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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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18 pages, 2160 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Potential of a Gamified Approach to Reduce Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in the Household Sector
by Marta Gangolells, Miquel Casals, Marcel Macarulla and Núria Forcada
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3380; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063380 - 18 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2702
Abstract
This paper analyzes the impact of an innovative approach based on gamification to promote reduced energy consumption in social housing. The game was developed and validated under the auspices of the EU-funded project EnerGAware-Energy Game for Awareness of energy efficiency in social housing [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the impact of an innovative approach based on gamification to promote reduced energy consumption in social housing. The game was developed and validated under the auspices of the EU-funded project EnerGAware-Energy Game for Awareness of energy efficiency in social housing communities in an affordable housing pilot located in Plymouth (United Kingdom). The results showed that the future exploitation of the game holds important energy- and emissions-saving potential. Assuming that the game is distributed freely by European energy providers to their domestic end-users, the game was found to be able to save more than 48.9 secondary terawatt-hours per year (TWhs) and 18.8 million tons of CO2e annually, contributing up to around 8% to the target set for the European buildings sector to keep global warming under 2 °C. The results also showed that the game is highly feasible from the energy point of view, even when we consider the energy consumed upstream, due to its low cumulative energy demand and its potential for household energy reduction. The results of this research provide helpful information for private and public stakeholders, as they contribute to determining the sustainability of promoting energy saving through gaming. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Energy Efficiency Solutions for Sustainable Buildings)
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16 pages, 1950 KiB  
Article
The Unsustainable Use of Sand: Reporting on a Global Problem
by Walter Leal Filho, Julian Hunt, Alexandros Lingos, Johannes Platje, Lara Werncke Vieira, Markus Will and Marius Dan Gavriletea
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3356; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063356 - 18 Mar 2021
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 13908
Abstract
Sand is considered one of the most consumed natural resource, being essential to many industries, including building construction, electronics, plastics, and water filtration. This paper assesses the environmental impact of sand extraction and the problems associated with its illegal exploitation. The analysis indicates [...] Read more.
Sand is considered one of the most consumed natural resource, being essential to many industries, including building construction, electronics, plastics, and water filtration. This paper assesses the environmental impact of sand extraction and the problems associated with its illegal exploitation. The analysis indicates that extracting sand at a greater rate than that at which it is naturally replenished has adverse consequences for fauna and flora. Further, illicit mining activities compound environmental damages and result in conflict, the loss of taxes/royalties, illegal work, and losses in the tourism industry. As sea-level rise associated with climate change threatens coastal areas, sand in coastal areas will play an increasingly greater role in determining the amount of damage from floods and erosion. The present analysis points to the need for swift action to regulate sand mining, monitoring, law enforcement, and international cooperation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Impact and Nature Conservation)
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20 pages, 1493 KiB  
Review
City Digital Twin Potentials: A Review and Research Agenda
by Ehab Shahat, Chang T. Hyun and Chunho Yeom
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3386; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063386 - 18 Mar 2021
Cited by 228 | Viewed by 19339
Abstract
The city digital twin is anticipated to accurately reflect and affect the city’s functions and processes to enhance its realization, operability, and management. Although research on the city digital twin is still in its infancy, the advancement of the digital twin technology is [...] Read more.
The city digital twin is anticipated to accurately reflect and affect the city’s functions and processes to enhance its realization, operability, and management. Although research on the city digital twin is still in its infancy, the advancement of the digital twin technology is growing fast and providing viable contributions to augmenting smart city developments. This study reviews the literature to identify the current and prospective potentials and challenges of digital twin cities. A research agenda is also proposed to guide future research on the city digital twincity digital twin to reach the utmost level of a comprehensive and complete city digital twin. Enhancing the efficiency of data processing, promoting the inclusion of socio-economic components of the city, and developing mutual integration between the two counterparts of the digital twin are proposed to be the future research directions to achieve and utilize a completely mirrored city digital twin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart City Development and Sustainability)
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15 pages, 2094 KiB  
Article
Verifying the Effectiveness of Sports Event Policies for a City’s Sustainable Growth: Focusing on the Multiple Effects
by Jae-Gu Yu, Yun-Duk Jeong and Suk-Kyu Kim
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3285; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063285 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2949
Abstract
This article presents empirical evidence that suggests that there are multiple effects of local government sports event hosting policies. This study is predicated on the notion that the attraction of sports events is a feature of city-level policies. The empirical analysis used a [...] Read more.
