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Technologies Related to Oxygen Supply to Tissue: Measurements of Oxygen Saturation, Tissue Blood Flow and Arterial Blood Pressure

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 November 2025 | Viewed by 22731

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Meir Nitzan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics/Electro-Optics Engineering, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
Interests: blood pressure measurement; oxygen saturation measurement; photoplethysmography; regional blood flow; autonomic nervous activity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ruben Bromiker

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Neonatology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
Interests: pulse oximetry; neonatal resuscitation; cyanotic heart diseases; neonatal respiratory monitoring

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Adequate oxygen delivery to tissue is essential for cellular metabolism, in which ATP energy molecules are produced from oxygen and nutrients. The required oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells through the circulation of blood, mainly using hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. Therefore, to maintain an adequate tissue oxygen supply, an adequate oxi-hemoglobin concentration in arterial blood and tissue blood flow are necessary, while cardiac output with an adequate arterial blood pressure is required to maintain the latter. To perform a noninvasive assessment of blood oxygenation in the arteries, oxygen saturation is commonly measured via pulse oximetry. On the other hand, venous and tissue oxygen saturation, which provides information on the tissue blood supply and oxygen extraction, can be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and also non-pulsatile oximetry.

This Special Issue invites researchers to submit both reviews and original research manuscripts on measurements of the physiological parameters which contribute to the oxygen supply to tissue. Both the technical/methodological and clinical aspects of tissue oxygenation measurement may be considered, with the former including, but not being restricted to, optical techniques such as oximetry and NIRS. Studies on the relationship between hypotension, hypoperfusion to vital organs, insufficient oxygen supply to tissue, and clinical outcomes, and on the relationship between hypotension and cerebral dysfunction in particular, are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Meir Nitzan
Dr. Ruben Bromiker
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Arterial oxygen saturation
  • Venous oxygen saturation
  • Tissue oxygen saturation
  • Pulse oximetry
  • Cyanotic heart disease neonatal screening
  • Near infrared spectroscopy
  • Cerebral perfusion measurement
  • Preterm oxygen supplementation

