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Remote Sensing in Land Management

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing in Agriculture and Vegetation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2024) | Viewed by 5571

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Computing Center Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 680000 Khabarovsk, Russia
Interests: computer vision; remote sensing; machine learning; high-performance computing systems; natural hazards
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Guest Editor
Far Eastern Agriculture Research Institute, Vostochnoe, 680521 Khabarovsk, Russia
Interests: precision agriculture; mathematical modelling; remote sensing; crop yield prediction; crop mapping; classification; machine learning

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Guest Editor
Center for Crop Management & Farming System, Institute of Crop Sciences, CAAS, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
Interests: plant phenomics; precision agriculture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Global climate change, natural disasters and technological problems have great impacts on the development of agriculture in certain areas around the world. This is especially true for risky agricultural areas (for example, such as the Russian Far East, the Northeast China, etc.). It is important to adapt methods and technologies that allow the development of information systems for monitoring the condition and management of land resources in order to meet the tasks of such territories. The modern remote sensing systems that have become widespread in recent years are the basis for such solutions. The joint use of the results of the processing and analysis of remote sensing data, in combination with methods of mathematical modeling and with geoinformation platforms, makes it possible to adopt effective solutions aimed at the sustainable development of territories and ensuring the well-being of their population.

A special section of this Special Issue, entitled “Remote Sensing Methods and Technologies in the Study of Natural and Technical Systems”, will be organized for a comprehensive discussion of the results of research on these issues during the VII Conference “Information Technologies and High Performance Computing” (ITHPC-2023) (Russia, Khabarovsk) (http://conf.ccfebras.ru/en/).

We aim for researchers to discuss a wide range of issues related to the peculiarities of vegetation and cropland research in certain regions using digital methods. Priority topics include automated crop and vegetation recognition, cropland classification using machine learning methods, and the construction of time series of vegetation indices using multispectral and radar data. Particular attention should be paid to examples of approbation of the above solutions in the regions of Northeast Asia. The best research results presented at the conference will be published in this Special Issue after undergoing independent peer review.

We are also open to engaging in dialogue with the scientific community on the publication of scientists’ works on the declared topics outside the context of the ITHPC-2023 events.

This Special Issue focuses on research into the use of remote sensing data for vegetation and crop monitoring. Topics may range from solving problems of cropland and land cover classification to comparative analysis of remote sensing data processing methods, machine learning techniques, and time series processing methods. Reports on information systems based on the integration of data from multiple sources (e.g., multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar), multiscale approaches, or studies aimed at vegetation monitoring are welcome. Articles may focus on, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • multispectral and radar image processing;
  • analytical studies and approximation of vegetation indices time series;
  • methods of crop and vegetation species recognition using remote sensing data;
  • solution of problems of cropland classification on the regional and interregional levels;
  • studying peculiarities of crop phenology in different regions on the basis of remote sensing methods.