This article presents empirical evidence that suggests that there are multiple effects of local government sports event hosting policies. This study is predicated on the notion that the attraction of sports events is a feature of city-level policies. The empirical analysis used a multiple effects model, and the research employed a dual model approach: (a) a sponsorship effect model and (b) a tourism effect model. A questionnaire was administered online, and 383 cases were used for data processing. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were performed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0. (a) In the “business model”, it was confirmed that event satisfaction affected sustainable purchase intention only through the sponsor’s social image. (b) The “tourism model” confirmed that event satisfaction affected the intention to engage in positive word of mouth to recommend the destination through both forming a psychological attachment and experiencing emotional satisfaction. Among the event satisfaction factors, service satisfaction was identified as more important than facility satisfaction. As shown by the above results, satisfaction with sports events had simultaneous effects on the persistence of the sponsorship effects model and the persistence of tourism effects. The study concluded that attractive sports events promoted sustainable urban growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)
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25 pages, 4752 KiB  
Article
Innovative Box-Wing Aircraft: Emissions and Climate Change
by Andrea Luca Tasca, Vittorio Cipolla, Karim Abu Salem and Monica Puccini
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3282; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063282 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7204
Abstract
The PARSIFAL project (Prandtlplane ARchitecture for the Sustainable Improvement of Future AirpLanes) aims to promote an innovative box-wing aircraft: the PrandtlPlane. Aircraft developed adopting this configuration are expected to achieve a payload capability higher than common single aisle analogues (e.g., Airbus 320 and [...] Read more.
The PARSIFAL project (Prandtlplane ARchitecture for the Sustainable Improvement of Future AirpLanes) aims to promote an innovative box-wing aircraft: the PrandtlPlane. Aircraft developed adopting this configuration are expected to achieve a payload capability higher than common single aisle analogues (e.g., Airbus 320 and Boeing 737 families), without any increase in the overall dimensions. We estimated the exhaust emissions from the PrandtlPlane and compared the corresponding impacts to those of a conventional reference aircraft, in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature Potential (GTP), on two time-horizons and accounted for regional sensitivity. We considered carbon dioxide, carbonaceous and sulphate aerosols, nitrogen oxides and related ozone production, methane degradation and nitrate aerosols formation, contrails, and contrail cirrus. Overall, the introduction of the PrandtlPlane is expected to bring a considerable reduction of climate change in all the source regions considered, on both the time-horizons examined. Moreover, fuel consumption is expected to be reduced by 20%, as confirmed through high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Sensitivity of data, models, and metrics are detailed. Impact reduction and mitigation strategies are discussed, as well as the gaps to be addressed in order to develop a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment on aircraft emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
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8 pages, 2090 KiB  
Article
Research of the Behavior of Clay Materials with Double Porosity
by Hynek Lahuta and Luis Andrade Pais
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063219 - 15 Mar 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1721
Abstract
This contribution presents results from a series of compression and undrained triaxial tests to study the mechanical behavior of dump clay from the north of Bohemia. The use of these materials as a foundation for construction can’t be achieved without the adoption of [...] Read more.
This contribution presents results from a series of compression and undrained triaxial tests to study the mechanical behavior of dump clay from the north of Bohemia. The use of these materials as a foundation for construction can’t be achieved without the adoption of some precautions. This comes from embankment, formed by digging the ground (altered claystone), up to the level of coal mining which is in a sub horizontal stratigraphic layer. A potential static liquefaction behavior was observed in undrained tests for high confinement stress. A structural collapse was noticed with the results obtained in the triaxial test. This collapse is characterized by an unexpected large decrease in deviator and mean effective stress. The soils formed have strength properties that are potentially dangerous. These concepts can improve the use of these kinds of soils in geotechnical engineering work. It continues and expands the results obtained in previous research, especially the future problematic use of these materials as the foundation soil for line or building structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Environmental, Economic and Social Challenges for Raw Materials Supply: Sustainable Mining and Extractive Waste Exploitation)
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23 pages, 3021 KiB  
Article
Determinants of Sustainability Reporting in the Present Institutional Context: The Case of Port Managing Bodies
by Magali Geerts, Michaël Dooms and Lara Stas
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3148; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063148 - 12 Mar 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4623
Abstract
Research on the practice of sustainability reporting that is specifically focused on the approach applied by port authorities (or port managing bodies—PMBs) and based on surveys as a data collection method, is very limited. Most research consists of single-case studies, only partly covers [...] Read more.
Research on the practice of sustainability reporting that is specifically focused on the approach applied by port authorities (or port managing bodies—PMBs) and based on surveys as a data collection method, is very limited. Most research consists of single-case studies, only partly covers the different dimensions related to the implementation of sustainability reporting, or is based on content analysis. This paper offers a multidimensional approach of the concept of sustainability reporting based on a global survey yielding 97 complete and valid answers of PMBs. A binomial logistic regression has been conducted to identify those organizational characteristics, whether or not under the control of the PMB, that have the largest explanatory power when it comes to the adoption of the practice of sustainability reporting. The research results present new variables compared to the findings of previous studies, such as proximity to a city, the history of data gathering, and the presence of environmental/social certifications. Furthermore, this paper also investigates how these organizational characteristics are interlinked with external, contextual forces by making use of Institutional Theory. By combining organizational characteristics with information on the institutional environment in which the PMB operates, a more complete image is obtained. The results of this analysis show that myriad different institutional pressures are in play when it comes to having influence over the decision making of PMBs with regard to the adoption of sustainability reporting. Furthermore, several prominent associations between one of the isomorphisms and certain organizational characteristics can be observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Port Governance)
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23 pages, 7525 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Urban Greening and Cooling Strategies for Thermal Comfort at Pedestrian Level
by Maurizio Detommaso, Antonio Gagliano, Luigi Marletta and Francesco Nocera
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3138; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063138 - 12 Mar 2021
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4162
Abstract
The increase of the urban warming phenomenon all over the world is gaining increasing attention from scientists as well as planners and policymakers due to its adverse effects on energy consumption, health, wellbeing, and air pollution. The protection of urban areas from the [...] Read more.
