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16 pages, 1558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of traC Gene to Type the Incidence and Distribution of pXFAS_5235 Plasmid-Bearing Strains of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa ST1 in Spain

by María Pilar Velasco-Amo, Luis F. Arias-Giraldo, Concepción Olivares-García, Nicolás Denancé, Marie-Agnès Jacques and Blanca B. Landa

Plants 2022, 11(12), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121562 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2336 | Correction

Abstract

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a phytopathogenic bacterium with a repertoire of self-replicating genetic elements, including plasmids, pathogenicity islands, and prophages. These elements provide potential avenues for horizontal gene transfer both within and between species and have the ability to confer new [...] Read more.

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is a phytopathogenic bacterium with a repertoire of self-replicating genetic elements, including plasmids, pathogenicity islands, and prophages. These elements provide potential avenues for horizontal gene transfer both within and between species and have the ability to confer new virulence traits, including the ability to colonize new host plants. However, they can also serve as a ‘footprint’ to type plasmid-bearing strains. Genome sequencing of several strains of Xf subsp. fastidiosa sequence type (ST) 1 from Mallorca Island, Spain, revealed the presence of a 38 kb plasmid (pXFAS_5235). In this study, we developed a PCR-based typing approach using primers targeting the traC gene to determine the presence of pXFAS_5235 plasmid or other plasmids carrying this gene in a world-wide collection of 65 strains X. fastidiosa from different subspecies and STs or in 226 plant samples naturally infected by the bacterium obtained from the different outbreaks of Xf in Spain. The traC gene was amplified only in the plant samples obtained from Mallorca Island infected by Xf subsp. fastidiosa ST1 and from all Spanish strains belonging to this ST. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of traC revealed a close relatedness among Spanish and Californian strains carrying similar plasmids. Our results confirm previous studies, which suggested that a single introduction event of Xf subsp. fastidiosa ST1 occurred in the Balearic Islands. Further studies on the presence and role of plasmids in Xf strains belonging to the same or different subspecies and STs can provide important information in studies of epidemiology, ecology, and evolution of this plant pathogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the XVI Congress of the Spanish Society of Horticultural Science (SECH))

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19 pages, 2606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Primer Choice and Xylem-Microbiome-Extraction Method Are Important Determinants in Assessing Xylem Bacterial Community in Olive Trees

by Manuel Anguita-Maeso, Carmen Haro, Juan A. Navas-Cortés and Blanca B. Landa

Plants 2022, 11(10), 1320; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101320 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3372

Abstract

Understanding the unique and unexplored microbial environment of xylem sap is starting to be of relevant importance for plant health, as it could include microbes that may protect plants against xylem-limited pathogens, such as Verticillium dahliae and Xylella fastidiosa. In this study, [...] Read more.

Understanding the unique and unexplored microbial environment of xylem sap is starting to be of relevant importance for plant health, as it could include microbes that may protect plants against xylem-limited pathogens, such as Verticillium dahliae and Xylella fastidiosa. In this study, we evaluated the effects that the method for extracting the xylem bacterial communities, the plant age and the PCR primers may have on characterizing the xylem-bacterial-community composition by using an NGS approach. Xylem sap was extracted from xylem vessels by using a Scholander pressure chamber, or by macerating wood shavings that were obtained from xylem tissues by using branches from 10-year-old olive trees, or the entire canopy of 1-year-old olive plantlets. Additionally, we compared four different PCR-primer pairs that target 16S rRNA for their efficacy to avoid the coamplification of mitochondria and chloroplast 16S rRNA, as this represents an important drawback in metabarcoding studies. The highest amplifications in the mitochondria and chloroplast reads were obtained when using xylem woody chips with the PCR1-799F/1062R (76.05%) and PCR3-967F/1391R (99.96%) primer pairs. To the contrary, the PCR2-799F/1115R and PCR4-799F/1193R primer pairs showed the lowest mitochondria 16S rRNA amplification (<27.48%), no chloroplast sequences and the highest numbers of bacterial OTUs identified (i.e., 254 and 266, respectively). Interestingly, only 73 out of 172 and 46 out of 181 genera were shared between the xylem sap and woody chips after amplification with PCR2 or PCR4 primers, respectively, which indicates a strong bias of the bacterial-community description, depending on the primers used. Globally, the most abundant bacterial genera (>60% of reads) included Anoxybacillus, Cutibacterium, Pseudomonas, Spirosoma, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum and Sphingomonas; however, their relative importance varied, depending on the matrix that was used for the DNA extraction and the primer pairs that were used, with the lowest effect due to plant age. These results will help to optimize the analysis of xylem-inhabiting bacteria, depending on whether whole xylematic tissue or xylem sap is used for the DNA extraction. More importantly, it will help to better understand the driving and modifying factors that shape the olive-xylem-bacterial-community composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the XVI Congress of the Spanish Society of Horticultural Science (SECH))

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12 pages, 959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Floral Quality Characterization in Olive Progenies from Reciprocal Crosses

by Hava F. Rapoport, Inmaculada Moreno-Alías, Miguel Ángel de la Rosa-Peinazo, Amina Frija, Raúl de la Rosa and Lorenzo León

Plants 2022, 11(10), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101285 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1911

Abstract

Despite the importance of flowering for fruit formation, it has been considered very little in breeding programs involving fruit species, including olives. We evaluated the principal morphological flower-quality components in the olive cultivars, ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Picual’, and in the progenies of their crosses. [...] Read more.

