nanoparticles both cause to decline the primary and secondary velocities of fluid, and also dust particles decrease the temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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13 pages, 6981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Transfer of Hybrid Nanomaterials Base Maxwell Micropolar Fluid Flow over an Exponentially Stretching Surface

by Piyu Li, Faisal Z. Duraihem, Aziz Ullah Awan, A. Al-Zubaidi, Nadeem Abbas and Daud Ahmad

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(7), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12071207 - 4 Apr 2022

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 2273

Abstract

A numerical investigation of three-dimensional hybrid nanomaterial micropolar fluid flow across an exponentially stretched sheet is performed. Recognized similarity transformations are adopted to convert governing equations from PDEs into the set ODEs. The dimensionless system is settled by the operating numerical approach bvp4c. The impacts of the nanoparticle volume fraction, dimensionless viscosity ratio, stretching ratio parameter, and dimensionless constant on fluid velocity, micropolar angular velocity, fluid temperature, and skin friction coefficient in both x-direction and y-direction are inspected. Graphical outcomes are shown to predict the features of the concerned parameters into the current problem. These results are vital in the future in the branches of technology and industry. The micropolar function

R (η)

increases for higher values of the micropolar parameter and nanoparticle concentration. Micropolar function

R (η)

declines for higher values of the micropolar parameter and nanoparticle concentration. Temperature function is enhanced for higher values of solid nanoparticle concentration. Temperature function declines for higher values of the micropolar parameter. The range of the physical parameters are presented as:

0.005 < ϕ_{2} < 0.09, P r = 6.2, 0 < K < 2, 0 < a < 2.0, ϕ_{1} = 0.1, and 0 < c < 1.5

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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22 pages, 4666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Smoluchowski Temperature and Maxwell Velocity Slip Conditions on Axisymmetric Rotated Flow of Hybrid Nanofluid past a Porous Moving Rotating Disk

by Umair Khan, Aurang Zaib, Iskandar Waini, Anuar Ishak, El-Sayed M. Sherif, Wei-Feng Xia and Noor Muhammad

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(2), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12020276 - 15 Jan 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2394

Abstract

Colloidal suspensions of regular fluids and nanoparticles are known as nanofluids. They have a variety of applications in the medical field, including cell separation, drug targeting, destruction of tumor tissue, and so on. On the other hand, the dispersion of multiple nanoparticles into a regular fluid is referred to as a hybrid nanofluid. It has a variety of innovative applications such as microfluidics, heat dissipation, dynamic sealing, damping, and so on. Because of these numerous applications of nanofluids in minds, therefore, the objective of the current exploration divulged the axisymmetric radiative flow and heat transfer induced by hybrid nanofluid impinging on a porous stretchable/shrinkable rotating disc. In addition, the impact of Smoluchowski temperature and Maxwell velocity slip boundary conditions are also invoked. The hybrid nanofluid was formed by mixing the copper (Cu) and alumina (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles scattered in the regular (viscous) base fluid (H₂O). Similarity variables are used to procure the similarity equations, and the numerical outcomes are achieved using bvp4c in MATLAB software. According to the findings, double solutions are feasible for stretching

(λ > 0)

and shrinking cases

(λ < 0)

. The heat transfer rate is accelerated as the hybrid nanoparticles increases. The suction parameter enhances the friction factors as well as heat transfer rate. Moreover, the friction factor in the radial direction and heat transfer enrich for the first solution and moderate for the second outcome due to the augmentation

δ_{1}

, while the trend of the friction factor in the radial direction is changed only in the case of stretching for both branches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Heat Transfer with Properties of Nanofluids)

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