The increase of the urban warming phenomenon all over the world is gaining increasing attention from scientists as well as planners and policymakers due to its adverse effects on energy consumption, health, wellbeing, and air pollution. The protection of urban areas from the outdoor warming phenomenon is one of the challenges that policy and governments have to tackle as soon as possible and in the best possible way. Among the urban heat island mitigation techniques, cool materials and urban greening are identified as the most effective solutions in reducing the urban warming phenomenon. The effects produced by the adoption of cool materials and urban forestation on the urban microclimate were investigated through a computational fluid-dynamic (CFD) model. The CFD model was calibrated and validated thanks to experimental surveys within the Catania University campus area. The urban microclimate thermal comfort analysis and assessment were carried out with the Klima–Michel Model (KMM) and Munich Energy Balance Model for Individuals (MEMI). In particular, three scenarios were performed: cool, low, and high levels of urban greening. The cool scenario, although it produces air temperature at around 1.00 °C, determines the worst condition of outdoor thermal comfort, especially at the pedestrian level. On the contrary, a high level of urban greening, obtained by the extensive green roofs together with an urban forestation, guarantees the wellbeing of pedestrians, showing more convenient values of PMV and PET. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptation to Global Change: Modeling and Decision Support Tools in Urban Planning)
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23 pages, 32536 KiB  
Article
Hydrologic Performance of an Extensive Green Roof under Intense Rain Events: Results from a Rain-Chamber Simulation
by Elena Giacomello and Jacopo Gaspari
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3078; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063078 - 11 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2581
Abstract
The water storage capacity of a green roof generates several benefits for the building conterminous environment. The hydrologic performance is conventionally expressed by the runoff coefficient, according to international standards and guidelines. The runoff coefficient is a dimensionless number and defines the water [...] Read more.
The water storage capacity of a green roof generates several benefits for the building conterminous environment. The hydrologic performance is conventionally expressed by the runoff coefficient, according to international standards and guidelines. The runoff coefficient is a dimensionless number and defines the water retention performance over a long period. At the scale of single rain events, characterized by varying intensity and duration, the reaction of the green roof is scarcely investigated. The purpose of this study is to highlight how an extensive green roof—having a supposed minimum water performance, compared to an intensive one—responds to real and repetitive rain events, simulated in a rain chamber with controlled rain and runoff data. The experiment provides, through cumulative curve graphs, the behavior of the green roof sample during four rainy days. The simulated rain events are based on a statistical study (summarized in the paper) of 25 years of rain data for a specific location in North Italy characterized by an average rain/year of 1100 mm. The results prove the active response of the substrate, although thin and mineral, and quick draining, in terms of water retention and detention during intense rain events. The study raises questions about how to better express the water performance of green roofs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)
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20 pages, 3581 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Management of Malkumba-Coongie Lakes Ramsar Site in Arid Australia—A Free Flowing River and Wetland System
by Richard T. Kingsford, Craig A. McLoughlin, Robert Brandle, Gilad Bino, Bernie Cockayne, David Schmarr, Travis Gotch, Vol Norris and Justin McCann
Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3043; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063043 - 10 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5219
Abstract
The Malkumba-Coongie Lakes Ramsar Site has extensive terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems (largest Ramsar Site in Oceania, 2,178,952 ha, designated in 1987), including freshwater and salt lakes, lignum swamps and river channels in central Australia. It is supplied by Cooper Creek, a free-flowing Lake [...] Read more.
The Malkumba-Coongie Lakes Ramsar Site has extensive terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems (largest Ramsar Site in Oceania, 2,178,952 ha, designated in 1987), including freshwater and salt lakes, lignum swamps and river channels in central Australia. It is supplied by Cooper Creek, a free-flowing Lake Eyre Basin river system. The area includes pastoral leases (97% of site grazed, including a regional conservation reserve (35%)) and a National Park (3%), with the largest oil and gas production field in Australia. We developed a Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM) Plan, linking science, monitoring and management of this social-ecological system, involving stakeholders and workshops. This involved developing a shared vision and hierarchy of objectives linked to management actions and identified outputs and outcomes. We exemplify this approach with explicit and measurable end-points (thresholds of potential concern) culminating from low level objectives for fish communities, particularly the alien sleepy cod Oxyeleotris lineolata. We describe this framework, highlighting the benefits in prioritizing management actions and monitoring in collaboration with a diverse range of stakeholders, driving adaptive feedback for learning. The whole approach is aimed at successfully achieving mutually agreed management objectives and the vision to maintain the ecological character of the Malkumba-Coongie Lakes Ramsar Site. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durable Protections for Free-Flowing Rivers)
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16 pages, 2320 KiB  
Article
The Sustainability of Thailand’s Protected-Area System under Climate Change
by Nirunrut Pomoim, Robert J. Zomer, Alice C. Hughes and Richard T. Corlett
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2868; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052868 - 6 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2757
Abstract
Protected areas are the backbone of biodiversity conservation but vulnerable to climate change. Thailand has a large and well-planned protected area system, covering most remaining natural vegetation. A statistically derived global environmental stratification (GEnS) was used to predict changes in bioclimatic conditions across [...] Read more.