Despite the importance of flowering for fruit formation, it has been considered very little in breeding programs involving fruit species, including olives. We evaluated the principal morphological flower-quality components in the olive cultivars, ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Picual’, and in the progenies of their crosses. Wide ranges of variation were obtained for all the inflorescence traits and ovary tissue sizes. An analysis of variance indicated that the residual error was the main contributor to the inflorescence traits, except for the number of perfect flowers, underlining the need to evaluate adequate numbers of inflorescences for accurate measurements of these traits. However, the high repeatability obtained for the inflorescence traits suggests that simple evaluation procedures could be accurate enough for genotype characterization. The average values for ‘Arbequina’ were in the upper range for all the traits; the opposite occurred for ‘Picual’, and the values for most of the progenies were intermediate. No significant differences between the maternal and paternal effect on inheritance were found. Some interesting transgressive segregants showed a higher flower number, greater ovary and mesocarp size, or percentage of ovaries with all four fully developed ovules. The correlations among the parameters may have reflected a relatively consistent distribution of the ovaries’ structural components and a close relationship between the ovaries and their mesocarp growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the XVI Congress of the Spanish Society of Horticultural Science (SECH))

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12 pages, 833 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Seedling Selection in Olive Breeding Progenies

by Hande Yılmaz-Düzyaman, Raúl de la Rosa and Lorenzo León

Plants 2022, 11(9), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091195 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1790

Abstract

The long juvenile period in olive (Olea europaea L.) delays the evaluation of characters of interest and prolongs the selection of new cultivars in the breeding programs. Therefore, it is important to use accurate selection criteria and appropriate selection pressure to make [...] Read more.

The long juvenile period in olive (Olea europaea L.) delays the evaluation of characters of interest and prolongs the selection of new cultivars in the breeding programs. Therefore, it is important to use accurate selection criteria and appropriate selection pressure to make an effective identification of the superior genotypes and to identify which parents transmit lower juvenile periods to their descendants. In this study, the juvenile period, vigor, fruit fresh weight, and oil content of fruit on a dry weight basis were evaluated in 1568 genotypes from two independent open-pollinated populations; G07, that included 520 genotypes from 25 cultivars and 1 breeding selection and G14, with 1048 genotypes from 13 cultivars. This evaluation was used to test different selection criteria and define optimal selection pressure at the initial stage of an olive breeding program. Wide ranges of variation were obtained for all the characters measured, with higher variability within progenies than between progenies. “Askal” and “Barnea” seem to be the cultivars transmitting the shorter juvenile period to the descendants. In the case of fruit fresh weight and oil content, transgression of variability limits of the parents was observed. Significant correlation was found between mean values of fruit fresh weight of progenies and their parents for G07 (0.59) and G14 (0.95). Selection was made using two selection index formulas (SI1 and SI2). A high coincidence was found between the individuals selected by both formulas and the correspondent selection pressures applied; 15% for SI1, and 14% for SI2. A wide variability in the percentage of selected genotypes was found, from no individuals selected from some progenies to more than 20% of genotypes selected in some others. These results underline the need to explore the wide genetic variability currently hosted in germplasm collections for an optimal choice of parents in olive breeding works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the XVI Congress of the Spanish Society of Horticultural Science (SECH))

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22 pages, 3172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utility of EST-SNP Markers for Improving Management and Use of Olive Genetic Resources: A Case Study at the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba

by Angjelina Belaj, Antònia Ninot, Francisco J. Gómez-Gálvez, Milad El Riachy, Melek Gurbuz-Veral, Mariela Torres, Adhurim Lazaj, Tatjana Klepo, Sergio Paz, Javier Ugarte, Luciana Baldoni, Ignacio J. Lorite, Zlatko Šatović and Raúl de la Rosa

Plants 2022, 11(7), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070921 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3193

Abstract

Olive, the emblematic Mediterranean fruit crop, owns a great varietal diversity, which is maintained in ex situ field collections, such as the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba (WOGBC), Spain. Accurate identification of WOGBC, one of the world’s largest collections, is essential for [...] Read more.

