Nutrients

Editorial

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3 pages, 180 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health

by Nadia Calabriso, Marika Massaro, Egeria Scoditti and Maria Annunziata Carluccio

Nutrients 2023, 15(12), 2650; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122650 - 6 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1983

Abstract

Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites derived from the shikimate/phenylpropanoid pathway, protecting plants from physical, chemical and biological stress [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

Research

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21 pages, 2581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenols from Olive-Mill Wastewater and Biological Activity: Focus on Irritable Bowel Syndrome

by Francesca Curci, Filomena Corbo, Maria Lisa Clodoveo, Lara Salvagno, Antonio Rosato, Ivan Corazza, Roberta Budriesi, Matteo Micucci and Laura Beatrice Mattioli

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061264 - 16 Mar 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3486

Abstract

Waste represents a cost for companies, in particular for agro-food companies, which can become a resource as a secondary material. In this work, we examine three products of olive-oil waste water, named MOMAST^® (Plus30, PW25, and HY100). Based [...] Read more.

Waste represents a cost for companies, in particular for agro-food companies, which can become a resource as a secondary material. In this work, we examine three products of olive-oil waste water, named MOMAST^® (Plus30, PW25, and HY100). Based on the chemical composition, obtained with different methods, we hypothesized a possible application as food supplements in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We therefore studied MOMASTs on some targets linked to this pathology: antioxidant action and spontaneous and induced intestinal contractility of the ileum and colon. Plus30, which showed a more promising biological of activity also for its oleuropein content, was characterized by an interesting action against some microorganisms. The results highlighted the ability of Plus30 to modulate spontaneous and induced contractility, to exert a good antioxidant action, and to significantly act on various microorganisms. These effects are synergistic in the presence of antibiotics. In conclusion, we can confirm that Plus30 could be a great candidate as a food supplement in patients with IBS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

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20 pages, 3116 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Grape Pomace Extract Attenuates Inflammatory Response in Intestinal Epithelial and Endothelial Cells: Potential Health-Promoting Properties in Bowel Inflammation

by Nadia Calabriso, Marika Massaro, Egeria Scoditti, Tiziano Verri, Amilcare Barca, Carmela Gerardi, Giovanna Giovinazzo and Maria Annunziata Carluccio

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061175 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5191

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) implies the chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, combined with systemic vascular manifestations. In IBD, the incidence of cardiovascular disease appears to be related to an increase of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Grape pomace contains high levels of [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) implies the chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, combined with systemic vascular manifestations. In IBD, the incidence of cardiovascular disease appears to be related to an increase of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Grape pomace contains high levels of anti-oxidant polyphenols that are able to counteract chronic inflammatory symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine whether grape pomace polyphenolic extract (GPE) was able to mitigate the overwhelming inflammatory response in enterocyte-like cells and to improve vascular function. Intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, grown in monolayers or in co-culture with endothelial cells (Caco-2/HMEC-1), were treated with different concentrations of GPE (1, 5, 10 µg/mL gallic acid equivalents) for 2 h and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α for 16 h. Through multiple assays, the expression of intestinal and endothelial inflammatory mediators, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and NF-κB activation, as well as endothelial-leukocyte adhesion, were evaluated. The results showed that GPE supplementation prevented, in a concentration-dependent manner, the intestinal expression and release of interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 and MMP-2. In Caco-2 cells, GPE also suppressed the gene expression of several pro-inflammatory markers, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)-10, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. The GPE anti-inflammatory effect was mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB activity and reduced intracellular ROS levels. Furthermore, transepithelial GPE suppressed the endothelial expression of IL-6, MCP-1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 and the subsequent adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial cells under pro-inflammatory conditions. In conclusion, our findings suggest grape pomace as a natural source of polyphenols with multiple health-promoting properties that could contribute to the mitigation of gut chronic inflammatory diseases and improve vascular endothelial function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

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13 pages, 1754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Urolithins on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Normal-Diet Fed Rats

by Ali Khalaf Al Khalaf, Abdulrasheed O. Abdulrahman, Mohammed Kaleem, Suza Mohammad Nur, Amer H. Asseri, Hani Choudhry and Mohammad Imran Khan

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3885; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113885 - 29 Oct 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3336

Abstract

The gut microbiota consists of a community of microorganisms that inhabit the large intestine. These microbes play important roles in maintaining gut barrier integrity, inflammation, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, immunity, and protection against pathogens. However, recent studies have shown that dysfunction in the [...] Read more.