Protected areas are the backbone of biodiversity conservation but vulnerable to climate change. Thailand has a large and well-planned protected area system, covering most remaining natural vegetation. A statistically derived global environmental stratification (GEnS) was used to predict changes in bioclimatic conditions across the protected area system for 2050 and 2070, based on projections from three CMIP5 earth system models and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs). Five bioclimatic zones were identified composed of 28 strata. Substantial spatial reorganization of bioclimates is projected in the next 50 years, even under RCP2.6, while under RCP8.5 the average upward shift for all zones by 2070 is 328–483 m and the coolest zone disappears with two models. Overall, 7.9–31.0% of Thailand’s land area will change zone by 2070, and 31.7–90.2% will change stratum. The consequences for biodiversity are less clear, particularly in the lowlands where the existing vegetation mosaic is determined largely by factors other than climate. Increasing connectivity of protected areas along temperature and rainfall gradients would allow species to migrate in response to climate change, but this will be difficult in much of Thailand. For isolated protected areas and species that cannot move fast enough, more active, species-specific interventions may be necessary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)
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12 pages, 3269 KiB  
Article
Load Resistance Optimization of a Broadband Bistable Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Primary Harmonic and Subharmonic Behaviors
by Sungryong Bae and Pilkee Kim
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2865; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052865 - 6 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2039
Abstract
In this study, optimization of the external load resistance of a piezoelectric bistable energy harvester was performed for primary harmonic (period-1T) and subharmonic (period-3T) interwell motions. The analytical expression of the optimal load resistance was derived, based on the spectral analyses of the [...] Read more.
In this study, optimization of the external load resistance of a piezoelectric bistable energy harvester was performed for primary harmonic (period-1T) and subharmonic (period-3T) interwell motions. The analytical expression of the optimal load resistance was derived, based on the spectral analyses of the interwell motions, and evaluated. The analytical results are in excellent agreement with the numerical ones. A parametric study shows that the optimal load resistance depended on the forcing frequency, but not the intensity of the ambient vibration. Additionally, it was found that the optimal resistance for the period-3T interwell motion tended to be approximately three times larger than that for the period-1T interwell motion, which means that the optimal resistance was directly affected by the oscillation frequency (or oscillation period) of the motion rather than the forcing frequency. For broadband energy harvesting applications, the subharmonic interwell motion is also useful, in addition to the primary harmonic interwell motion. In designing such piezoelectric bistable energy harvesters, the frequency dependency of the optimal load resistance should be considered properly depending on ambient vibrations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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23 pages, 1523 KiB  
Article
The Constrained Air Transport Energy Paradigm in 2021
by Abel Jiménez-Crisóstomo, Luis Rubio-Andrada, María Soledad Celemín-Pedroche and María Escat-Cortés
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2830; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052830 - 5 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3641
Abstract
The increasing relevance of air transport as a contributor to climate change requires the development of emissions reduction technologies in a socio-economic and cultural context, where demand and air traffic have traditionally held sustained growth rates. However, the irruption of COVID-19 in 2020 [...] Read more.
The increasing relevance of air transport as a contributor to climate change requires the development of emissions reduction technologies in a socio-economic and cultural context, where demand and air traffic have traditionally held sustained growth rates. However, the irruption of COVID-19 in 2020 has had an enormous negative impact on air travel demand and traffic volumes. Coincidentally, during 2020, new technology proposals for emissions reduction based on use of hydrogen and synthetic fuels have emerged from the aviation stake holders. By following a novel approach connecting the analysis of expectations of technology developments and their deployment into the fleet to market constraints, this study discusses how, even considering the new technology proposals and even if the COVID-19 has led to a completely different scenario in tourism and aviation, the air transport energy paradigm will remain unchanged in the upcoming decades as a consequence of market constraints, aircraft complexity, compliance with safety requirements, and extended life cycles. In this frame, aviation needs to keep on pursuing the abatement of its emissions while managing social expectations in a realistic manner and leaning on compensation schemes to achieve emissions contention while new technologies become serviceable in the longer term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Sustainable Mobility Air Transport Systems: Challenges and Approaches)
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19 pages, 3403 KiB  
Article
Sustainability Assessment of Intensified Forestry—Forest Bioenergy versus Forest Biodiversity Targeting Forest Birds
by Ulla Mörtberg, Xi-Lillian Pang, Rimgaudas Treinys, Renats Trubins and Gintautas Mozgeris
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2789; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052789 - 4 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2526
Abstract
Intensified forestry can be seen as a solution to climate change mitigation and securing energy supply, increasing the production of forest bioenergy feedstock as a substitution for fossil fuels. However, it may come with detrimental impacts on forest biodiversity, especially related to older [...] Read more.
