Radiopharmaceuticals and Nanotechnology: From Diagnostics to Theranostic Applications

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 10338

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Radiopharmacy, University Hospitals of Marseille (AP-HM), Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN, UMR AMU INSERM 1263 - INRAE 1260), European Center for Medical Imaging Research (CERIMED, UMS AMU CNRS 2012), Aix-Marseille University, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
Interests: cardiovascular imaging; angiogenesis-targeting theranostics; molecular imaging; functional imaging; vectorized radiotherapy; radiochemistry;

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Much can be found in the literature about nanotechnology and health. In the field of nuclear medicine and radiopharmaceuticals in the 2000s, developing and radiolabeling a nanomaterial was highly innovative in itself, even if its in vivo biodistribution was disseminated to… all the main organs of the body! In the 2010s, nanotechnology became the focus of the whole community, with two “holy grails”: enhancing the specificity and lowering the toxicity of radiopharmaceuticals for tumor diagnostics and theranostics. From a methodological point of view, harmonization and collaboration have always represented the key for translating research developments from bench to bedside. However, the numerous proofs of concept and developments published in the past 10 years have raised a couple of questions that now need to be answered: how many nanoradiopharmaceuticals have been developed and published, with encouraging preclinical results but absolutely no clinical output? We hear that nanoradiopharmaceuticals are the future of nuclear medicine, but why does it take so long for a nanoradiopharmaceutical to find its place in clinical trials? Is toxicity an insurmountable hindrance? Have we used accurate preclinical models? Have we considered tissue heterogeneity when applicable? Have we focused on the right clinical indications? Is there still a place for such cutting-edge nanotechnologies in diagnostics and theranostics? We hope this Special Issue will inspire transdisciplinary teams to join their best forces, i.e., specialized engineers, (radio)pharmacists, (radio)chemists, (radio)physicists, pharmacokinetics specialists and nuclear MDs, because that is precisely what this topic needs. Let us zoom in together to the nanoscale and take a picture of what tomorrow’s radiopharmaceuticals might look like.

Dr. Philippe Garrigue
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Nanotechnology
  • Nanosystem
  • PET
  • SPECT
  • Radiopharmaceuticals
  • Radiotherapy
  • Theranostics