The gut microbiota consists of a community of microorganisms that inhabit the large intestine. These microbes play important roles in maintaining gut barrier integrity, inflammation, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, immunity, and protection against pathogens. However, recent studies have shown that dysfunction in the gut microbiota composition can lead to the development of several diseases. Urolithin A has recently been approved as a functional food ingredient. In this study, we examined the potentials of urolithin A (Uro-A) and B (Uro-B) in improving metabolic functions and their impact on gut microbiota composition under a metabolically unchallenged state in normal rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 18) were randomly segregated into three groups, with Group 1 serving as the control group. Groups 2 and 3 were administered with 2.5 mg/kg Uro-A and Uro-B, respectively, for four weeks. Our results showed that both Uro-A and B improved liver and kidney functions without affecting body weight. Metagenomic analysis revealed that both Uro-A and B induced the growth of Akkermansia. However, Uro-A decreased species diversity and microbial richness and negatively impacted the composition of pathogenic microbes in normal rats. Taken together, this study showed the differential impacts of Uro-A and B on the gut microbiota composition in normal rats and would thus serve as a guide in the choice of these metabolites as a functional food ingredient or prebiotic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

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18 pages, 2738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ferulic Acid Metabolites Attenuate LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response in Enterocyte-like Cells

by Gabriele Serreli, Micaela Rita Naitza, Sonia Zodio, Vera Piera Leoni, Martina Spada, Maria Paola Melis, Anna Boronat and Monica Deiana

Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3152; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093152 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3543

Abstract

Ferulic acid (FA) is a polyphenol pertaining to the class of hydroxycinnamic acids present in numerous foods of a plant origin. Its dietary consumption leads to the formation of several phase I and II metabolites in vivo, which represent the largest amount of [...] Read more.

Ferulic acid (FA) is a polyphenol pertaining to the class of hydroxycinnamic acids present in numerous foods of a plant origin. Its dietary consumption leads to the formation of several phase I and II metabolites in vivo, which represent the largest amount of ferulates in the circulation and in the intestine in comparison with FA itself. In this work, we evaluated their efficacy against the proinflammatory effects induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers, as well as the mechanisms underlying their protective action. LPS-induced overexpression of proinflammatory enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the consequent hyperproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were limited by physiological relevant concentrations (1 µM) of FA, its derivatives isoferulic acid (IFA) and dihydroferulic acid (DHFA), and their glucuronidated and sulfated metabolites, which acted upstream by limiting the activation of MAPK p38 and ERK and of Akt kinase, thus decreasing the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB) translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, the compounds were found to promote the expression of Nrf2, which may have contributed to the downregulation of NF-ĸB activity. The overall data show that phase I/II metabolites retain the efficacy of their dietary free form in contrasting inflammatory response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

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15 pages, 1821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caffeic Acid Modulates Processes Associated with Intestinal Inflammation

by Danuta Zielińska, Henryk Zieliński, José Moisés Laparra-Llopis, Dorota Szawara-Nowak, Joanna Honke and Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020554 - 8 Feb 2021

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 6532

Abstract

Caffeic acid is one of the most abundant hydroxycinnamic acids in fruits, vegetables, and beverages. This phenolic compound reaches relevant concentrations in the colon (up to 126 µM) where it could come into contact with the intestinal cells and exert its anti-inflammatory effects. [...] Read more.

Caffeic acid is one of the most abundant hydroxycinnamic acids in fruits, vegetables, and beverages. This phenolic compound reaches relevant concentrations in the colon (up to 126 µM) where it could come into contact with the intestinal cells and exert its anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this investigation was to study the capacity of caffeic acid, at plausible concentrations from an in vivo point of view, to modulate mechanisms related to intestinal inflammation. Consequently, we tested the effects of caffeic acid (50–10 µM) on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin (PG)E₂, cytokines, and chemokines (IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 -MCP-1-, and IL-6) biosynthesis in IL-1β-treated human myofibroblasts of the colon, CCD-18Co. Furthermore, the capacity of caffeic acid to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, to hinder advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation, as well as its antioxidant, reducing, and chelating activity were also investigated. Our results showed that (i) caffeic acid targets COX-2 and its product PGE₂ as well as the biosynthesis of IL-8 in the IL-1β-treated cells and (ii) inhibits AGE formation, which could be related to (iii) the high chelating activity exerted. Low anti-ACE, antioxidant, and reducing capacity of caffeic acid was also observed. These effects of caffeic acid expands our knowledge on anti-inflammatory mechanisms against intestinal inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

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Review

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30 pages, 1709 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity and Protective Role of Dietary Polyphenols

by Nadia Calabriso, Egeria Scoditti, Marika Massaro, Michele Maffia, Marcello Chieppa, Barbara Laddomada and Maria Annunziata Carluccio

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132679 - 28 Jun 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 9933

Abstract

Pathogenetically characterized by the absence of celiac disease and wheat allergy, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a clinical entity triggered by the consumption of gluten-containing foods that relieved by a gluten-free diet. Since it is very difficult to maintain a complete gluten-free diet, [...] Read more.