Intensified forestry can be seen as a solution to climate change mitigation and securing energy supply, increasing the production of forest bioenergy feedstock as a substitution for fossil fuels. However, it may come with detrimental impacts on forest biodiversity, especially related to older forests. The aim of this study was to assess the sustainability of intensified forestry from climate-energy and biodiversity perspectives, targeting forest bird species. For this purpose, we applied the Landscape simulation and Ecological Assessment (LEcA) tool to the study area of Lithuania, having high ambitions for renewables and high forest biodiversity. With LEcA, we simulated forest growth and management for 100 years with two forest management strategies: Business As Usual (BAU) and Intensive forestry (INT), the latter with the purpose to fulfil renewable energy goals. With both strategies, the biomass yields increased well above the yields of the reference year, while the biodiversity indicators related to forest bird habitat to different degrees show the opposite, with lower levels than for the reference year. Furthermore, Strategy INT resulted in small-to-no benefits in the long run concerning potential biomass harvesting, while substantially affecting the biodiversity indicators negatively. The model results have the potential to inform policy and forest management planning concerning several sustainability goals simultaneously. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Sustainability Assessment of Forest Bioenergy Options)
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20 pages, 7731 KiB  
Article
Climate-Responsive Green-Space Design Inspired by Traditional Gardens: Microclimate and Human Thermal Comfort of Japanese Gardens
by Lihua Cui, Christoph D. D. Rupprecht and Shozo Shibata
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2736; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052736 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4243
Abstract
Urban green spaces can provide relaxation, exercise, social interaction, and many other benefits for their communities, towns, and cities. However, green spaces in hot and humid regions risk being underutilized by residents unless thermal environments are designed to be sufficiently comfortable. Understanding what [...] Read more.
Urban green spaces can provide relaxation, exercise, social interaction, and many other benefits for their communities, towns, and cities. However, green spaces in hot and humid regions risk being underutilized by residents unless thermal environments are designed to be sufficiently comfortable. Understanding what conditions are needed for comfortable outdoor spaces, particularly how people feel in regard to their thermal environment, is vital in designing spaces for public use. Traditional gardens are excellent examples of successful microclimate design from which we can learn, as they are developed over the generations through observation and modification. This study analyzed how Japanese gardens affect people’s thermal stress on extremely hot summer days. Meteorological data was collected in three Japanese gardens, and human thermal comfort was evaluated through physiological equivalent temperature (PET). Statistical analysis examined the relationship between spatial configurations of the gardens and thermal comfort. Our study revealed that Japanese gardens can efficiently ameliorate thermal stress. Spatial analysis showed that garden elements affect thermal comfort variously depending on time of the day and spatial distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI): Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being)
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15 pages, 705 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Approach of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making and Grey Theory for Evaluating Urban Public Transportation Systems
by Ahmad Alkharabsheh, Sarbast Moslem, Laila Oubahman and Szabolcs Duleba
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2740; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052740 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 4480
Abstract
Improving the local urban transport system’s quality is often seen as one of the critical points for the government and the local operator. An amelioration of the system can improve users’ satisfaction and attract new users while simultaneously decreasing traffic congestion and pollution. [...] Read more.
Improving the local urban transport system’s quality is often seen as one of the critical points for the government and the local operator. An amelioration of the system can improve users’ satisfaction and attract new users while simultaneously decreasing traffic congestion and pollution. Efficient methodologies are required to achieve sustainable development regarding complex issues associated with traffic congestion and pollution. In this study, we propose using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) grey values to overcome the limitations of the uncertainty in the classical AHP approach. The presented grey-AHP model assumes an efficient contrivance to facilitate the public transport system’s supply quality evaluation, especially when respondents are non-experts. Finally, we estimate and rank the public transport system’s supply quality criteria by adopting the proposed model for a real-world case study (Amman city, Jordan). The study’s outcome shows the effectiveness and the applicability of the developed approach for enhancing the quality of the public transport system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainability in Urban Transportation Planning)
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17 pages, 3915 KiB  
Article
Implementation of a Stable Solar-Powered Microgrid Testbed for Remote Applications
by Hossein Saberi, Hamidreza Nazaripouya and Shahab Mehraeen
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2707; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052707 - 3 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1774
Abstract
An intrinsically stable microgrid, operated by inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources (I-DERs) is introduced in this paper. The microgrid is built upon a systematic design method, which is adapted from the operation of the synchronous machine (SM). The proposed method analogizes the dynamics of [...] Read more.