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

17 pages, 3028 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Effect of Skin Pigmentation and Oxygen Saturation on Monte Carlo-Simulated Reflectance Photoplethysmography Signals
by Raghda Al-Halawani, Meha Qassem and Panicos A. Kyriacou
Sensors 2025, 25(2), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020372 - 10 Jan 2025
Viewed by 994
Abstract
The effect of skin pigmentation on photoplethysmography and, specifically, pulse oximetry has recently received a significant amount of attention amongst researchers, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. With most computational studies observing overestimation of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) in individuals with darker [...] Read more.
The effect of skin pigmentation on photoplethysmography and, specifically, pulse oximetry has recently received a significant amount of attention amongst researchers, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. With most computational studies observing overestimation of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) in individuals with darker skin, this study seeks to further investigate the root causes of these discrepancies. This study analysed intensity changes from Monte Carlo-simulated reflectance PPG signals across light, moderate, and dark skin types at oxygen saturations of 70% and 100% in MATLAB R2024a. With simulated intensity reflecting PPG amplitude, the results showed that systolic intensity decreased by 3–4% as pigmentation increased at 660 nm. It was also shown that the impact at 940 nm is minimal (<0.2%), indicating that the increased absorption of red light by melanin has a greater effect on the ratio of ratios calculations. These results suggest that in-built adjustments may be required for data collected from red-light sources in pulse oximeters that do not currently have the necessary post-processing algorithms to account for this difference between diverse skin populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies Related to Oxygen Supply to Tissue: Measurements of Oxygen Saturation, Tissue Blood Flow and Arterial Blood Pressure)
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17 pages, 2481 KiB  
Article
Accuracy of Rhythm Diagnostic Systems’ MultiSense® in Detection of Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Respiratory Rate During Hypoxia in Humans: Effects of Skin Color and Device Localization
by Charles Evrard, Amina El Attaoui, Cristina Pistea, Irina Enache, Mark Marriott, Louis Mayaud, Anne Charloux and Bernard Geny
Sensors 2025, 25(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25010127 - 28 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1339
Abstract
The continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiratory rates (RRs) are major clinical issues in many cardio-respiratory diseases and have been of tremendous importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The early detection of hypoxemia was crucial since it precedes significant complications, [...] Read more.
The continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiratory rates (RRs) are major clinical issues in many cardio-respiratory diseases and have been of tremendous importance during the COVID-19 pandemic. The early detection of hypoxemia was crucial since it precedes significant complications, and SpO2 follow-up allowed early hospital discharge in patients needing oxygen therapy. Nevertheless, fingertip devices showed some practical limitations. In this study, we investigated the reliability of the new Multisense® pulse oximetry system compared to a reference pulse oximeter (Vyntus CPX Pulse Oximeter) during hypoxia. In a population of sixteen healthy male subjects (mean age: 31.5 ± 7.0 years, BMI: 24.9 ± 3.6 kg/m², and 35% with darker skin tones), simultaneous SpO2 and RR measurements were collected over 12.4 h, during which FiO2 was progressively reduced from 21% to 10.5%. The average root mean square error (ARMS) of SpO2 for Multisense® placed on the back and chest was 2.94% and 2.98%, respectively, with permutation testing confirming a significant ARMS below 3.5% for both positions and no statistically significant difference in the ARMS between patch placements. Positive correlations and acceptable accuracy between devices were observed at both locations (r = 0.92, p < 0.001 and r = 0.90, p < 0.001 for back and chest placements, respectively). Bland–Altman analysis further indicated limits of agreement that support consistency across placements, with similar agreement levels noted across skin tones. Similar findings were obtained with the RR measurements. In conclusion, Multisense® demonstrated robust accuracy in measuring SpO2 and RRs during hypoxia in humans comparable to standard hospital-grade equipment. The effectiveness of the findings suggests that this wearable device is a valuable tool for the continuous monitoring of SpO2 and RRs, potentially enhancing patient safety and optimizing hospital resource allocation. Nevertheless, to overcome study limitations and allow generalized use, further work on a larger population sample, including more subjects with a high phototype and desaturation below 80%, would be useful. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies Related to Oxygen Supply to Tissue: Measurements of Oxygen Saturation, Tissue Blood Flow and Arterial Blood Pressure)
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11 pages, 2167 KiB  
Article
Oxygen Saturation Curve Analysis in 2298 Hypoxia Awareness Training Tests of Military Aircrew Members in a Hypobaric Chamber
by Manuel Alvear-Catalán, Claudio Montiglio, Danilo Aravena-Nazif, Ginés Viscor and Oscar F. Araneda
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4168; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134168 - 27 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2182
Abstract
We aim to provide reference values for military aircrews participating in hypoxia awareness training (HAT). We describe several parameters with potential biomedical interest based on selected segments and slopes of the changes in oxygen saturation (SatO2) during a standard HAT. A [...] Read more.
We aim to provide reference values for military aircrews participating in hypoxia awareness training (HAT). We describe several parameters with potential biomedical interest based on selected segments and slopes of the changes in oxygen saturation (SatO2) during a standard HAT. A retrospective analysis of 2298 records of the SatO2 curve was performed, including 1526 military men aged 30.48 ± 6.47 years during HAT in a hypobaric chamber. HAT consisted of pre-oxygenation at 100% and an ascent to 7620 m, followed by O2 disconnection starting the phase of descent of SatO2 until reaching the time of useful consciousness (TUC), and finally reconnection to 100% O2 in the recovery phase. Using an ad hoc computational procedure, the time taken to reach several defined critical values was computed. These key parameters were the time until desaturation of 97% and 90% (hypoxia) after oxygen mask disconnection (D97/D90) and reconnection (R97/R90) phases, the time of desaturation (TUC-D97) and hypoxia (TUC-D90) during disconnection, the total time in desaturation (L97) or hypoxia (L90), and the slopes of SatO2 drop (SDSAT97 and SDSAT90) and recovery (SRSAT97). The mean of the quartiles according to TUC were compared by ANOVA. The correlations between the different parameters were studied using Pearson’s test and the effect size was estimated with ω2. Potentially useful parameters for the HAT study were those with statistical significance (p < 0.05) and a large effect size. D97, D90, R97, and R90 showed significant differences with small effect sizes, while TUC-D97, TUC-D90, L97, L90, and SDSAT97 showed significant differences and large effect sizes. SDSAT97 correlated with TUC (R = 0.79), TUC-D97 (R = 0.81), and TUC-D90 (R = 0.81). In conclusion, several parameters of the SatO2 curve are useful for the study and monitoring of HAT. The SDSAT97 measured during the test can estimate the TUC and thus contribute to taking measures to characterize and protect the aircrew members. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies Related to Oxygen Supply to Tissue: Measurements of Oxygen Saturation, Tissue Blood Flow and Arterial Blood Pressure)
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12 pages, 2267 KiB  
Article
A Novel Smart Assistance System for Blood Vessel Approaching: A Technical Report Based on Oximetry
by Chien-Ching Lee, Chia-Chun Chuang, Bo-Cheng Lai, Yi-Chia Huang, Jen-Yin Chen and Bor-Shyh Lin
Sensors 2020, 20(7), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20071891 - 29 Mar 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2473
Abstract
In clinical practice, the catheter has to be placed at an accurate position during anesthesia administration. However, effectively guiding the catheter to the accurate position in deeper tissues can be difficult for an inexperienced practitioner. We aimed to address the current issues associated [...] Read more.
In clinical practice, the catheter has to be placed at an accurate position during anesthesia administration. However, effectively guiding the catheter to the accurate position in deeper tissues can be difficult for an inexperienced practitioner. We aimed to address the current issues associated with catheter placement using a novel smart assistance system for blood vessel catheter placement. We used a hollow introducer needle embedded with dual wavelength (690 and 850 nm) optical fibers to advance the tip into the subclavian vessels in anesthetized piglets. The results showed average optical density changes, and the difference between the absorption spectra and hemoglobin concentrations of different tissue components effectively identified different tissues (p < 0.05). The radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) technique was applied to distinguish tissue components (the F-measure value and accuracy were 93.02% and 94%, respectively). Finally, animal experiments were designed to validate the performance of the proposed system. Using this system based on oximetry, we easily navigated the needle tip to the target vessel. Based on the experimental results, the proposed system could effectively distinguish different tissue layers of the animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies Related to Oxygen Supply to Tissue: Measurements of Oxygen Saturation, Tissue Blood Flow and Arterial Blood Pressure)
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Review