Dr. Aleksei Sorokin
Dr. Alexey Stepanov
Prof. Dr. Xiuliang Jin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 18268 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of Comparative Assessment Approaches for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Vegetation Indices for Crop Monitoring and Identification—Khabarovsk Territory (Russia) Case Study
by Aleksei Sorokin, Alexey Stepanov, Konstantin Dubrovin and Andrey Verkhoturov
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(14), 2532; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142532 - 10 Jul 2024
Viewed by 758
Abstract
Crop identification at the field level using remote sensing data is a very important task. However, the use of multispectral data for the construction of vegetation indices is sometimes impossible or limited. For such situations, solutions based on the use of time series [...] Read more.
Crop identification at the field level using remote sensing data is a very important task. However, the use of multispectral data for the construction of vegetation indices is sometimes impossible or limited. For such situations, solutions based on the use of time series of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) indices are promising, eliminating the problems associated with cloudiness and providing an assessment of crop development characteristics during the growing season. We evaluated the use of time series of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) indices to characterize crop development during the growing season. The use of SAR imagery for crop identification addresses issues related to cloudiness. Therefore, it is important to choose the SAR index that is the most stable and has the lowest spatial variability throughout the growing season while being comparable to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The presented work is devoted to the study of these issues. In this study, the spatial variabilities of different SAR indices time series were compared for a single region for the first time to identify the most stable index for use in precision agriculture, including the in-field heterogeneity of crop sites, crop rotation control, mapping, and other tasks in various agricultural areas. Seventeen Sentinel-1B images of the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory in the Russian Far East at a spatial resolution of 20 m and temporal resolution of 12 days for the period between 14 April 2021 and 1 November 2021 were obtained and processed to generate vertical–horizontal/vertical–vertical polarization (VH/VV), radar vegetation index (RVI), and dual polarimetric radar vegetation index (DpRVI) time series. NDVI time series were constructed from multispectral Sentinel-2 images using a cloud cover mask. The characteristics of time series maximums were calculated for different types of crops: soybean, oat, buckwheat, and timothy grass. The DpRVI index exhibited the highest stability, with coefficients of variation of the time series that were significantly lower than those for RVI and VH/VV. The main characteristics of the SAR and NDVI time series—the maximum values, the dates of the maximum values, and the variability of these indices—were compared. The variabilities of the maximum values and dates of maximum values for DpRVI were lower than for RVI and VH/VV, whereas the variabilities of the maximum values and the dates of maximum values were comparable for DpRVI and NDVI. On the basis of the DpRVI index, classifications were carried out using seven machine learning methods (fine tree, quadratic discriminant, Gaussian naïve Bayes, fine k nearest neighbors or KNN, random under-sampling boosting or RUSBoost, random forest, and support vector machine) for experimental sites covering a total area of 1009.8 ha. The quadratic discriminant method yielded the best results, with a pixel classification accuracy of approximately 82% and a kappa value of 0.67. Overall, 90% of soybean, 74.1% of oat, 68.9% of buckwheat, and 57.6% of timothy grass pixels were correctly classified. At the field level, 94% of the fields included in the test dataset were correctly classified. The paper results show that the DpRVI can be used in cases where the NDVI is limited, allowing for the monitoring of phenological development and crop mapping. The research results can be used in the south of Khabarovsk Territory and in neighboring territories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Land Management)
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21 pages, 5477 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Land-Cover Classification through a Multi-Stage Classification Strategy Integrating LiDAR and SIF Data
by Ailing Wang, Shuo Shi, Weihui Man and Fangfang Qu
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(11), 1916; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16111916 - 27 May 2024
Viewed by 553
Abstract
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) offers high-precision, 3D information, and the ability to rapidly acquire data, giving it a significant advantage in timely resource monitoring. Currently, LiDAR is widely utilized in land-cover classification tasks. However, the complexity and uneven distribution of land-cover types [...] Read more.
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) offers high-precision, 3D information, and the ability to rapidly acquire data, giving it a significant advantage in timely resource monitoring. Currently, LiDAR is widely utilized in land-cover classification tasks. However, the complexity and uneven distribution of land-cover types in rural and township settings pose additional challenges for fine-scale classification. Although the geometric features of LiDAR can provide valuable insights and have been extensively explored, distinguishing between objects with similar 3D characteristics has considerable room for improvement, particularly in complex scenarios where the introduction of additional attribute information is necessary. To address these challenges, this work proposes the integration of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) features to assist and optimize LiDAR data for land-cover classification, leveraging the sensitivity of SIF to vegetation physiological characteristics. Moreover, a multi-stage classification strategy is introduced to enhance the utilization of SIF information. The implementation of this approach achieves a maximum classification accuracy of 92.45%, yielding satisfactory results with low computational costs. This outcome validates the feasibility of applying SIF information in land-cover classification. Furthermore, the results obtained through the multi-stage classification strategy demonstrate improvements ranging from 6.65% to 9.12% compared with land-cover classification relying solely on LiDAR, effectively highlighting the optimization role of SIF in enhancing LiDAR-based land-cover classification, particularly in complex rural and township environments. Our approach offers a robust framework for precise and efficient land-cover classification by leveraging the combined strengths of LiDAR and SIF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Land Management)
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26 pages, 9004 KiB  
Article
Forest Community Spatial Modeling Using Machine Learning and Remote Sensing Data