An intrinsically stable microgrid, operated by inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources (I-DERs) is introduced in this paper. The microgrid is built upon a systematic design method, which is adapted from the operation of the synchronous machine (SM). The proposed method analogizes the dynamics of the dc-link in I-DERs to the rotor dynamics in synchronous generators (SGs) and utilizes the capacitor as energy storage. Thus, the proposed mechanism relaxes battery usage for frequency control, and by using the capacitive stored energy, provides a high fault ride-through capability, which is suitable for both on-grid and off-grid applications. Based on stability analysis of the SG and the dynamic state matrix eigenvalues for multimachine power system, the dc-link capacitor of I-DERs is characterized in the context of microgrid. The dc-link capacitor stores kinetic energy similar to the rotor of the SG and provides inertia in transients without the need of battery storage. The inverter angle responds to the change of the dc link voltage (energy). The dc-link voltage is then controlled similar to the field control pertaining to the SG. Finally, a governor-like mechanism is applied to maintain dc-link voltage stability. Simulation and experimental results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed design mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Solutions for Integration of Distributed Energy Resources)
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19 pages, 827 KiB  
Article
Adopting Multiactor Multicriteria Analysis for the Evaluation of Energy Scenarios
by Sebastian Schär and Jutta Geldermann
Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2594; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052594 - 1 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2918
Abstract
The assessment of future options and pathways for sustainable energy systems requires considering multiple techno-economic, ecological and social issues. Multicriteria analysis methods, which are useful tools that aid decision processes involving various and even conflicting qualitative and quantitative criteria, could support such comprehensive [...] Read more.
The assessment of future options and pathways for sustainable energy systems requires considering multiple techno-economic, ecological and social issues. Multicriteria analysis methods, which are useful tools that aid decision processes involving various and even conflicting qualitative and quantitative criteria, could support such comprehensive analyses. With regard to energy policies, the key actors and stakeholders’ acceptance of emerging and innovative technologies for generating, converting and storing electricity, heat and fuels is crucial for their future implementation. The multiactor multicriteria (MAMCA) methodology was developed to involve stakeholders with vastly different views and objectives when addressing complex societal problems. We extend the MAMCA methodology to include the outranking approach PROMETHEE, which allows us to explicitly consider the stakeholders’ objectives in the evaluation process. The MAMCA method with PROMETHEE is applied to a case study of four different transition pathways of providing electricity to a bioenergy village in Germany. The explicit mapping at hand of an illustrative case study could help researchers and decision makers greatly in the assessment of pathways for sustainable energy systems; it is also applicable in other contexts requiring extensive stakeholder involvement and where qualitative and quantitative criteria are to be considered simultaneously. The detailed sensitivity analysis provided by the extension of the MAMCA method with PROMETHEE not only reveals the stakeholders’ crucial trade-offs when allowing each stakeholder group to develop its own set of criteria and weights but also indicates compromise options. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analyzing Development Paths of Emerging Energy Technologies)
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23 pages, 7866 KiB  
Article
Global Analysis of Durable Policies for Free-Flowing River Protections
by Denielle Perry, Ian Harrison, Stephannie Fernandes, Sarah Burnham and Alana Nichols
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2347; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042347 - 22 Feb 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6784
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are poorly represented in global networks of protected areas. This situation underscores an urgent need for the creation, application, and expansion of durable (long-term and enforceable) protection mechanisms for free-flowing rivers that go beyond conventional protected area planning. To address this [...] Read more.
Freshwater ecosystems are poorly represented in global networks of protected areas. This situation underscores an urgent need for the creation, application, and expansion of durable (long-term and enforceable) protection mechanisms for free-flowing rivers that go beyond conventional protected area planning. To address this need, we must first understand where and what types of protections exist that explicitly maintain the free-flowing integrity of rivers, as well as the efficacy of such policy types. Through policy analysis and an in-depth literature review, our study identifies three main policy mechanisms used for such protections: (1) River Conservation Systems; (2) Executive Decrees and Laws; and (3) Rights of Rivers. We found that globally only eight counties have national river conservation systems while seven countries have used executive decrees and similar policies to halt dam construction, and Rights of Rivers movements are quickly growing in importance, relative to other protection types. Despite the current extent of protection policies being insufficient to tackle the freshwater and biodiversity crises facing the world’s rivers, they do provide useful frameworks to guide the creation and expansion of protections. Ultimately, as countries act on global calls for protections, policy mechanisms must be tailored to their individual social and ecological geographies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durable Protections for Free-Flowing Rivers)
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20 pages, 1997 KiB  
Article
Social Sustainability of Compact Neighbourhoods Evidence from London and Berlin
by M. Reza Shirazi and Ramin Keivani
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2340; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042340 - 22 Feb 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4395
Abstract
This article revisits social sustainability of compact urban neighbourhoods based on first-hand evidence from four case studies in London and Berlin. It suggests a working definition for socially sustainable neighbourhoods, develops a tripartite integrative evaluation framework for measuring social sustainability of urban neighbourhoods, [...] Read more.
