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Nutrients
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Childhood Obesity and Diabetes
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Childhood Obesity and Diabetes

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Obesity".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2022) | Viewed by 5659

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Enza Mozzillo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, Regional Center of Pediatric Diabetes, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
Interests: pediatric diabetes; obesity; nutrition; exercise science

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Childhood obesity has been increasing in recent decades, becoming a major public health problem and affecting million girls and boys worldwide. School closures and social-distancing measures have increased the exposure to obesogenic environments. Obese children are at higher risk than others of developing related metabolic and psychological conditions, experiencing pervasive weight bias and stigma as well. Obesity decreases life expectancy and has a considerable economic impact due to high costs for medications and hospitalizations in adulthood. Effective preventing treatments are needed to treat obesity in children and young adults. The lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the spread of childhood obesity and consequently of type 2 diabetes in pediatric age. In fact, there is increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes among youth with obesity. Treatment options include lifestyle modification therapy, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. Lifestyle interventions are the first line treatment but are often ineffective due to patients' reluctance to change their habits. Pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery are limited to a few cases in pediatric age. Metformin is the chosen first-line treatment for selected affected pediatric patients, approved by the FDA, other than insulin, and recently Liraglutide. However, the literature has highlighted the potential role of nutraceuticals. Therefore, the management of type 2 diabetes and obesity in the pediatric age represents a great challenge today for pediatric clinicians.

The objective of this proposed Special Issue on “Childhood Obesity and Diabetes” is to publish selected papers (case reports, reviews, clinical and experimental studies) detailing the role of nutritional and behavioral interventions that could play a role in preventing and treating childhood obesity and its comorbidities as diabetes. Particular attention may be focused on the investigations of the biological pathways linking obesity to diabetes and the effect of new drugs and nutraceuticals on the reduction in the cardiometabolic risk of pediatric patients affected by obesity and diabetes.

Dr. Enza Mozzillo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • pediatric obesity
  • morbid obesity
  • obesity management
  • obesity prevention
  • lifestyle interventions
  • healthy lifestyle
  • nutrition
  • nutraceuticals
  • type 2 diabetes
  • insulin resistance
  • metabolic syndrome

Published Papers (3 papers)

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10 pages, 1146 KiB  
Article
Study of the Association between Thiols and Oxidative Stress Markers in Children with Obesity
by Annamaria D’Alessandro, Giovina Di Felice, Melania Manco, Anna Pastore, Simona Pezzi, Michela Mariani, Danilo Fintini, Andrea Onetti Muda and Ottavia Porzio
Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3637; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173637 - 2 Sep 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1554
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and the World Health Organization defined childhood overweight and obesity as a noncommunicable disease that represents the most serious public health challenges of the twenty-first century. Oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants causing an [...] Read more.
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and the World Health Organization defined childhood overweight and obesity as a noncommunicable disease that represents the most serious public health challenges of the twenty-first century. Oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants causing an impairment of the redox signals, is linked to the development of metabolic diseases. In addition, reactive oxygen species generated during metabolic disorder could increase inflammation, causing the development of insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We analyze serum levels of cysteine (Cys), cysteinyl-glycine (Cys-Gly), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), and other markers of oxidative stress, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (T-BARS), 8-isoprostane, and protein carbonyl in our children with obesity. Total antioxidant status was also determined. We found lower GSH and Cys-Gly levels, and higher Hcy and oxidative stress markers levels. We also found a positive correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI), Cys, GSH, and Hcy levels, between insulin and Cys levels, and between BMI and the homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with 8-isoprostane levels. Finally, we found a correlation between age and GSH and Cys levels. The deficiency of GSH could be restored by dietary supplementation with GSH precursors, supplying an inexpensive approach to oppose oxidative stress, thus avoiding obesity complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood Obesity and Diabetes)
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11 pages, 666 KiB  
Article
Association between Obesity, Overweight, Elevated Waist Circumference, and Insulin Resistance Markers among Brazilian Adolescent Students
by Rodolfo Deusdará, Amanda de Moura Souza and Moyses Szklo
Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3487; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173487 - 24 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2159
Abstract
(1) Background: There is still controversy concerning the most effective and efficient strategy to identify insulin resistance in adolescents. We estimated the level of fasting insulin (fasting insulin equivalent, FIeq) that would replicate the strength of the associations of obesity, overweight, and waist [...] Read more.
(1) Background: There is still controversy concerning the most effective and efficient strategy to identify insulin resistance in adolescents. We estimated the level of fasting insulin (fasting insulin equivalent, FIeq) that would replicate the strength of the associations of obesity, overweight, and waist circumference with two insulin resistance markers: triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein (TG/HDL) and triglyceride/glucose (TyG); (2) Methods: We studied approximately 38,000 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, sampled from a multicenter Brazilian school-based survey, The Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, ERICA), conducted in 2013–2014. Fasting insulin equivalents for adiposity variables were calculated by dividing the beta coefficient of each adiposity measure by the fasting insulin beta coefficient from linear regression analysis according to age (12–14, 15–17 years old) and sex, and adjusted by smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, socioeconomic status, and Tanner stage; (3) Results: The FIeqs for obesity were greater than those for overweight and elevated waist circumference for both TG/HDL and TyG in early adolescence. The FIeqs for elevated WC were greater than those for obesity and overweight in adolescents aged 15 to 17 years; (4) Conclusions: Our study suggests that WC measurements might be useful to identify adolescents with insulin resistance, particularly in late adolescence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood Obesity and Diabetes)
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25 pages, 517 KiB  
Systematic Review
Short-Term Weight Gain after Tonsillectomy Does Not Lead to Overweight: A Systematic Review
by Pietro Buono, Evelina Maines, Nicolò Azzolini, Roberto Franceschi, Fedi Ludovica, Letizia Leonardi, Luisa Occhiati, Enza Mozzillo, Claudio Maffeis and Marco Marigliano
Nutrients 2024, 16(2), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020324 - 22 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1453
Abstract
Different studies and systematic reviews have reported weight increase after tonsillectomy. However, the odds of a child being overweight or obese after tonsillectomy were no different than before surgery, according to a few studies. This systematic review aims to analyze the impact of [...] Read more.
Different studies and systematic reviews have reported weight increase after tonsillectomy. However, the odds of a child being overweight or obese after tonsillectomy were no different than before surgery, according to a few studies. This systematic review aims to analyze the impact of adenotonsillectomy (TA) on weight gain and identify subgroups of children and adolescents at risk of experiencing weight gain. A systematic search included studies published in the last ten years. The PICO framework was used in the selection process, and evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. A total of 26 studies were included, and moderate–high level quality ones showed that children who underwent TA could present an increase in BMI z-score. However, this weight gain was significant in individuals younger than six years old and was considered catch-up growth in underweight subjects at baseline. In contrast, for normal-weight or overweight individuals, TA did not lead to overweight per se. At the same time, diet changes and overfeeding did not have a leading role in weight gain. In conclusion, TA may not be an independent risk factor for unfavorable weight gain in children; however, individuals who were underweight pre-operatively or younger than six years reported more weight gain after TA than expected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Childhood Obesity and Diabetes)
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