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A special issue of Processes (ISSN 2227-9717). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainable Processes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 15639

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu

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Guest Editor

1.Theory of Mechanisms and Robots Department, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
2.Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Natural Sciences and Technology, Division of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environment, Universidad Ana G. Méndez-Gurabo Campus, Gurabo, PR 00778, USA
Interests: machines; bioengineering; nuclear power; materials science; aerospace
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

You are invited to submit papers to our new Special Issue, entitled "Advanced Processes Creating New Technologies in Tomorrow's Industry (II)". After the conclusion of the second part, we intend to publish a book that will link together all articles collected in both parts of this special issue and which will be distributed to specialists across the globe and field. Part I may be found at: (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/processes/special_issues/advanced_processes_technologies).

This Special Issue aims to bring together recent advances in the broad field of advanced processes to create new technologies for tomorrow's industry. Its scope encompasses all research related to fault detection, diagnosis, coatings, printing, deposition, innovative processes, 3D printing, catalysts, new materials, as well as bio- and nanomaterials. Success in advancing this field will rely heavily on cooperation, and we encourage authors to submit papers on topics such as:

3D printing;
Innovative processes;
Sensors;
Coatings;
Catalysts;
New materials;
Nanomaterials;
Chemical processes for new technologies in industry;
Monitoring 3D objects (e.g., from additive manufacturing);
Artificial intelligence for process monitoring;
Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting;
Integration of statistical process control and engineering process control;
Bioinspired processes;
Processes creating new technologies;
Micro- or nano-machining TiO₂ patterns;
Photothermal membrane of CuS/polyacrylamide;
Fabricating sub-100nm conducting polymer nanowires;
Light-trapping SERS substrate with regular;
Fabrication of 3D biomimetic composite coating;
Drone drocesses;
Processes for robotics;
Any kind of new technologies;
Dynamic processes;
Industrial processes;
Technical processes.

Success can only come when we are together!

Dr. Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Processes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

3D printing
innovative processes
sensors
coatings
catalysts
new materials
nanomaterials
chemically processes for new technologies in the industry
monitoring 3D objects
manufacturing
artificial Intelligence for process monitoring
fault diagnosis and troubleshooting
bioinspired processes
processes creating new technologies
micro- or nano-machining TiO2 Patterns
the photothermal membrane of CuS/polyacrylamide
fabricating sub-100nm conducting polymer nanowires
light-trapping SERS substrate with regular
fabrication of 3D biomimetic composite coating
drone processes
processes for robotics
industrial processes

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 7105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Converting Candlenut Shell Waste into Graphene for Electrode Applications

by Rikson Siburian, Kerista Tarigan, Yosia Gopas Oetama Manik, Fajar Hutagalung, Yatimah Alias, Yong Ching Chan, Boon Peng Chang, Jonathan Siow, Amanda Jiamin Ong, Jingfeng Huang, Suriati Paiman, Boon Tong Goh, Lisnawaty Simatupang, Ronn Goei, Alfred Iing Yoong Tok, Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahya and Fathan Bahfie

Processes 2024, 12(8), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12081544 - 23 Jul 2024

Viewed by 948

Abstract

Graphene was synthesized through a two-step pyrolysis method using waste candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus) shells as the precursor. Cerium (Ce)/graphene composites were prepared via an impregnation technique. The resulting graphene and Ce/graphene were characterized using various analytical methods, including Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV). The bio-carbon produced predominantly exhibited a graphene structure with flat carbon morphology and an interlayer distance of 0.33 nm. This structural information is supported by XRD data, which shows a broad and weak peak at 2θ = 26° corresponding to the C (002) plane, indicative of graphene presence. FTIR, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy further confirmed the presence of graphene through the detection of Csp2 aromatic bonds and the characteristic D, G, and 2D peaks. Notably, the performance of cerium can be enhanced by the incorporation of graphene, attributed to the large surface area and chemical interactions between Ce and graphene. Consequently, candlenut-derived graphene shows potential as a supportive material for modifying the properties of cerium, due to the current value of Ce/Graphene increase with presence of graphene, thereby opening avenues for various advanced applications, such as sustainable and high-performance energy storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes Creating New Technologies in Tomorrow’s Industry (II))

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13 pages, 1636 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Low-Pressure Hydrothermal Processing of Disposable Face Masks into Oils

by Cagri Un, Clayton Gentilcore, Kathryn Ault, Hung Gieng, Petr Vozka and Nien-Hwa Linda Wang

Processes 2023, 11(10), 2819; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11102819 - 23 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2307

