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Nutrients
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Early Nutrition and Immunity in Compromised Newborns
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Early Nutrition and Immunity in Compromised Newborns

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Pediatric Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 December 2022) | Viewed by 7332

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Gergely Toldi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
Interests: immune development; inflammation; T cells; breastfeeding

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Immune-mediated complications have a major impact on the outcome of compromised preterm and term neonates. Common neonatal pathologies, such as sepsis, chronic lung disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, or hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy all feature alterations in the immune system.

The influence of early enteral and parenteral nutrition on immune development and function, including susceptibility to infection, has become increasingly evident in recent years. However, the underlying associations and mechanisms are poorly understood. In particular, the role of breastfeeding and the effects of the evolving microbiome on the neonatal immune response, influenced by nutrition, have gained increasing attention and have significant therapeutic potential in this vulnerable population, with important implications on long-term health outcomes.

In this Special Issue, we seek submissions exploring molecular and cellular mechanisms as well as epidemiological associations between the role of nutrition and immunity in early life, with a focus on neonatal complications. Reports on relevant clinical trials and nutrition-related health outcomes are also encouraged.

Dr. Gergely Toldi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • breastmilk
  • parenteral nutrition
  • inflammation
  • infection
  • prematurity
  • perinatal complications

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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10 pages, 595 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Neonatal Regulatory T Cells
by Jessica Chun and Gergely Toldi
Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3670; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183670 - 6 Sep 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2623
Abstract
Over the first weeks of life, the neonatal gastrointestinal tract is rapidly colonised by a diverse range of microbial species that come to form the ‘gut microbiota’. Microbial colonisation of the neonatal gut is a well-established regulator of several physiological processes that contribute [...] Read more.
Over the first weeks of life, the neonatal gastrointestinal tract is rapidly colonised by a diverse range of microbial species that come to form the ‘gut microbiota’. Microbial colonisation of the neonatal gut is a well-established regulator of several physiological processes that contribute to immunological protection in postnatal life, including the development of the intestinal mucosa and adaptive immunity. However, the specific microbiota-derived signals that mediate these processes have not yet been fully characterised. Accumulating evidence suggests short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), end-products of intestinal bacterial metabolism, as one of the key mediators of immune development in early life. Critical to neonatal health is the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells that promote and maintain immunological tolerance against self and innocuous antigens. Several studies have shown that SCFAs can induce the differentiation and expansion of Tregs but also mediate pathological effects in abnormal amounts. However, the exact mechanisms through which SCFAs regulate Treg development and pathologies in early life remain poorly defined. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge surrounding SCFAs and their potential impact on the neonatal immune system with a particular focus on Tregs, and the possible mechanisms through which SCFAs achieve their immune modulatory effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Nutrition and Immunity in Compromised Newborns)
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19 pages, 2244 KiB  
Review
Nutrition and Immunity in Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury
by Hema Gandecha, Avineet Kaur, Ranveer Sanghera, Joanna Preece and Thillagavathie Pillay
Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2747; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132747 - 1 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2562
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia ischaemia (PHI), acute and chronic, may be associated with considerable adverse outcomes in the foetus and neonate. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of injury and repair associated with PHI in the perinate are not completely understood. Increasing evidence is mounting for [...] Read more.
Perinatal hypoxia ischaemia (PHI), acute and chronic, may be associated with considerable adverse outcomes in the foetus and neonate. The molecular and cellular mechanisms of injury and repair associated with PHI in the perinate are not completely understood. Increasing evidence is mounting for the role of nutrients and bioactive food components in immune development, function and repair in PHI. In this review, we explore current concepts around the neonatal immune response to PHI with a specific emphasis on the impact of nutrition in the mother, foetus and neonate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Nutrition and Immunity in Compromised Newborns)
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Other

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8 pages, 1464 KiB  
Brief Report
The Proportion of Recent Thymic Emigrant Lymphocytes in Breastfed and Formula Fed Term Neonates
by Marco Lorenzini and Gergely Toldi
Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041028 - 18 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1507
Abstract
Recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) represent a distinct T cell subset characterized by a tolerance-prone status. We have recently demonstrated that the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is nearly two-fold higher in exclusively breastfed compared with exclusively formula-fed neonates. However, it has been [...] Read more.
Recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) represent a distinct T cell subset characterized by a tolerance-prone status. We have recently demonstrated that the proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is nearly two-fold higher in exclusively breastfed compared with exclusively formula-fed neonates. However, it has been unknown whether the type of milk is also associated with the proportion of the RTE cell compartment. Cord blood (CB) and, at three weeks of age, peripheral venous blood samples were collected from 19 healthy-term neonates. A maternal blood sample was also taken. The proportion of RTEs, naïve CD4 cells, naïve RTEs, and Tregs was analyzed by flow cytometry in blood samples. RTE cell proportions were comparable between CB and 3 weeks. At both time points, there was no difference in the proportion of naïve CD4 cells, RTE CD4 cells, and naïve RTE CD4 cells between the feeding groups. The fold change of RTE cells between birth and three weeks of life was highest in mixed-fed babies. Since RTE counts were comparable across the feeding groups at birth, this most likely reflects a postnatal upregulation, to which the dual antigenic exposure to both non-inherited maternal antigens via breastmilk, as well as to other environmental antigens in formula milk, may contribute. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Nutrition and Immunity in Compromised Newborns)
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