Nutrients

Editorial

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4 pages, 206 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nutrients and Cardiometabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes

by Domenico Tricò

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2517; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112517 - 29 May 2023

Viewed by 1158

Abstract

Paralleling the obesity pandemic, the prevalence and socioeconomic burden of type 2 diabetes are growing worldwide, requiring immediate attention and novel cost-effective preventive and therapeutic strategies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Cardiometabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes)

Research

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13 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors—A Longitudinal Analysis among High-Risk Individuals for Diabetes in Kerala, India

by Yingting Cao, Quan Huynh, Nitin Kapoor, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Gabrielli Thais de Mello, Brian Oldenburg, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan and Thirunavukkarasu Sathish

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030662 - 4 Feb 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3276

Abstract

The association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors is not well understood among adults in India, particularly among those at high risk for diabetes. For this study, we analyzed the data of 1007 participants (age 30–60 years) from baseline and year one [...] Read more.

The association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors is not well understood among adults in India, particularly among those at high risk for diabetes. For this study, we analyzed the data of 1007 participants (age 30–60 years) from baseline and year one and two follow-ups from the Kerala Diabetes Prevention Program using multi-level mixed effects modelling. Dietary intake was measured using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Two dietary patterns were identified: a “snack-fruit” pattern (highly loaded with fats and oils, snacks, and fruits) and a “rice-meat-refined wheat” pattern (highly loaded with meat, rice, and refined wheat). The “snack-fruit” pattern was associated with increased triglycerides (mg/dL) (β = 6.76, 95% CI 2.63–10.89), while the “rice-meat-refined wheat” pattern was associated with elevated Hb1Ac (percentage) (β = 0.04, 95% CI 0.01, 0.07) and central obesity (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01, 1.34). These findings may help inform designing dietary interventions for the prevention of diabetes and improving cardiometabolic risk factors in high-diabetes-risk individuals in the Indian setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Cardiometabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes)

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12 pages, 612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Telephone Health Coaching Integration with Standard Multidisciplinary Care for Adults with Obesity Attending a Weight Management Service: A Pilot Study

by Sarah Driscoll, Gideon Meyerowitz-Katz, Golo Ahlenstiel, Tahlia Reynolds, Kate Reid and Ramy H. Bishay

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 4078; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114078 - 15 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

Australia has one of the highest prevalences of obesity in the developed world with recognised gaps in patient access to obesity services. This non-randomised before and after study investigated the health benefits and patient acceptability of integrating the Get Healthy Service, a state-funded [...] Read more.

Australia has one of the highest prevalences of obesity in the developed world with recognised gaps in patient access to obesity services. This non-randomised before and after study investigated the health benefits and patient acceptability of integrating the Get Healthy Service, a state-funded telephone-delivered coaching service in Australia, as an adjunct to multidisciplinary care for adults attending a public obesity service. Forty-one participants received multidisciplinary care alone while 39 participants were subsequently allocated to receive adjunctive treatment with the Get Healthy Service. Weight, body mass index, glycosylated haemoglobin, measurement of hepatic steatosis and liver enzymes were collected at baseline and 6 months. Participant evaluation was obtained post intervention. Statistically significant reductions from baseline were achieved for both control and intervention with respect to weight (−6.7 ± 2.2 kg, p = 0.01; −12.6 ± 3.2, p = 0.002), body mass index (−2.3 ± 0.8, p = 0.01; −4.8 ± 1.2 kg/m², p = 0.002) and glycosylated haemoglobin (−0.2 ± 0.2%, p = 0.2 (NS); −0.7 ± 0.2%, p = 0.02), respectively. There were no significant differences in steatosis or liver enzymes or in outcomes between control and intervention cohorts. A high level of patient acceptability was reported. Integrating telephone-delivered coaching provided non-inferior care and high levels of patient satisfaction. Telephone coaching aligned with the principles of an obesity service should be trialled to improve patient access to obesity interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Cardiometabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes)

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16 pages, 1505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Artificial-Intelligence-Discovered Functional Ingredient, NRT_N0G5IJ, Derived from Pisum sativum, Decreases HbA1c in a Prediabetic Population

by Sweeny Chauhan, Alish Kerr, Brian Keogh, Stephanie Nolan, Rory Casey, Alessandro Adelfio, Niall Murphy, Aoife Doherty, Heidi Davis, Audrey M. Wall and Nora Khaldi

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051635 - 13 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5931

Abstract

The prevalence of prediabetes is rapidly increasing, and this can lead to an increased risk for individuals to develop type 2 diabetes and associated diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to develop nutritional strategies to maintain healthy glucose levels and prevent glucose metabolism dysregulation [...] Read more.

