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Nutrients
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The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress
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The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition in Women".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 April 2022) | Viewed by 17246

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Ferrazzi Enrico Maria

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Mother, Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan MI, Italy
2. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan MI, Italy
Interests: obstetrics; fetal medicine;obstetric delivery; fetal development; prenatal diagnosis; screening; risk assessment; metabolic syndrome; preeclampsia; fetal growth restriction

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Molecular markers of oxidative stress of syncytiotrophoblast, namely the ratio between soluble blocking factor sFlit-1 and placental vascular growth factor, are now subject to bedside diagnosis in pregnant patients affected by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and/or fetal growth restriction.

The present risk is to neglect the biological background of oxidative stress and the preventive strategies that might be considered to promote a healthy pregnancy.

The complex balance between free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defence mechanisms, is a lifelong challenge that eventually leads to mitochondrial damage, sirtuins dysfunction, chromatin “scratches”, telomer damage, cell senescence, and death. The human placenta is a unique organ with a short lifespan, in which this balance is the result of immune, cardiovascular, genetic, and epigenetic interactions that leads to its senescence and a proinflammatory condition at  the end of its life after 38–40 weeks.  

In the short life of this organ, maternal nutrition may have a negative effect, increasing the risk of miscarriage, hypertensive disorders, and pregnancy complications, or a positive effect, supporting antioxidant mechanisms and a healthy pregnancy and new-born.

Translational and clinical research on this topic contributes to the quality of life of our species.

Prof. Dr. Ferrazzi Enrico Maria
Guest Editor

Keywords

  • pregnancy
  • oxidative stress
  • nutrition
  • placenta

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 205 KiB  
Editorial
The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress
by Enrico Maria Ferrazzi
Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092194 - 5 May 2023
Viewed by 1076
Abstract
This Special Issue of Nutrients, “The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress”, was designed to contribute to our understanding of “oxidative stress” in pregnancy [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