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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10 pages, 1416 KiB  
Article
Sublingual Atropine Administration as a Tool to Decrease Salivary Glands’ PSMA-Ligand Uptake: A Preclinical Proof of Concept Study Using [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11
by Vincent Nail, Béatrice Louis, Anaïs Moyon, Adrien Chabert, Laure Balasse, Samantha Fernandez, Guillaume Hache, Philippe Garrigue, David Taïeb and Benjamin Guillet
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(6), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061276 - 16 Jun 2022
Viewed by 2215
Abstract
Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-directed radionuclide therapy has gained an important role in the management of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although extremely promising, the prolongation in survival and amelioration of disease-related symptoms must be balanced against the direct toxicities of the treatment. Xerostomia [...] Read more.
Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)-directed radionuclide therapy has gained an important role in the management of advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although extremely promising, the prolongation in survival and amelioration of disease-related symptoms must be balanced against the direct toxicities of the treatment. Xerostomia is amongst the most common and debilitating of these, particularly when using an alpha emitter. It is therefore of main importance to develop new preventive strategies. This preclinical study has evaluated the effect of α-adrenergic and anticholinergic drugs on [99mTc]TcO4 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT) and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 Positron Emission Tomography (PET/CT). Methods: The effects of phenylephrine, scopolamine, atropine, and ipratropium on salivary glands uptake were evaluated in non-tumor-bearing mice by [99mTc]TcO4 microSPECT/CT. The most efficient identified strategy was evaluated in non-tumor-bearing and xenografted mice by [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT. Results: Scopolamine and atropine showed a significant decrease in the parotid glands’ uptake on SPECT/CT whereas phenylephrine and ipratropium failed. Atropine premedication (sublingual route), which was the most effective strategy, also showed a drastic decrease of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 salivary glands’ uptake in both non-tumor-bearing mice (−51.6% for the parotids, p < 0.0001) and human prostate adenocarcinoma xenografted mice (−26.8% for the parotids, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Premedication with a local administration of atropine could represent a simple, safe, and efficient approach for reducing salivary glands’ uptake. Full article
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17 pages, 3529 KiB  
Article
Targeted Endoradiotherapy with Lu2O3-iPSMA/-iFAP Nanoparticles Activated by Neutron Irradiation: Preclinical Evaluation and First Patient Image
by Myrna Luna-Gutiérrez, Blanca Ocampo-García, Nallely Jiménez-Mancilla, Alejandra Ancira-Cortez, Diana Trujillo-Benítez, Tania Hernández-Jiménez, Gerardo Ramírez-Nava, Rodrigo Hernández-Ramírez, Clara Santos-Cuevas and Guillermina Ferro-Flores
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(4), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040720 - 27 Mar 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2326
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed in a variety of cancer cells, while the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is expressed in the microenvironment of tumors. Previously, we reported the ability of iPSMA and iFAP ligands to specifically target PSMA and FAP proteins, as [...] Read more.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed in a variety of cancer cells, while the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is expressed in the microenvironment of tumors. Previously, we reported the ability of iPSMA and iFAP ligands to specifically target PSMA and FAP proteins, as well as the preparation of stable 177Lu2O3 nanoparticles (<100 nm) functionalized with target-specific peptides. This research aimed to evaluate the dosimetry and therapeutic response of Lu2O3-iPSMA and Lu2O3-iFAP nanoparticles activated by neutron irradiation to demonstrate their potential for theranostic applications in nuclear medicine. The biokinetic behavior, radiation absorbed dose, and metabolic activity ([18F]FDG/micro-PET, SUV) in preclinical tumor tissues (athymic mice), following treatment with 177Lu2O3-iPSMA, 177Lu2O3-iFAP or 177Lu2O3 nanoparticles, were assessed. One patient with multiple colorectal liver metastases (PSMA-positive) received 177Lu2O3-iPSMA under a “compassionate use” protocol. Results indicated no significant difference (p < 0.05) between 177Lu2O3-iPSMA and 177Lu2O3-iFAP, regarding tumor radiation absorbed doses (105 ± 14 Gy, 99 ± 12 Gy and 58 ± 7 Gy for 177Lu2O3-iPSMA, 177Lu2O3-iFAP, and 177Lu2O3, respectively) and tumor metabolic activity (SUV of 0.421 ± 0.092, 0.375 ± 0.104 and 1.821 ± 0.891 for 177Lu2O3-iPSMA, 177Lu2O3-iFAP, and 177Lu2O3, respectively) in mice after treatment, which correlated with the observed therapeutic response. 177Lu2O3-iPSMA and 177Lu2O3-iFAP significantly inhibited tumor progression, due to the prolonged tumor retention and a combination of 177Lu radiotherapy and iPSMA or iFAP molecular recognition. There were negligible uptake values in non-target tissues and no evidence of liver and renal toxicity. The doses received by the patient’s liver metastases (42–210 Gy) demonstrated the potential of 177Lu2O3-iPSMA for treating colorectal liver metastases. Full article
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14 pages, 24096 KiB  
Article
Tracking Radiolabeled Endothelial Microvesicles Predicts Their Therapeutic Efficacy: A Proof-of-Concept Study in Peripheral Ischemia Mouse Model Using SPECT/CT Imaging
by Romain Giraud, Anaïs Moyon, Stéphanie Simoncini, Anne-Claire Duchez, Vincent Nail, Corinne Chareyre, Ahlem Bouhlel, Laure Balasse, Samantha Fernandez, Loris Vallier, Guillaume Hache, Florence Sabatier, Françoise Dignat-George, Romaric Lacroix, Benjamin Guillet and Philippe Garrigue
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010121 - 4 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1899
Abstract
Microvesicles, so-called endothelial large extracellular vesicles (LEVs), are of great interest as biological markers and cell-free biotherapies in cardiovascular and oncologic diseases. However, their therapeutic perspectives remain limited due to the lack of reliable data regarding their systemic biodistribution after intravenous administration. Methods: [...] Read more.
Microvesicles, so-called endothelial large extracellular vesicles (LEVs), are of great interest as biological markers and cell-free biotherapies in cardiovascular and oncologic diseases. However, their therapeutic perspectives remain limited due to the lack of reliable data regarding their systemic biodistribution after intravenous administration. Methods: Applied to a mouse model of peripheral ischemia, radiolabeled endothelial LEVs were tracked and their in vivo whole-body distribution was quantified by microSPECT/CT imaging. Hindlimb perfusion was followed by LASER Doppler and motility impairment function was evaluated up to day 28 post-ischemia. Results: Early and specific homing of LEVs to ischemic hind limbs was quantified on the day of ischemia and positively correlated with reperfusion intensity at a later stage on day 28 after ischemia, associated with an improved motility function. Conclusions: This concept is a major asset for investigating the biodistribution of LEVs issued from other cell types, including cancer, thus partly contributing to better knowledge and understanding of their fate after injection. Full article
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Review

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26 pages, 4288 KiB  
Review
IAEA Contribution to Nanosized Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals for Drug Delivery
by Amir R. Jalilian, Blanca Ocampo-García, Wanvimol Pasanphan, Tamer M. Sakr, Laura Melendez-Alafort, Mariano Grasselli, Ademar B. Lugao, Hassan Yousefnia, Clelia Dispenza, Siti Mohd Janib, Irfan U. Khan, Michał Maurin, Piotr Ulański, Say Chye Joachim Loo, Agnes Safrany, Joao A. Osso, Jr., Adriano Duatti and Kattesh V. Katti
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(5), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051060 - 15 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2940
Abstract
The rapidly growing interest in the application of nanoscience in the future design of radiopharmaceuticals and the development of nanosized radiopharmaceuticals in the late 2000′s, resulted in the creation of a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in [...] Read more.
The rapidly growing interest in the application of nanoscience in the future design of radiopharmaceuticals and the development of nanosized radiopharmaceuticals in the late 2000′s, resulted in the creation of a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2014. This CRP entitled ‘Nanosized delivery systems for radiopharmaceuticals’ involved a team of expert scientist from various member states. This team of scientists worked on a number of cutting-edge areas of nanoscience with a focus on developing well-defined, highly effective and site-specific delivery systems of radiopharmaceuticals. Specifically, focus areas of various teams of scientists comprised of the development of nanoparticles (NPs) based on metals, polymers, and gels, and their conjugation/encapsulation or decoration with various tumor avid ligands such as peptides, folates, and small molecule phytochemicals. The research and development efforts also comprised of developing optimum radiolabeling methods of various nano vectors using diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides including Tc-99m, Ga-68, Lu-177 and Au-198. Concerted efforts of teams of scientists within this CRP has resulted in the development of various protocols and guidelines on delivery systems of nanoradiopharmaceuticals, training of numerous graduate students/post-doctoral fellows and publications in peer reviewed journals while establishing numerous productive scientific networks in various participating member states. Some of the innovative nanoconstructs were chosen for further preclinical applications—all aimed at ultimate clinical translation for treating human cancer patients. This review article summarizes outcomes of this major international scientific endeavor. Full article
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