The prevalence of prediabetes is rapidly increasing, and this can lead to an increased risk for individuals to develop type 2 diabetes and associated diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to develop nutritional strategies to maintain healthy glucose levels and prevent glucose metabolism dysregulation in the general population. Functional ingredients offer great potential for the prevention of various health conditions, including blood glucose regulation, in a cost-effective manner. Using an artificial intelligence (AI) approach, a functional ingredient, NRT_N0G5IJ, was predicted and produced from Pisum sativum (pea) protein by hydrolysis and then validated. Treatment of human skeletal muscle cells with NRT_N0G5IJ significantly increased glucose uptake, indicating efficacy of this ingredient in vitro. When db/db diabetic mice were treated with NRT_N0G5IJ, we observed a significant reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and a concomitant benefit on fasting glucose. A pilot double-blinded, placebo controlled human trial in a population of healthy individuals with elevated HbA1c (5.6% to 6.4%) showed that HbA1c percentage was significantly reduced when NRT_N0G5IJ was supplemented in the diet over a 12-week period. Here, we provide evidence of an AI approach to discovery and demonstrate that a functional ingredient identified using this technology could be used as a supplement to maintain healthy glucose regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Cardiometabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes)

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12 pages, 798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Low-Carbohydrate versus Mediterranean Diets on Weight Loss, Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Kinetics and β-Cell Function in Morbidly Obese Individuals

by Domenico Tricò, Diego Moriconi, Rossana Berta, Simona Baldi, Alfredo Quinones-Galvan, Letizia Guiducci, Stefano Taddei, Andrea Mari and Monica Nannipieri

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041345 - 18 Apr 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 10004

Abstract

Low-calorie Mediterranean-style or low-carbohydrate dietary regimens are widely used nutritional strategies against obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a balanced Mediterranean diet with a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss [...] Read more.

Low-calorie Mediterranean-style or low-carbohydrate dietary regimens are widely used nutritional strategies against obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a balanced Mediterranean diet with a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and glucose homeostasis in morbidly obese individuals at high risk to develop diabetes. Insulin secretion, insulin clearance, and different β-cell function components were estimated by modeling plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide profiles during 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) performed at baseline and after 4 weeks of each dietary intervention. The average weight loss was 5%, being 58% greater in the low-carbohydrate-group than Mediterranean-group. Fasting plasma glucose and glucose tolerance were not affected by the diets. The two dietary regimens proved similarly effective in improving insulin resistance and fasting hyperinsulinemia, while enhancing endogenous insulin clearance and β-cell glucose sensitivity. In summary, we demonstrated that a low-carbohydrate diet is a successful short-term approach for weight loss in morbidly obese patients and a feasible alternative to the Mediterranean diet for its glucometabolic benefits, including improvements in insulin resistance, insulin clearance and β-cell function. Further studies are needed to compare the long-term efficacy and safety of the two diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Cardiometabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes)

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Review

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14 pages, 2039 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential for Gut Peptide-Based Therapy in Postprandial Hypotension

by Malcolm J. Borg, Cong Xie, Christopher K. Rayner, Michael Horowitz, Karen L. Jones and Tongzhi Wu

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2826; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082826 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6431

Abstract

Postprandial hypotension (PPH) is an important and under-recognised disorder resulting from inadequate compensatory cardiovascular responses to meal-induced splanchnic blood pooling. Current approaches to management are suboptimal. Recent studies have established that the cardiovascular response to a meal is modulated profoundly by gastrointestinal factors, [...] Read more.

Postprandial hypotension (PPH) is an important and under-recognised disorder resulting from inadequate compensatory cardiovascular responses to meal-induced splanchnic blood pooling. Current approaches to management are suboptimal. Recent studies have established that the cardiovascular response to a meal is modulated profoundly by gastrointestinal factors, including the type and caloric content of ingested meals, rate of gastric emptying, and small intestinal transit and absorption of nutrients. The small intestine represents the major site of nutrient-gut interactions and associated neurohormonal responses, including secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and somatostatin, which exert pleotropic actions relevant to the postprandial haemodynamic profile. This review summarises knowledge relating to the role of these gut peptides in the cardiovascular response to a meal and their potential application to the management of PPH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Cardiometabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes)

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18 pages, 17250 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of High Energy Breakfast “Big Breakfast Diet” in Clock Gene Regulation of Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes

by Daniela Jakubowicz, Julio Wainstein, Shani Tsameret and Zohar Landau

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1558; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051558 - 5 May 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 9061

Abstract

Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is strongly linked with the future development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Hence, reducing postprandial glycemic excursions is essential in T2D treatment to slow progressive deficiency of β-cell function and prevent cardiovascular complications. Most of the metabolic [...] Read more.

Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is strongly linked with the future development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Hence, reducing postprandial glycemic excursions is essential in T2D treatment to slow progressive deficiency of β-cell function and prevent cardiovascular complications. Most of the metabolic processes involved in PPHG, i.e., β-cell secretory function, GLP-1 secretion, insulin sensitivity, muscular glucose uptake, and hepatic glucose production, are controlled by the circadian clock and display daily oscillation. Consequently, postprandial glycemia displays diurnal variation with a higher glycemic response after meals with the same carbohydrate content, consumed at dusk compared to the morning. T2D and meal timing schedule not synchronized with the circadian clock (i.e., skipping breakfast) are associated with disrupted clock gene expression and is linked to PPHG. In contrast, greater intake in the morning (i.e., high energy breakfast) than in the evening has a resetting effect on clock gene oscillations and beneficial effects on weight loss, appetite, and reduction of PPHG, independently of total energy intake. Therefore, resetting clock gene expression through a diet intervention consisting of meal timing aligned to the circadian clock, i.e., shifting most calories and carbohydrates to the early hours of the day, is a promising therapeutic approach to improve PPHG in T2D. This review will focus on recent studies, showing how a high-energy breakfast diet (Bdiet) has resetting and synchronizing actions on circadian clock genes expression, improving glucose metabolism, postprandial glycemic excursions along with weight loss in T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients and Cardiometabolic Health in Type 2 Diabetes)

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