9 pages, 1620 KiB  
Article
Glycation-Driven Inflammation: COVID-19 Severity in Pregnant Women and Perinatal Outcomes
by Daniela Di Martino, Mattia Cappelletti, Marta Tondo, Katia Basello, Camilla Garbin, Attilio Speciani and Enrico Ferrazzi
Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4037; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194037 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2394
Abstract
The link between being pregnant and overweight or obese and the infectivity and virulence of the SARS CoV-2 virus is likely to be caused by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein glycosylation, which may work as a glycan shield. Methylglyoxal (MGO), an important advanced glycation end-product [...] Read more.
The link between being pregnant and overweight or obese and the infectivity and virulence of the SARS CoV-2 virus is likely to be caused by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein glycosylation, which may work as a glycan shield. Methylglyoxal (MGO), an important advanced glycation end-product (AGE), and glycated albumin (GA) are the results of poor subclinical glucose metabolism and are indices of oxidative stress. Forty-one consecutive cases of SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant patients comprising 25% pre-pregnancy overweight women and 25% obese women were recruited. The aim of our study was to compare the blood levels of MGO and GA in pregnant women with asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection with pregnant women without SARS-CoV-2 infection with low risk and uneventful pregnancies and to evaluate the relative perinatal outcomes. The MGO and GA values of the SARS-CoV-2 cases were statistically significantly higher than those of the negative control subjects. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2-positive pregnant patients who suffered of moderate to severe COVID-19 syndrome had higher values of GA than those infected and presenting with mild symptoms or those with asymptomatic infection. Premature delivery and infants of a small size for their gestational age were overrepresented in this cohort, even in mild-asymptomatic patients for whom delivery was not indicated by the COVID-19 syndrome. Moreover, ethnic minorities were overrepresented among the severe cases. The AGE–RAGE oxidative stress axis on the placenta and multiple organs caused by MGO and GA levels, associated with the biological mechanisms of the glycation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, could help to explain the infectivity and virulence of this virus in pregnant patients affected by being overweight or obese or having gestational diabetes, and the increased risk of premature delivery and/or low newborn weight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress)
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11 pages, 309 KiB  
Article
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Fetal Growth Restriction: Clinical Characteristics and Placental Lesions and Possible Preventive Nutritional Targets
by Daniela Denis Di Martino, Laura Avagliano, Enrico Ferrazzi, Federica Fusè, Vittoria Sterpi, Marco Parasiliti, Tamara Stampalija, Sara Zullino, Antonio Farina, Gaetano Pietro Bulfamante, Matteo Di Maso and Francesco D’Ambrosi
Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3276; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163276 - 10 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2047
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the placental lesions in pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders (HDP) and/or fetal growth restriction (FGR) and in uneventful control pregnancies. Methods: This is a case control study that included singleton pregnancies with HDP and [...] Read more.
Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the placental lesions in pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders (HDP) and/or fetal growth restriction (FGR) and in uneventful control pregnancies. Methods: This is a case control study that included singleton pregnancies with HDP and normally grown fetus (HDP-AGA fetus), with HDP and FGR, early FGR, late FGR, and uneventful pregnancies. Feto-placental Doppler velocimetry and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio were performed. Placental histology was evaluated blinded according to the Amsterdam Consensus criteria. Results: Placental lesions with maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) were significantly more frequent in HDP-FGR and early FGR (92% and 83%). MVM were significantly associated with abnormal feto-placental Doppler parameters, especially in early FGR. Delayed villous maturation (DVM) was associated with late FGR (83%). HDP-AGA fetus cases presented a heterogeneous pattern of placental lesions, including 60% of cases with MVM, but were not associated with abnormal Doppler feto-placental velocimetry. Conclusions: We found a prevalence of placental maternal vascular malperfusion in HDP-FGR and early FGR groups. These lesions were also associated with abnormal, anti-, and angiogenic markers. Conversely HDP-AGA fetus and late FGR presented more heterogeneous placental lesions not severe enough to cause feto-placental Doppler anomalies. These conditions are likely associated with different etiologies, such as maternal pre-pregnancy risk factors for metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest a possible preventive nutritional approach in addition to low-dose aspirin in pregnant women with predisposing factors for HDP-AGA fetuses and late FGR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress)
12 pages, 316 KiB  
Article
Second-Trimester Constituents of the Metabolic Syndrome and Pregnancy Outcome: An Observational Cohort Study
by Jonas Ellerbrock, Esmee Hubers, Chahinda Ghossein-Doha, Veronique Schiffer, Robert-Jan Alers, Laura Jorissen, Jolijn van Neer, Maartje Zelis, Emma Janssen, Sabine Landewé-Cleuren, Annemie van Haarlem, Boris Kramer and Marc Spaanderman
Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2933; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142933 - 18 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2401
Abstract
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women in later life. In the general population, metabolic syndrome (MetS) shows identical associations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between [...] Read more.
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women in later life. In the general population, metabolic syndrome (MetS) shows identical associations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between GDM, constituents of MetS and pregnancy outcomes. Methods: Of 2041 pregnant women undergoing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 22 and 30 weeks of gestation, data were collected to evaluate the constituents of MetS. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to determine the associations between MetS and pregnancy outcomes. Results: GDM and obesity did not affect the risk of fetal growth abnormalities (SGA/LGA), preterm birth or preeclampsia (PE). Hypertension significantly increased the risk of SGA (OR—1.59), PE (OR—3.14), and preterm birth <37 weeks (OR—2.17) and <34 weeks (OR—2.96) and reduced the occurrence of LGA (OR—0.46). Dyslipidemia increased the risk of PE (OR—2.25), while proteinuria increased the risk of PE (OR—12.64) and preterm birth (OR—4.72). Having ≥2 constituents increased the risk of PE and preterm birth. Conclusions: Constituents of metabolic syndrome, rather than treating impaired glucose handling, increased the risk of preeclampsia, altered fetal growth and preterm birth. Obesity was not related to adverse outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress)
15 pages, 1801 KiB  
Article