by Artur Gafurov, Vadim Prokhorov, Maria Kozhevnikova and Bulat Usmanov
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(8), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081371 - 13 Apr 2024
Viewed by 776
Abstract
This study examines the application of unsupervised classification techniques in the mapping of forest vegetation, aiming to align vegetation cover with the Braun-Blanquet classification system through remote sensing. By leveraging Landsat 8 and 9 satellite imagery and advanced clustering algorithms, specifically the Weka [...] Read more.
This study examines the application of unsupervised classification techniques in the mapping of forest vegetation, aiming to align vegetation cover with the Braun-Blanquet classification system through remote sensing. By leveraging Landsat 8 and 9 satellite imagery and advanced clustering algorithms, specifically the Weka X-Means, this research addresses the challenge of minimizing researcher subjectivity in vegetation mapping. The methodology incorporates a two-step clustering approach to accurately classify forest communities, utilizing a comprehensive set of vegetation indices to distinguish between different types of forest ecosystems. The validation of the classification model relied on a detailed analysis of over 17,000 relevés from the “Flora” database, ensuring a high degree of accuracy in matching satellite-derived vegetation classes with field observations. The study’s findings reveal the successful identification of 44 forest community types that was aggregated into seven classes of Braun-Blanquet classification system, demonstrating the efficacy of unsupervised classification in generating reliable vegetation maps. This work not only contributes to the advancement of remote sensing applications in ecological research, but also provides a valuable tool for natural resource management and conservation planning. The integration of unsupervised classification with the Braun-Blanquet system presents a novel approach to vegetation mapping, offering insights into ecological characteristics, and can be good starter point for sequestration potential of forest communities’ assessment in the Republic of Tatarstan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Land Management)
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19 pages, 4337 KiB  
Article
Rangeland Brush Estimation Tool (RaBET): An Operational Remote Sensing-Based Application for Quantifying Woody Cover on Western Rangelands
by Chandra Holifield Collins, Susan Skirvin, Mark Kautz, Zachary Winston, Dustin Curley, Andrew Corrales, Andrew Bishop, Nadine Bishop, Cynthia Norton, Guillermo Ponce-Campos, Gerardo Armendariz, Loretta Metz, Philip Heilman and Willem van Leeuwen
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(21), 5102; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215102 - 25 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1331
Abstract
Much of the western United States is covered by rangelands used for grazing and wildlife. Woody plant cover is increasing in areas historically covered by grasslands and can cause numerous problems, including losses in wildlife habitat, forage for grazing, and overall losses in [...] Read more.
Much of the western United States is covered by rangelands used for grazing and wildlife. Woody plant cover is increasing in areas historically covered by grasslands and can cause numerous problems, including losses in wildlife habitat, forage for grazing, and overall losses in soil health. Land managers and conservationists are working to control these increases in woody plants, but need tools to help determine target areas to focus efforts and resources where they are most needed. In this work, we present RaBET (Rangeland Brush Estimation Tool), which uses transparent, well-understood methodologies with remotely sensed data to map woody canopy cover across large areas of rangelands. We demonstrate that our process produced more accurate results than two currently available tools based on advanced machine learning techniques. We compare two methods of map validation: traditional field methods of plant canopy measurements; and aircraft-based photography, which decreases the amount of time and resources needed. RaBET is a remote sensing-based application for obtaining repeatable, accurate measures of woody cover to aid land managers and conservationists in the control of woody plants on rangelands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Land Management)
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22 pages, 3895 KiB  
Article
Effects of Topography on Vegetation Recovery after Shallow Landslides in the Obara and Shobara Districts, Japan
by Chenxi Zhong, Takashi Oguchi and Roxanne Lai
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(16), 3994; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15163994 - 11 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
Intense rainfall-induced shallow landslides can have severe consequences, including soil erosion and vegetation loss, making in-depth research essential for disaster risk management. However, vegetation recovery processes after shallow landslides and their influencing multivariate factors are not well known. This study aims to address [...] Read more.
Intense rainfall-induced shallow landslides can have severe consequences, including soil erosion and vegetation loss, making in-depth research essential for disaster risk management. However, vegetation recovery processes after shallow landslides and their influencing multivariate factors are not well known. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the vegetation recovery processes after shallow landslides and the impact of topography on this recovery. We focus on two regions in Japan: the Shobara district in Hiroshima Prefecture and the Obara district in Aichi Prefecture. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) derived from long-term Landsat images, as well as aerial photographs and environmental datasets, are used to measure vegetation recovery. Then, statistical analysis and the Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages (SARIMA) model were employed to investigate the dynamic response of vegetation under different combinations of environmental conditions using NDVI and EVI time series. Historical aerial photographs and vegetation index trend analysis suggest that vegetation in the study areas will take more than ten years to return to a stable state. The results also demonstrate the influence of atmospheric and land cover conditions when monitoring vegetation response using NDVI and EVI. In Obara, concave and convergent terrain positively influenced NDVI, while non-steep, low-elevation, and north-facing terrain positively influenced EVI. In Shobara, gentle and northwest-facing slopes were positively correlated with NDVI, and gentle and west-facing slopes were positively correlated with EVI. SARIMA modeling found that NDVI is more suitable for modeling the middle and late stages of vegetation recovery within 10–25 years after the landslide. In comparison, EVI is better for modeling the early stage of vegetation recovery within 10 years after the landslide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Land Management)
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