Abstract

A total of 5.4 million tons of face masks were generated worldwide annually in 2021. Most of these used masks went to landfills or entered the environment, posing serious risks to wildlife, humans, and ecosystems. In this study, batch low-pressure hydrothermal processing (LP-HTP) methods are developed to convert disposable face masks into oils. Three different materials from face masks were studied to find optimal processing conditions for converting full face masks into oil. The oil and gas yields, as well as oil compositions, depend on the feedstock composition, particle size, and reaction conditions. Yields of 82 wt.% oil, 17 wt.% gas, and minimal char (~1 wt.%) were obtained from full masks. LP-HTP methods for converting face masks have higher oil yields than pyrolysis methods in the literature and have lower operating pressures than supercritical water liquefaction. LP-HTP methods for face masks can increase net energy returns by 3.4 times and reduce GHG emissions by 95% compared to incineration. LP-HTP has the potential to divert 5.4 million tons of waste masks annually from landfills and the environment, producing approximately 4.4 million tons of oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes Creating New Technologies in Tomorrow’s Industry (II))

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23 pages, 5330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodology for Consolidation Effects of Inventory Management with Serially Dependent Random Demand

by Mauricio Huerta, Víctor Leiva, Fernando Rojas, Peter Wanke and Xavier Cabezas

Processes 2023, 11(7), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11072008 - 5 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1614

Abstract

Most studies of inventory consolidation effects assume time-independent random demand. In this article, we consider time-dependence by incorporating an autoregressive moving average structure to model the demand for products. With this modeling approach, we analyze the effect of consolidation on inventory costs compared to a system without consolidation. We formulate an inventory setting based on continuous-review using allocation rules for regular transshipment and centralization, which establishes temporal structures of demand. Numerical simulations demonstrate that, under time-dependence, the demand conditional variance, based on past data, is less than the marginal variance. This finding favors dedicated locations for inventory replenishment. Additionally, temporal structures reduce the costs of maintaining safety stocks through regular transshipments when such temporal patterns exist. The obtained results are illustrated with an example using real-world data. Our investigation provides information for managing supply chains in the presence of time-patterned demands that can be of interest to decision-makers in the supply chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes Creating New Technologies in Tomorrow’s Industry (II))

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16 pages, 1921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mach Number Prediction for 0.6 m and 2.4 m Continuous Transonic Wind Tunnels

by Luping Zhao, Wei Jia and Yawen Shao

Processes 2023, 11(6), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11061683 - 1 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1091

Abstract

With the development of the design technology, more and more advanced and diverse wind tunnels have been constructed to match complex requirements. However, it is hard to design a precise physical model of a wind tunnel that can be controlled. In addition, if a new wind tunnel is designed, the experimental data may be insufficient to build a controlling model. This article reports research on the following two models: (1) for a 0.6 m continuous transonic wind tunnel supported by a large amount of historical data, the false nearest neighbor (FNN) algorithm was adopted to calculate the order of the input variables, and the nonlinear auto-regressive model with the exogenous inputs–backpropagation network (NARX-BP) was proposed to build its Mach number prediction model; (2) for a new 2.4 m continuous transonic wind tunnel with only a small amount of experimental data, the method of model migration, the input and output slope/bias correction–particle swarm optimization (IOSBC-PSO) algorithm, was developed to convert the old model of the 0.6 m wind tunnel into the new model of the 2.4 m wind tunnel, so that the new Mach number prediction could be conducted. Through simulation experiments, it was found that by introducing the NARX-BP algorithm to build the Mach number prediction model, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the model decreased by 44.93–77.90%, and the maximum deviation (MD) decreased by 64.05–85.32% compared to the BP model. The performance of the IOSBC-PSO migration model was also better than that of the non-migration model, as evidenced by the 82.06% decrease of the RMSE value and the 78.25% decrease of the MD value. The experiments showed the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes Creating New Technologies in Tomorrow’s Industry (II))

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20 pages, 7396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applying a Combination of Cutting-Edge Industry 4.0 Processes towards Fabricating a Customized Component

by Antreas Kantaros, Evangelos Soulis, Theodore Ganetsos and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu

Processes 2023, 11(5), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11051385 - 4 May 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2195

Abstract

3D scanning, 3D printing, and CAD design software are considered important tools in Industry 4.0 product development processes. Each one of them has seen widespread use in a variety of scientific and commercial fields. This work aims to depict the added value of their combined use in a proposed workflow where a customized product needs to be developed. More specifically, the geometry of an existing physical item’s geometry needs to be defined in order to fabricate and seamlessly integrate an additional component. In this instance, a 3D scanning technique was used to digitize an e-bike’s frame geometry. This was essential for creating a peripheral component (in this case, a rear rack) that would be integrated into the frame of the bicycle. In lieu of just developing a tail rack from scratch, a CAD generative design process was chosen in order to produce a design that favored both light weight and optimal mechanical behaviors. FDM 3D printing was utilized to build the final design using ABS-CF10 materials, which, although being a thermoplastic ABS-based material, was introduced as a metal replacement for lighter and more ergonomic component production. Consequently, the component was manufactured in this manner and successfully mounted onto the frame of the e-bike. The proposed process is not limited to the manufacturing of this component, but may be used in the future for the fabrication of additional peripheral components and tooling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes Creating New Technologies in Tomorrow’s Industry (II))

