Innovative Methods to Optimize Prediction of Oral Drug Bioavailability: More than a Gut Feeling

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2021) | Viewed by 12541

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology and Translational Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Interests: pharmacokinetics; pharmacometrics; pharmacology; comparative medicine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The need to improve predictability and efficiency along the critical path from pre-clinical discovery to the commercialization of therapeutic drugs using relevant animal models and in vitro systems has been strongly emphasized by the U.S. FDA in its White Paper on New Medical Technologies. Specifically, the optimization of in vitro and in silico methods for studying drug intestinal transport and metabolism is critical for predicting the oral bioavailability of therapeutic drugs. A promising development in this regard derives from recent findings in the literature demonstrating that 3D intestinal organoids can be maintained long-term in vitro and develop into fully differentiated epithelial cells. Data generated in these systems could help in refining existing in silico models for optimizing the prediction of oral permeability, while assessing the impact of dosage forms, drug–drug interactions, and pharmacogenetic variability on drug–exposure–response relationships.

This Special Issue of Pharmaceutics invites review articles and original research papers focusing on the development of novel 3D models (either static systems such as organoids, or dynamic microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technologies) to improve the prediction of oral drug bioavailability for small molecules and biologics. This Issue will also welcome research articles discussing spontaneous animal models to characterize the impact of disease on drug absorption, as well as innovative computational models for in vitro to in vivo extrapolations.

Dr. Jonathan Paul Mochel
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • oral bioavailability
  • pharmacokinetics
  • organoids
  • organ-on-a-chip
  • in silico models
  • one health

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2589 KiB  
Article
Adaptation of the Kirkstall QV600 LLI Microfluidics System for the Study of Gastrointestinal Absorption by Mass Spectrometry Imaging and LC-MS/MS
by Chloe E. Spencer, Stephen Rumbelow, Steve Mellor, Catherine J. Duckett and Malcolm R. Clench
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(2), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020364 - 5 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2221
Abstract
Absorption studies on oral drugs can be difficult due to the challenge of replicating the complex structure and environment of the GI tract. Drug absorption studies can be conducted using in vivo and ex vivo animal tissue or animal-free techniques. These studies typically [...] Read more.
Absorption studies on oral drugs can be difficult due to the challenge of replicating the complex structure and environment of the GI tract. Drug absorption studies can be conducted using in vivo and ex vivo animal tissue or animal-free techniques. These studies typically involve the use of Caco-2 cells. However, Caco-2 cells do not incorporate all the cell types found in intestinal tissue and lack P450 metabolizing enzymes. The QV600 LLI system is a microfluidics system designed for use with cell culture. Here, it has been adapted to house appropriate sections of ex vivo porcine tissue to act as a system that models the duodenum section of the small intestine. A pH regulated solution of Atorvastatin was flowed over the apical layer of the GI tissue and a nutrient solution flowed over the basal layer of the tissue to maintain tissue viability. The tissue samples were snap-frozen, cryosectioned, and imaged using MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI). A proof-of-concept study on the effect of excipients on absorption was conducted. Different concentrations of the solubilizing agent were added to the donor circuit of the QV600 LLI. The amount of Atorvastatin in the acceptor circuit was determined to study the effect of the excipient on the amount of drug that had permeated through the tissue. Using these data, Papp, pig values were calculated and compared with the literature. Full article
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25 pages, 2320 KiB  
Review
PBPK Modeling as a Tool for Predicting and Understanding Intestinal Metabolism of Uridine 5′-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase Substrates
by Micaela B. Reddy, Michael B. Bolger, Grace Fraczkiewicz, Laurence Del Frari, Laibin Luo, Viera Lukacova, Amitava Mitra, Joyce S. Macwan, Jim M. Mullin, Neil Parrott and Aki T. Heikkinen
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(9), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091325 - 24 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4784
Abstract
Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in the small intestines, but prediction of first-pass extraction from the related metabolism is not well studied. This work assesses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling as a tool for predicting intestinal metabolism due to UGTs in the human [...] Read more.
Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in the small intestines, but prediction of first-pass extraction from the related metabolism is not well studied. This work assesses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling as a tool for predicting intestinal metabolism due to UGTs in the human gastrointestinal tract. Available data for intestinal UGT expression levels and in vitro approaches that can be used to predict intestinal metabolism of UGT substrates are reviewed. Human PBPK models for UGT substrates with varying extents of UGT-mediated intestinal metabolism (lorazepam, oxazepam, naloxone, zidovudine, cabotegravir, raltegravir, and dolutegravir) have demonstrated utility for predicting the extent of intestinal metabolism. Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of UGT1A1 substrates dolutegravir and raltegravir with UGT1A1 inhibitor atazanavir have been simulated, and the role of intestinal metabolism in these clinical DDIs examined. Utility of an in silico tool for predicting substrate specificity for UGTs is discussed. Improved in vitro tools to study metabolism for UGT compounds, such as coculture models for low clearance compounds and better understanding of optimal conditions for in vitro studies, may provide an opportunity for improved in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and prospective predictions. PBPK modeling shows promise as a useful tool for predicting intestinal metabolism for UGT substrates. Full article
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24 pages, 2684 KiB  
Review
Drug Screening, Oral Bioavailability and Regulatory Aspects: A Need for Human Organoids
by Tamara Zietek, Wolfgang A. D. Boomgaarden and Eva Rath
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(8), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13081280 - 17 Aug 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4732
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium critically contributes to oral bioavailability of drugs by constituting an important site for drug absorption and metabolism. In particular, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) actively serve as gatekeepers of drug and nutrient availability. IECs’ transport processes and metabolism are interrelated to [...] Read more.
The intestinal epithelium critically contributes to oral bioavailability of drugs by constituting an important site for drug absorption and metabolism. In particular, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) actively serve as gatekeepers of drug and nutrient availability. IECs’ transport processes and metabolism are interrelated to the whole-body metabolic state and represent potential points of origin as well as therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. Human intestinal organoids represent a superior model of the intestinal epithelium, overcoming limitations of currently used in vitro models. Caco-2 cells or rodent explant models face drawbacks such as their cancer and non-human origin, respectively, but are commonly used to study intestinal nutrient absorption, enterocyte metabolism and oral drug bioavailability, despite poorly correlative data. In contrast, intestinal organoids allow investigating distinct aspects of bioavailability including spatial resolution of transport, inter-individual differences and high-throughput screenings. As several countries have already developed strategic roadmaps to phase out animal experiments for regulatory purposes, intestinal organoid culture and organ-on-a-chip technology in combination with in silico approaches are roads to go in the preclinical and regulatory setup and will aid implementing the 3Rs (reduction, refinement and replacement) principle in basic science. Full article
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