Olive, the emblematic Mediterranean fruit crop, owns a great varietal diversity, which is maintained in ex situ field collections, such as the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Córdoba (WOGBC), Spain. Accurate identification of WOGBC, one of the world’s largest collections, is essential for efficient management and use of olive germplasm. The present study is the first report of the use of a core set of 96 EST-SNP markers for the fingerprinting of 1273 accessions from 29 countries, including both field and new acquired accessions. The EST-SNP fingerprinting made possible the accurate identification of 668 different genotypes, including 148 detected among the new acquired accessions. Despite the overall high genetic diversity found at WOGBC, the EST-SNPs also revealed the presence of remarkable redundant germplasm mostly represented by synonymy cases within and between countries. This finding, together with the presence of homonymy cases, may reflect a continuous interchange of olive cultivars, as well as a common and general approach for their naming. The structure analysis revealed a certain geographic clustering of the analysed germplasm. The EST-SNP panel under study provides a powerful and accurate genotyping tool, allowing for the foundation of a common strategy for efficient safeguarding and management of olive genetic resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the XVI Congress of the Spanish Society of Horticultural Science (SECH))

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10 pages, 770 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Imbibition, Viability, and Germination of Caper Seeds (Capparisspinosa L.) in the First Year of Storage

by María Laura Foschi, Mariano Juan, Bernardo Pascual and Nuria Pascual-Seva

Plants 2022, 11(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020202 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2314

Abstract

The caper is a shrub that adapts to harsh environments when it is established, but it presents serious difficulties in its propagation, both by cuttings and by seeds. Its seeds have low germination percentages, and germination is a very slow process. Significant increases [...] Read more.

The caper is a shrub that adapts to harsh environments when it is established, but it presents serious difficulties in its propagation, both by cuttings and by seeds. Its seeds have low germination percentages, and germination is a very slow process. Significant increases in germination have been obtained with scarification and with the addition of gibberellic acid (GA₃) to the substrate, leading to the hypothesis that they have possible physical and physiological dormancy. However, the only way to examine the water-impermeability of the cover is through imbibition analysis. This study analyzes the imbibition, viability, and germination of two seed lots, obtained in different years and evaluated immediately after their collection (FS) and after being stored (7 °C) for one month (DS) and one year (SS). The seed moisture content stabilizes from the fourth day, exceeding in all cases 31% in all three seed states tested (FS, DS and SS). This allows the germination of all viable seeds, only with the addition of GA₃ to the germination substrate, without the need for scarification, so that caper seeds exclusively appear to present a physiological latency. Germination decreased in storage, even with just one month. With the GA₃ addition, high germination values were obtained (up to 95% in FS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the XVI Congress of the Spanish Society of Horticultural Science (SECH))

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9 pages, 1157 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Short-Term Waterlogging in Citrus Rootstocks

by Margarita Pérez-Jiménez and Olaya Pérez-Tornero

Plants 2021, 10(12), 2772; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122772 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2752

Abstract

Changes in climate are provoking flooding events that cause waterlogging in the fields. Citrus are mainly cultivated in areas with a high susceptibility to climate change. Therefore, it is vital to explore their responses to these events to anticipate future challenges by means [...] Read more.

Changes in climate are provoking flooding events that cause waterlogging in the fields. Citrus are mainly cultivated in areas with a high susceptibility to climate change. Therefore, it is vital to explore their responses to these events to anticipate future challenges by means of genetic improvement of the commercial rootstocks. In this experiment, three popular commercial rootstocks, namely ‘Cleopatra’ (C. reshni Hort. Ex Tanaka), C. macrophylla, and ‘Forner Alcaide no. 5′ (Citrus reshni Hort. Ex Tanaka × Poncirus trifoliata), were evaluated after being submitted to short-term waterlogging and a period of recovery of 7 days in each case. Photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance decreased in ‘Cleopatra’, while in the other two genotypes they were maintained (C. macrophylla) or restored after recovery (‘Forner Alcaide no. 5′’). Relative water content and chlorophylls also decreased in ‘Cleopatra’. This indicates a deeper effect of flooding in ‘Cleopatra’, which suffered changes during flooding that were also sustained during the recovery phase. This did not occur in the other two rootstocks, since they showed signs of recovery for those parameters that decreased during waterlogging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the XVI Congress of the Spanish Society of Horticultural Science (SECH))

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3 pages, 201 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Velasco-Amo et al. Use of traC Gene to Type the Incidence and Distribution of pXFAS_5235 Plasmid-Bearing Strains of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa ST1 in Spain. Plants 2022, 11, 1562

by María Pilar Velasco-Amo, Luis F. Arias-Giraldo, Concepción Olivares-García, Nicolás Denancé, Marie-Agnès Jacques and Blanca B. Landa

Plants 2024, 13(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020200 - 11 Jan 2024

Viewed by 653

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected papers from the XVI Congress of the Spanish Society of Horticultural Science (SECH))

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