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Nutrition and Glucose Homeostasis—2nd Edition

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2024) | Viewed by 13774

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Ramón Gomis de Barbarà

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Guest Editor

1. Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) – Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
2. Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute – IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
3. Faculty of Health Science, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 4. Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
Interests: endocrinology; diabetes; hormones; glucose; metabolism; aging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Diana A. Díaz-Rizzolo

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Co-Guest Editor

1. Faculty of Health Science, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
2. Primary Healthcare Transversal Research Group, Institut d\'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
Interests: diabetes; glucose; metabolism; aging; chronic diseases; diet
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The nutritional management of blood glucose levels is a strategic target in the control of hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia can induce inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, among others. All this can trigger diseases such as type 2 diabetes and its complications or cardiovascular diseases. Glucose homeostasis (GH) and nutrition play a crucial role not only in disease pathogenesis and control, but also in human aging. Expanding knowledge about GH in relation to both situations through diet is key on a global level. For these reasons, this Special Issue welcomes original research articles presenting quantitative or qualitative data, but also reviews that highlight the core values of GH: disease-preventing and disease-treating, health-promoting, basic metabolism knowledge and the encouragement of healthy aging.

Considering the success of the previous Special Issue, "Nutrition and Glucose Homeostasis", we are pleased to announce that we are launching a second Special Issue on this topic. This Special Issue on “Nutrition and Glucose Homeostasis—2nd Edition” will continue to provide nutrition professionals with clear and updated evidence on glucose homeostasis.

Prof. Dr. Ramón Gomis de Barbarà
Dr. Diana A. Díaz-Rizzolo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

glycaemia
insulin resistance
carbohydrates
metabolism
diabetes
disease prevention
glucose homeostasis

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diet and Meal Pattern Determinants of Glucose Levels and Variability in Adults with and without Prediabetes or Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study

by Leinys S. Santos-Báez, Diana A. Díaz-Rizzolo, Collin J. Popp, Delaney Shaw, Keenan S. Fine, Annemarie Altomare, Marie-Pierre St-Onge, Emily N. C. Manoogian, Satchidananda Panda, Bin Cheng and Blandine Laferrère

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091295 - 26 Apr 2024

Viewed by 2411

Abstract

This observational pilot study examined the association between diet, meal pattern and glucose over a 2-week period under free-living conditions in 26 adults with dysglycemia (D-GLYC) and 14 with normoglycemia (N-GLYC). We hypothesized that a prolonged eating window and late eating occasions (EOs), along with a higher dietary carbohydrate intake, would result in higher glucose levels and glucose variability (GV). General linear models were run with meal timing with time-stamped photographs in real time, and diet composition by dietary recalls, and their variability (SD), as predictors and glucose variables (mean glucose, mean amplitude of glucose excursions [MAGE], largest amplitude of glucose excursions [LAGE] and GV) as dependent variables. After adjusting for calories and nutrients, a later eating midpoint predicted a lower GV (β = −2.3, SE = 1.0, p = 0.03) in D-GLYC, while a later last EO predicted a higher GV (β = 1.5, SE = 0.6, p = 0.04) in N-GLYC. A higher carbohydrate intake predicted a higher MAGE (β = 0.9, SE = 0.4, p = 0.02) and GV (β = 0.4, SE = 0.2, p = 0.04) in N-GLYC, but not D-GLYC. In summary, our data suggest that meal patterns interact with dietary composition and should be evaluated as potential modifiable determinants of glucose in adults with and without dysglycemia. Future research should evaluate causality with controlled diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Glucose Homeostasis—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Mediterranean Diet for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Prospective Interventional Study

by Neriya Levran, Noah Levek, Bruria Sher, Elinor Mauda-Yitzhak, Noah Gruber, Arnon Afek, Efrat Monsonego-Ornan and Orit Pinhas-Hamiel

Nutrients 2023, 15(21), 4577; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214577 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1891

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet (MED) is highly recommended. Medical nutrition therapy is the cornerstone of diabetes treatment. The primary outcome was to evaluate the change in micronutrient intake of youth with type 1 diabetes before and after a 6-month MED intervention; we also assessed adherence and glycemic control. Twenty adolescents, median age 18 years (interquartile range: 15.5–21), median diabetes duration 9 years (7–14), using continuous glucose monitoring devices, received personalized diet regimes based on MED. At 6 months post-intervention, the caloric intake remained unchanged; however, the carbohydrate proportion was lower (p = 0.058), and the intakes of some monounsaturated fats increased (p = 0.049). Sodium intake exceeded the recommended daily allowance by 250% (p = 0.653), before and after the intervention. For blood glucose, the percent TIR (time-in-range, 70–180 mg/dL) improved from 52% (38–60) to 63% (47–71) (p = 0.047). The total insulin dose decreased marginally, from 0.76 u/kg (0.64–0.97) to 0.72 u/kg (0.61–0.89) (p = 0.067). BMI z-score and waist circumference did not change (p = 0.316 and p = 0.161, respectively). Diastolic blood pressure percentile decreased from 73% (68–88) to 69% (50–79) (p = 0.028), and LDL cholesterol from 114 mg/dL (105–134) to 104 mg/dL (96–124) (p = 0.059). The Israeli Mediterranean diet screener score increased, from 8 (7–11) to 13 points (12–14) (p < 0.001). The MED-based intervention in youth with type 1 diabetes is feasible and leads to improvement in monounsaturated fat intake, TIR, and diastolic blood pressure. Other parameters show no change (caloric intake, BMI, and HbA1c). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Glucose Homeostasis—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complementary Nutritional Improvements of Cereal-Based Products to Reduce Postprandial Glycemic Response

by Agnès Demangeat, Hugo Hornero-Ramirez, Alexandra Meynier, Philippe Sanoner, Fiona S. Atkinson, Julie-Anne Nazare and Sophie Vinoy