Pathogenetically characterized by the absence of celiac disease and wheat allergy, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a clinical entity triggered by the consumption of gluten-containing foods that relieved by a gluten-free diet. Since it is very difficult to maintain a complete gluten-free diet, there is a high interest in discovering alternative strategies aimed at reducing gluten concentration or mitigating its toxic effects. Plant-based dietary models are usually rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, recognized to prevent, delay, or even reverse chronic diseases, including intestinal disorders. However, research on the role of polyphenols in mitigating the toxicity of gluten-containing foods is currently limited. We address the metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols, both as free and bound macromolecule-linked forms, with particular reference to the gastrointestinal compartment, where the concentration of polyphenols can reach high levels. We analyze the potential targets of polyphenols including the gluten peptide bioavailability, the dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier, intestinal immune response, oxidative stress and inflammation, and dysbiosis. Overall, this review provides an updated overview of the effects of polyphenols as possible dietary strategies to counteract the toxic effects of gluten, potentially resulting in the improved quality of life of patients with gluten-related disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

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17 pages, 4232 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chrysin: Perspectives on Contemporary Status and Future Possibilities as Pro-Health Agent

by Monika Stompor-Gorący, Agata Bajek-Bil and Maciej Machaczka

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13062038 - 14 Jun 2021

Cited by 90 | Viewed by 9538

Abstract

Chrysin belongs to the group of natural polyphenols. It can be found, among others, in honey, propolis and fruits and has a wide range of biological activities, including the prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation, neurodegeneration and carcinogenesis. Being a part of the human [...] Read more.

Chrysin belongs to the group of natural polyphenols. It can be found, among others, in honey, propolis and fruits and has a wide range of biological activities, including the prevention of oxidative stress, inflammation, neurodegeneration and carcinogenesis. Being a part of the human diet, chrysin is considered to be a promising compound to be used in the prevention of many diseases, including cancers, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s. Nevertheless, due to the low solubility of chrysin in water and under physiological conditions, its bioavailability is low. For this reason, attempts at its functionalization have been undertaken, aiming to increase its absorption and thus augment its in vivo therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent research on chrysin, including its sources, metabolism, pro-health effects and the effects of its functionalization on biological activity and pharmacological efficacy, evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

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23 pages, 3486 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Curcumin, Quercetin, Catechins and Metabolic Diseases: The Role of Gut Microbiota

by Umair Shabbir, Momna Rubab, Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri, Ramachandran Chelliah, Ahsan Javed and Deog-Hwan Oh

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010206 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 201 | Viewed by 20946

Abstract

Polyphenols (PPs) are the naturally occurring bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, and they are the most abundant antioxidant in the human diet. Studies are suggesting that ingestion of PPs might be helpful to ameliorate metabolic syndromes that may contribute in the prevention [...] Read more.

Polyphenols (PPs) are the naturally occurring bioactive components in fruits and vegetables, and they are the most abundant antioxidant in the human diet. Studies are suggesting that ingestion of PPs might be helpful to ameliorate metabolic syndromes that may contribute in the prevention of several chronic disorders like diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and colon cancer. PPs have structural diversity which impacts their bioavailability as they accumulate in the large intestine and are extensively metabolized through gut microbiota (GM). Intestinal microbiota transforms PPs into their metabolites to make them bioactive. Interestingly, not only GM act on PPs to metabolize them but PPs also modulate the composition of GM. Thus, change in GM from pathogenic to beneficial ones may be helpful to ameliorate gut health and associated diseases. However, to overcome the low bioavailability of PPs, various approaches have been developed to improve their solubility and transportation through the gut. In this review, we present evidence supporting the structural changes that occur after metabolic reactions in PPs (curcumin, quercetin, and catechins) and their effect on GM composition that leads to improving overall gut health and helping to ameliorate metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Gut Health)

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