This article revisits social sustainability of compact urban neighbourhoods based on first-hand evidence from four case studies in London and Berlin. It suggests a working definition for socially sustainable neighbourhoods, develops a tripartite integrative evaluation framework for measuring social sustainability of urban neighbourhoods, and applies it to four case studies in London and Berlin. Findings of this research are in line with some dominant arguments made in favour of social sustainability of compact urban form, but challenges some others. Research findings suggest that compact urban form is not an urban orthodoxy, but has multiple and contrasting social meanings and perceptions in different contexts and places. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Social Sustainability and New Urban Residential Spaces)
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25 pages, 4041 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Mechanical Properties and Structural Morphology of Alkali-Activated Mortars with Industrial Waste Materials
by Iman Faridmehr, Chiara Bedon, Ghasan Fahim Huseien, Mehdi Nikoo and Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042062 - 14 Feb 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3085
Abstract
Alkali-activated products composed of industrial waste materials have shown promising environmentally friendly features with appropriate strength and durability. This study explores the mechanical properties and structural morphology of ternary blended alkali-activated mortars composed of industrial waste materials, including fly ash (FA), palm oil [...] Read more.
Alkali-activated products composed of industrial waste materials have shown promising environmentally friendly features with appropriate strength and durability. This study explores the mechanical properties and structural morphology of ternary blended alkali-activated mortars composed of industrial waste materials, including fly ash (FA), palm oil fly ash (POFA), waste ceramic powder (WCP), and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS). The effect on the mechanical properties of the Al2O3, SiO2, and CaO content of each binder is investigated in 42 engineered alkali-activated mixes (AAMs). The AAMs structural morphology is first explored with the aid of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. Furthermore, three different algorithms are used to predict the AAMs mechanical properties. Both an optimized artificial neural network (ANN) combined with a metaheuristic Krill Herd algorithm (KHA-ANN) and an ANN-combined genetic algorithm (GA-ANN) are developed and compared with a multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The structural morphology tests confirm that the high GBFS volume in AAMs results in a high volume of hydration products and significantly improves the final mechanical properties. However, increasing POFA and WCP percentage in AAMs manifests in the rise of unreacted silicate and reduces C-S-H products that negatively affect the observed mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the mechanical features in AAMs with high-volume FA are significantly dependent on the GBFS percentage in the binder mass. It is also shown that the proposed KHA-ANN model offers satisfactory results of mechanical property predictions for AAMs, with higher accuracy than the GA-ANN or MLR methods. The final weight and bias values given by the model suggest that the KHA-ANN method can be efficiently used to design AAMs with targeted mechanical features and desired amounts of waste consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Structural Design for High-Performance Buildings and Infrastructures)
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11 pages, 1680 KiB  
Review
Up-To-Date Challenges for the Conservation, Rehabilitation and Energy Retrofitting of Higher Education Cultural Heritage Buildings
by Luisa Dias Pereira, Vanessa Tavares and Nelson Soares
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042061 - 14 Feb 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6280
Abstract
In higher-education world heritage sites, the conservation and energy retrofitting of heritage buildings (HBs) is an important vector for their development, competitiveness and welfare. To guarantee their ongoing use, these buildings must be adapted to face current and emerging societal challenges: (i) the [...] Read more.
In higher-education world heritage sites, the conservation and energy retrofitting of heritage buildings (HBs) is an important vector for their development, competitiveness and welfare. To guarantee their ongoing use, these buildings must be adapted to face current and emerging societal challenges: (i) the conservation of cultural heritage and the maintenance of their original characteristics and identity; (ii) the transformation of heritage sites into tourist centers that energize the local economy, generating revenue and jobs; (iii) the adaptation of the buildings to new uses and functions that demand energy retrofitting strategies to satisfy today’s standards of thermal comfort, indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and energy efficiency; (iv) tackling impacts of climate change, particularly global warming and extreme weather events; and finally, (v) the implementation of strategies to mitigate the impact of a growing number of tourists. The combined implications of these challenges require a comprehensive approach with interrelated measures strongly reliant on the use of technology and innovation. This work aims to discuss how higher-education cultural HBs can be rethought to serve these expectations. Moreover, a multidisciplinary intervention framework is provided to discuss how HBs can respond to the challenges and risks of rehabilitation, energy retrofitting, climate change and increasing tourism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Behavior and Energy Efficiency of Buildings)
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18 pages, 4052 KiB  
Article
Alkaline Fractionation and Subsequent Production of Nano-Structured Silica and Cellulose Nano-Fibrils for the Comprehensive Utilization of Rice Husk
by Hyun Jin Jung, Hyun Kwak, Jinyoung Chun and Kyeong Keun Oh
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041951 - 11 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2270
Abstract
The parameters of the alkaline fractionation process were investigated and optimized using a statistical analysis method to simultaneously remove hemicellulose and ash from rice husk (RH) concomitantly. After the alkaline fractionation process, the residual solid contained high cellulose, and the recovery yield of [...] Read more.