Maternal AA/EPA Ratio and Triglycerides as Potential Biomarkers of Patients at Major Risk for Pharmacological Therapy in Gestational Diabetes
by Chiara Maria Soldavini, Gabriele Piuri, Gabriele Rossi, Paola Antonia Corsetto, Linda Benzoni, Valeria Maggi, Giulia Privitera, Angela Spadafranca, Angela Maria Rizzo and Enrico Ferrazzi
Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2502; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122502 - 16 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2353
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GD) is characterized by glycemic and lipid metabolism alterations in an environment of low-grade inflammation. Our trial aimed to assess the effect of nutraceutical supplements (omega-3 fatty acids, anthocyanins, and alpha-cyclodextrins) in GD patients and evaluate the role of anthropometric, [...] Read more.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GD) is characterized by glycemic and lipid metabolism alterations in an environment of low-grade inflammation. Our trial aimed to assess the effect of nutraceutical supplements (omega-3 fatty acids, anthocyanins, and alpha-cyclodextrins) in GD patients and evaluate the role of anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters as biomarkers to identify subjects who require pharmacological hypoglycemic treatment during gestation. Pregnant women with GD at 24–28 weeks of gestation were enrolled in a double-blind trial and randomized to receive either nutraceutical supplements or a placebo for 12 weeks. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in blood and urine measurements of metabolic, inflammatory, and antioxidant parameters. In the whole cohort, pre-pregnancy BMI and anthropometric measurements were significantly different in patients who required pharmacological intervention. These patients showed higher triglycerides, CRP, and insulin levels and gave birth to newborns with significantly higher weights. Subjects with a greater AA/EPA ratio had higher PAF levels and gave birth four days earlier. In conclusion, one-to-one nutritional coaching and poor compliance with nutraceutical supplementation might have outweighed the impact of this intervention. However, triglyceride concentration and the AA/EPA ratio seems to be a biomarker for higher inflammatory levels and GD candidates for pharmacological treatment. An adequate assumption of omega-3 in women with GD, either by a controlled diet or by nutraceutical supplementation, reduces the need for pharmacological therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress)
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13 pages, 477 KiB  
Article
Maternal Dietary Inflammatory Index during Pregnancy Is Associated with Perinatal Outcomes: Results from the IMPACT BCN Trial
by Rosa Casas, Sara Castro-Barquero, Francesca Crovetto, Marta Larroya, Ana Maria Ruiz-León, Laura Segalés, Ayako Nakaki, Lina Youssef, Leticia Benitez, Francesc Casanovas-Garriga, Eduard Vieta, Fàtima Crispi, Eduard Gratacós and Ramon Estruch
Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112284 - 29 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3807
Abstract
The information available on the effects of maternal dietary habits on systemic inflammation and adverse maternal outcomes is limited. We aimed to evaluate whether Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score during pregnancy is associated with maternal body mass index (BMI), Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, [...] Read more.
The information available on the effects of maternal dietary habits on systemic inflammation and adverse maternal outcomes is limited. We aimed to evaluate whether Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) score during pregnancy is associated with maternal body mass index (BMI), Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, and perinatal outcomes. At 19–23 weeks’ gestation, 1028 pregnant women were recruited. Dietary information was assessed using a 17-item dietary score to evaluate MD adherence and a validated 151-item food frequency questionnaire. DII score was established according to 33 food and nutritional proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory items. Participants were distributed into tertiles according to the DII score, where a lower DII score (first tertile) represented an anti-inflammatory diet and the third tertile represented the more proinflammatory diet. Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes were collected, and newborns’ birthweight percentiles were calculated. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the association of the DII score with maternal and perinatal characteristics, setting the third tertile as the reference group. Women in the third tertile showed lower adherence to MD score compared to the first tertile: median (25th to 75th percentile) 9 (7 to 11) vs. 6 (4.25 to 8), p < 0.001. The proinflammatory diet was significantly associated with a higher maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (adjusted β = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.31 to 1.45) and lower newborn’s birthweight percentile (adjusted β = −9.84th; 95% CI: −19.6 to −0.12). These data show that a proinflammatory diet profile may be associated with maternal overweight and fetal undergrowth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress)
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18 pages, 1717 KiB  
Article
Epigenetic Profiling in the Saliva of Obese Pregnant Women
by Chiara Mandò, Silvio Abati, Gaia Maria Anelli, Chiara Favero, Anaïs Serati, Laura Dioni, Marta Zambon, Benedetta Albetti, Valentina Bollati and Irene Cetin
Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2122; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102122 - 19 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2413
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, strongly impacting the intrauterine environment with detrimental consequences for both mother and offspring. The saliva is a non-invasive biofluid reflecting both local and systemic health status. This observational study aimed to profile the epigenetic [...] Read more.
Maternal obesity is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, strongly impacting the intrauterine environment with detrimental consequences for both mother and offspring. The saliva is a non-invasive biofluid reflecting both local and systemic health status. This observational study aimed to profile the epigenetic signature in the saliva of Obese (OB) and Normal-Weight (NW) pregnant women. Sixteen NW and sixteen OB Caucasian women with singleton spontaneous pregnancies were enrolled. microRNAs were quantified by the OpenArray Platform. The promoter region methylation of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3) and Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-Beta1) was assessed by pyrosequencing. There were 754 microRNAs evaluated: 20 microRNAs resulted in being differentially expressed between OB and NW. microRNA pathway enrichment analysis showed a significant association with the TGF-Beta signaling pathway (miTALOS) and with fatty acids biosynthesis/metabolism, lysine degradation, and ECM–receptor interaction pathways (DIANA–miRPath). Both SOCS3 and TGF-Beta1 were significantly down-methylated in OB vs. NW. These results help to clarify impaired mechanisms involved in obesity and pave the way for the understanding of specific damaged pathways. The characterization of the epigenetic profile in saliva of pregnant women can represent a promising tool for the identification of obesity-related altered mechanisms and of possible biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy-adverse conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Oxidative Stress)
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