Nutrients 2023, 15(20), 4401; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204401 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1616

Abstract

High glycemic response (GR) is part of cardiometabolic risk factors. Dietary polyphenols, starch digestibility, and dietary fibers could play a role in modulating GR. We formulated cereal products with high dietary fibers, polyphenols, and slowly digestible starch (SDS) contents to test their impact on the glycemic index (GI) and insulin index (II). Twelve healthy subjects were randomized in a crossover-controlled study to measure the GI and II of four biscuits according to ISO-26642(2010). Two types of biscuits were enriched with dietary fibers and polyphenols and high in SDS, and two similar control biscuits with low levels of these compounds were compared. The subjects consumed 50 g of available carbohydrates from the biscuits or from a glucose solution (reference). Glycemic and insulinemic responses were monitored for 2 h after the start of the consumption. The two enriched biscuits led to low GI and II (GI: 46 ± 5 SEM and 43 ± 4 SEM and II: 54 ± 5 SEM and 45 ± 3 SEM) when controls had moderate GI and II (GI: 57 ± 5 SEM and 58 ± 5 SEM and II: 61 ± 4 SEM and 61 ± 4 SEM). A significant difference of 11 and 15 units between the GI of enriched and control products was obtained. These differences may be explained by the polyphenol contents and high SDS levels in enriched products as well as potentially the dietary fiber content. This study provides new proposals of food formulations to induce beneficial health effects which need to be confirmed in a longer-term study in the context of the SINFONI consortium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Glucose Homeostasis—2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 18012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding High-Fat Diet Accelerates Development of Peripheral and Central Insulin Resistance and Inflammation and Worsens AD-like Pathology in APP/PS1 Mice

by Anna Mengr, Veronika Strnadová, Štěpán Strnad, Vladimír Vrkoslav, Helena Pelantová, Marek Kuzma, Thomas Comptdaer, Blanka Železná, Jaroslav Kuneš, Marie-Christine Galas, Andrea Pačesová and Lenka Maletínská

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3690; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173690 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2434

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive brain disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated Tau protein and neuroinflammation. Previous research has shown that obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, underlined by insulin resistance (IR), are risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, obesity-induced peripheral and central IR and inflammation were studied in relation to AD-like pathology in the brains and periphery of APP/PS1 mice, a model of Aβ pathology, fed a high-fat diet (HFD). APP/PS1 mice and their wild-type controls fed either a standard diet or HFD were characterized at the ages of 3, 6 and 10 months by metabolic parameters related to obesity via mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry to quantify how obesity affected AD pathology. The HFD induced substantial peripheral IR leading to central IR. APP/PS1-fed HFD mice had more pronounced IR, glucose intolerance and liver steatosis than their WT controls. The HFD worsened Aβ pathology in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 mice and significantly supported both peripheral and central inflammation. This study reveals a deleterious effect of obesity-related mild peripheral inflammation and prediabetes on the development of Aβ and Tau pathology and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Glucose Homeostasis—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 2191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individual Postprandial Glycemic Responses to Meal Types by Different Carbohydrate Levels and Their Associations with Glycemic Variability Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring

by Jiwoo Song, Tae Jung Oh and YoonJu Song

Nutrients 2023, 15(16), 3571; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163571 - 13 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4539

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate individual postprandial glycemic responses (PPGRs) to meal types with varying carbohydrate levels and examine their associations with 14-day glycemic variability using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in young adults. In a two-week intervention study with 34 participants connected to CGM, four meal types and glucose 75 g were tested. PPGRs were recorded for up to 2 h with a 15 min interval after meals. Data-driven cluster analysis was used to group individual PPGRs for each meal type, and correlation analysis was performed of 14-day glycemic variability and control with related factors. Participants had a mean age of 22.5 years, with 22.8% being male. Four meal types were chosen according to carbohydrate levels. The mean glucose excursion for all meal types, except the fruit bowl, exhibited a similar curve with attenuation. Individuals classified as high responders for each meal type exhibited sustained peak glucose levels for a longer duration compared to low responders, especially in meals with carbohydrate contents above 50%. A meal with 45% carbohydrate content showed no correlation with either 14-day glycemic variability or control. Understanding the glycemic response to carbohydrate-rich meals and adopting a meal-based approach when planning diets are crucial to improving glycemic variability and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Glucose Homeostasis—2nd Edition)

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