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28 pages, 1360 KiB  
Review
The Various Oximetric Techniques Used for the Evaluation of Blood Oxygenation
by Meir Nitzan, Itamar Nitzan and Yoel Arieli
Sensors 2020, 20(17), 4844; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174844 - 27 Aug 2020
Cited by 71 | Viewed by 9599
Abstract
Adequate oxygen delivery to a tissue depends on sufficient oxygen content in arterial blood and blood flow to the tissue. Oximetry is a technique for the assessment of blood oxygenation by measurements of light transmission through the blood, which is based on the [...] Read more.
Adequate oxygen delivery to a tissue depends on sufficient oxygen content in arterial blood and blood flow to the tissue. Oximetry is a technique for the assessment of blood oxygenation by measurements of light transmission through the blood, which is based on the different absorption spectra of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. Oxygen saturation in arterial blood provides information on the adequacy of respiration and is routinely measured in clinical settings, utilizing pulse oximetry. Oxygen saturation, in venous blood (SvO2) and in the entire blood in a tissue (StO2), is related to the blood supply to the tissue, and several oximetric techniques have been developed for their assessment. SvO2 can be measured non-invasively in the fingers, making use of modified pulse oximetry, and in the retina, using the modified Beer–Lambert Law. StO2 is measured in peripheral muscle and cerebral tissue by means of various modes of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), utilizing the relative transparency of infrared light in muscle and cerebral tissue. The primary problem of oximetry is the discrimination between absorption by hemoglobin and scattering by tissue elements in the attenuation measurement, and the various techniques developed for isolating the absorption effect are presented in the current review, with their limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies Related to Oxygen Supply to Tissue: Measurements of Oxygen Saturation, Tissue Blood Flow and Arterial Blood Pressure)
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Other

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11 pages, 2145 KiB  
Letter
Evaluation of a Novel Ear Pulse Oximeter: Towards Automated Oxygen Titration in Eyeglass Frames
by Fabian Braun, Christophe Verjus, Josep Solà, Marcus Marienfeld, Manuela Funke-Chambour, Jens Krauss, Thomas Geiser and Sabina A. Guler
Sensors 2020, 20(11), 3301; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113301 - 10 Jun 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4098
Abstract
Current oxygen delivery modes lack monitoring and can be cumbersome for patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Integrating a pulse oximeter and nasal oxygen cannulas into eyeglasses would reduce the burden of current solutions. An ear pulse oximeter (OxyFrame) was evaluated on 16 healthy [...] Read more.
Current oxygen delivery modes lack monitoring and can be cumbersome for patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Integrating a pulse oximeter and nasal oxygen cannulas into eyeglasses would reduce the burden of current solutions. An ear pulse oximeter (OxyFrame) was evaluated on 16 healthy volunteers and 20 hypoxemic patients with chronic respiratory diseases undergoing a prespecified protocol simulating daily activities. Correlation, error, and accuracy root mean square error (ARMS) were calculated to compare SpO2 measured by OxyFrame, a standard pulse oximeter (MASIMO), and arterial blood gas analysis (aBGA). SpO2 measured by OxyFrame and MASIMO correlated strongly in volunteers, with low error and high accuracy (r = 0.85, error = 0.2 ± 2.9%, ARMS = 2.88%). Performances were similar in patients (r = 0.87, error 0 ± 2.5%, ARMS = 2.49% compared with MASIMO; and r = 0.93, error = 0.4 ± 1.9%, ARMS = 1.94% compared with aBGA). However, the percentage of rejected measurements was high (volunteers 77.2%, patients 46.9%). The OxyFrame cavum conchae pulse oximeter was successfully evaluated, and demonstrated accurate SpO2 measurements, compliant with ISO 80601-2-61:2017. Several reasons for the high rejection rate were identified, and potential solutions were proposed, which might be valuable for optimization of the sensor hardware. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies Related to Oxygen Supply to Tissue: Measurements of Oxygen Saturation, Tissue Blood Flow and Arterial Blood Pressure)
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