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Nutrition, Diet, Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Crohn's Disease

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Prof. Dr. Luis Peña-Quintana

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1. Professor of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, Las Palmas, Spain
2. CIBEROBN, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
Interests: pediatric nutrition; pediatric gastroenterology; obesity; inborn errors of metabolism
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Dear Colleagues,

Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, with significant nutritional involvement and morbidity.

CD affects both adults and children, with increasing incidence and prevalence observed over the recent years.

The pathogenesis of CD involves genetic predisposition, environmental factors, a westernized diet, altered gut microbiota, and disturbances in intestinal immunity and the metabolome.

Nutrition and diet are fundamental in these patients, and are particularly crucial during childhood. Nutritional therapies are employed to not only treat the nutritional deficiencies, but to also correct dysbiosis, improve bile acid metabolism, and reduce intestinal inflammation.

Diet therapy using exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) remains the most validated nutritional recommendation for inducing remission in CD. However, due to poor tolerance to this therapy, other nutritional therapeutic options have been developed, such as partial enteral nutrition (PEN), the Crohn's disease exclusive diet (CDED), and the CD treatment-with-eating diet (CD-TREAT).

Given the intestinal dysbiosis present in CD, treatment with probiotic strains is attractive, and has been the subject of much research to date.
Thus, the aim of this Special Issue, entitled “Nutrition, Diet, Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Crohn's Disease”, is to gather high-quality evidence on the potential role of nutrition, diet, gut microbiota, and probiotics in pediatric and adult CD.
We would like to invite you to share your original research, as well as literature reviews and meta-analyses.

Prof. Dr. Luis Peña-Quintana
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Crohn’s disease
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
intestinal inflammation
nutrition
enteral nutrition
diet
malnutrition
nutritional deficiencies
gut microbiota
probiotics

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Research

11 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Habit Modifications in Paediatric Patients after One Year of Treatment with the Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet

by Rafael Martín-Masot, Marta Herrador-López and Víctor Manuel Navas-López

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030554 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2732

Abstract

Gut microbiota alterations play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and its modification through specific diets is an emerging line of treatment that is currently being researched. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the dietary habits of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and their long-term adherence to dietary therapy with the Crohn’s disease exclusion diet (CDED) after one year. To analyse the modification of dietary habits and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (DM), the KIDMED questionnaire, a food consumption frequency questionnaire, was used. Twenty-four hour recalls at two timepoints, namely prior to the start of the dietary therapy and one year later, were also carried out. The processing degrees of the foods consumed by the patients were analysed at both timepoints using the NOVA classification system. Data from 24 patients (15 boys), with a mean age of 12.7 ± 2.9 years at the start of the dietary therapy, were analysed. All patients showed an improvement in their dietary pattern in the form of a reduction in the intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs); a higher adherence to the MD; a decrease in the intake of cold meats, seafood, pasta, precooked foods, soft drinks, and pastries; an increase in the intake of eggs, legumes, dairy products, and nuts (p < 0.05); and adequate adherence, even in the long-term, to foods allowed during the different phases of the dietary regimen. Although more factors have an impact on the course of the disease in these patients, improving their dietary habits is essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet, Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Crohn's Disease)

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11 pages, 970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Sarcopenia on Clinical Outcomes in a Cohort of Caucasian Active Crohn’s Disease Patients Undergoing Multidetector CT-Enterography

by Olga Maria Nardone, Andrea Ponsiglione, Roberto de Sire, Giulio Calabrese, Raffaele Liuzzi, Anna Testa, Alessia Dalila Guarino, Oriana Olmo, Antonio Rispo, Luigi Camera and Fabiana Castiglione

Nutrients 2022, 14(17), 3460; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173460 - 23 Aug 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1814

Abstract

(1) Background: Sarcopenia has a high incidence in Crohn’s disease (CD) with considerable heterogeneity among ethnicities and variable impact on clinical outcomes. Aim: to assess the impact of sarcopenia on clinical outcomes in a cohort of Caucasian patients with active CD undergoing CT-enterography (CTE) for clinical assessment. We further investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia and its predictors. (2) Methods: Caucasian CD patients with moderate–severe clinical activity, who underwent CTE in an emergency setting, were retrospectively recruited. The skeletal muscle index (SMI) at the third lumbar vertebra was used to detect sarcopenia in the early stages. Clinical malnutrition was defined according to global clinical nutrition criteria. Clinical outcomes included the rate of surgery and infections within one year. (3) Results: A total of 63 CD patients (34 M; aged 44 ± 17 years) were recruited, and 48 patients (68.3%) were sarcopenic. Malnutrition occurred in 28 patients (44.4%) with a significant correlation between body mass index (BMI) and sarcopenia (r = 0.5, p < 0.001). The overall rate of surgery was 33%, without a significant difference between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic (p = 0.41). The rate of infection in patients with sarcopenia was significantly higher than in non-sarcopenic (42%vs15%, p = 0.03). BMI (OR 0.73,95%, CI 0.57–0.93) and extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) (OR 19.2 95%, CI 1.05–349.1) were predictive of sarcopenia (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Sarcopenia was associated with an increased rate of infections, and it was observed in 68.3% of the Caucasian cohort with active CD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet, Gut Microbiota, Probiotics and Crohn's Disease)

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