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12 pages, 2861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Medium-Pressure UV/Peracetic Acid to Remove Three Typical Refractory Contaminants of Textile Wastewater

by Yanping Zhu, Yuxuan Cao, Shihu Shu, Pengjin Zhu, Dongfang Wang, He Xu and Dongqing Cai

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041183 - 12 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1581

Abstract

In this work, the performance of medium-pressure UV/peracetic acid (MPUV/PAA/H₂O₂) was explored on removing reactive black 5 (RB5), aniline (ANL), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), three typical refractory contaminants in printing and dyeing wastewater, compared with MPUV/H₂O₂. MPUV/PAA/H₂O₂ showed 75.0, 44.9, and 57.7% removals of RB5, ANL, and PVA, respectively, within 5 min. The removal of RB5 increased from 68.98 to 91.2%, with pH increasing from 6 to 9, while the removals of ANL and PVA were much less pH-dependent. Quenching experiment results indicated that UV photolysis and radical (i.e., •OH and R-C•) oxidation contributed to RB5 removal, while PAA showed high activity in the oxidation of ANL. For PVA, •OH oxidation and UV photolysis were likely the main mechanisms. The coexisting natural organic matter had a negative effect on the degradation of RB5 and PVA. In addition, MPUV/PAA/H₂O₂ could effectively degrade those pollutants without increasing the toxicity. This work provides a theoretical reference for the utilization of MPUV/PAA/H₂O₂ in removing structurally diverse refractory contaminants from printing and dyeing wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes Creating New Technologies in Tomorrow’s Industry (II))

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26 pages, 4029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time Series-Based Edge Resource Prediction and Parallel Optimal Task Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing Environment

by Sasmita Rani Behera, Niranjan Panigrahi, Sourav Kumar Bhoi, Kshira Sagar Sahoo, N.Z. Jhanjhi and Rania M. Ghoniem

Processes 2023, 11(4), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041017 - 27 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1891

Abstract

The offloading of computationally intensive tasks to edge servers is indispensable in the mobile edge computing (MEC) environment. Once the tasks are offloaded, the subsequent challenges lie in buffering them and assigning them to edge virtual machine (VM) resources to meet the multicriteria requirement. Furthermore, the edge resources’ availability is dynamic in nature and needs a joint prediction and optimal allocation for the efficient usage of resources and fulfillment of the tasks’ requirements. To this end, this work has three contributions. First, a delay sensitivity-based priority scheduling (DSPS) policy is presented to schedule the tasks as per their deadline. Secondly, based on exploratory data analysis and inferred seasonal patterns in the usage of edge CPU resources from the GWA-T-12 Bitbrains VM utilization dataset, the availability of VM resources is predicted by using a Holt–Winters-based univariate algorithm (HWVMR) and a vector autoregression-based multivariate algorithm (VARVMR). Finally, for optimal and fast task assignment, a parallel differential evolution-based task allocation (pDETA) strategy is proposed. The proposed algorithms are evaluated extensively with standard performance metrics, and the results show nearly 22%, 35%, and 69% improvements in cost and 41%, 52%, and 78% improvements in energy when compared with MTSS, DE, and min–min strategies, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes Creating New Technologies in Tomorrow’s Industry (II))

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25 pages, 2685 KiB

Open AccessReview

Post-Production Finishing Processes Utilized in 3D Printing Technologies

by Antreas Kantaros, Theodore Ganetsos, Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu, Liviu Marian Ungureanu and Iulian Sorin Munteanu

Processes 2024, 12(3), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12030595 - 15 Mar 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2174

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized production across industries, yet challenges persist in achieving optimal part quality. This paper studies the enhancement of post-processing techniques to elevate the overall quality of AM-produced components. This study focuses on optimizing various post-processing methodologies to address prevalent issues such as surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, and material properties. Through an extensive review, this article identifies and evaluates a spectrum of post-processing methods, encompassing thermal, chemical, and mechanical treatments. Special attention is given to their effects on different types of additive manufacturing technologies, including selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and stereolithography (SLA) and their dedicated raw materials. The findings highlight the significance of tailored post-processing approaches in mitigating inherent defects, optimizing surface finish, and enhancing mechanical properties. Additionally, this study proposes novel post-processing procedures to achieve superior quality while minimizing fabrication time and infrastructure and material costs. The integration of post-processing techniques such as cleaning, surface finishing, heat treatment, support structure removal, surface coating, electropolishing, ultrasonic finishing, and hot isostatic pressing (HIP), as steps directly within the additive manufacturing workflow can immensely contribute toward this direction. The outcomes displayed in this article not only make a valuable contribution to the progression of knowledge regarding post-processing methods but also offer practical implications for manufacturers and researchers who are interested in improving the quality standards of additive manufacturing processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Processes Creating New Technologies in Tomorrow’s Industry (II))

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