The parameters of the alkaline fractionation process were investigated and optimized using a statistical analysis method to simultaneously remove hemicellulose and ash from rice husk (RH) concomitantly. After the alkaline fractionation process, the residual solid contained high cellulose, and the recovery yield of hemicellulose was enhanced in the fractionated liquid hydrolyzate. The hemicellulosic sugar recovery yield (71.6%), de-ashing yield (>99%), and lignin removal (>80%) were obtained at the reaction conditions of 150 °C of temperature, 40 min of reaction time, and 6% (w/v) of NaOH concentration. Subsequently, nano-structured silica was synthesized using black liquor obtained as a by-product of this fractionation process. For the production of nano-structured silica, it was observed that the pH of a black liquor and the heat treatment temperature significantly influenced the textural properties of silica product. In addition, the two-stage bleaching of solid residue followed by colloid milling for the production of high value-added CNF with was attempted. As a result, in addition to 119 g of fermentable sugar, 143 g of high-purity (>98%) silica with a surface area of 328 m2g−1 and 273.1 g of high-functional CNF with cellulose content of 80.1% were simultaneously obtained from 1000 g of RH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Residues from Energy Conversion of Biomass for Advanced and Sustainable Material Applications)
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23 pages, 20806 KiB  
Article
LCA and Exergo-Environmental Evaluation of a Combined Heat and Power Double-Flash Geothermal Power Plant
by Vitantonio Colucci, Giampaolo Manfrida, Barbara Mendecka, Lorenzo Talluri and Claudio Zuffi
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1935; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041935 - 11 Feb 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3735
Abstract
This study deals with the life cycle assessment (LCA) and an exergo-environmental analysis (EEvA) of the geothermal Power Plant of Hellisheiði (Iceland), a combined heat and power double flash plant, with an installed power of 303.3 MW for electricity and 133 MW for [...] Read more.
This study deals with the life cycle assessment (LCA) and an exergo-environmental analysis (EEvA) of the geothermal Power Plant of Hellisheiði (Iceland), a combined heat and power double flash plant, with an installed power of 303.3 MW for electricity and 133 MW for hot water. LCA approach is used to evaluate and analyse the environmental performance at the power plant global level. A more in-depth study is developed, at the power plant components level, through EEvA. The analysis employs existing published data with a realignment of the inventory to the latest data resource and compares the life cycle impacts of three methods (ILCD 2011 Midpoint, ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint-Endpoint, and CML-IA Baseline) for two different scenarios. In scenario 1, any emission abatement system is considered. In scenario 2, re-injection of CO2 and H2S is accounted for. The analysis identifies some major hot spots for the environmental power plant impacts, like acidification, particulate matter formation, ecosystem, and human toxicity, mainly caused by some specific sources. Finally, an exergo-environmental analysis allows indicating the wells as significant contributors of the environmental impact rate associated with the construction, Operation & Maintenance, and end of life stages and the HP condenser as the component with the highest environmental cost rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Geothermal Energy Conversion—Life Cycle Analysis)
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24 pages, 7780 KiB  
Article
Innovative Renewable Technology Integration for Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings within the Re-COGNITION Project
by Giulia Mancò, Elisa Guelpa, Alessandro Colangelo, Alessandro Virtuani, Tommaso Morbiato and Vittorio Verda
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041938 - 11 Feb 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3442
Abstract
With the 2010/31/EU directive, all new buildings shall be nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) from 2020 onward, with the aim of strongly reducing the energy consumption related to the building sector. To achieve this goal, it is not sufficient to focus on the design [...] Read more.
With the 2010/31/EU directive, all new buildings shall be nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) from 2020 onward, with the aim of strongly reducing the energy consumption related to the building sector. To achieve this goal, it is not sufficient to focus on the design of the building envelope; smart and efficient energy management is necessary. Moreover, to ensure the adoption of RES systems in the built environment, innovative technologies need to be further developed in order to increase their cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency and integration capability. This paper proposes a synthesis, design and operation optimization of an integrated multi-energy system composed of traditional and innovative renewable technologies, developed within the European project Re-COGNITION. A biogas-based micro cogeneration unit, lightweight glass-free photovoltaic modules, a passive variable geometry small wind turbine optimized for an urban environment and latent heat thermal storage based on phase change materials are some of the technologies developed within the Re-COGNITION project. The optimization problem is solved to contemporarily evaluate (a) the optimal design and (b) the optimal operations of the set of technologies considering both investment and operating costs, using mixed integer non-linear programming. The optimization is applied to the four pilots that are developed during the project, in various European cities (Turin (Italy), Corby (United Kingdom), Thessaloniki (Greece), Cluj-Napoca (Romania). Simulation results show that the development and optimal exploitation of new technologies through optimization strategies provide significant benefits in terms of cost (between 11% and 42%) and emissions (between 10% and 25%), managing building import/export energy and charge/discharge storage cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Energy Storage, District Heating and Optimization in a Multi Energy System Context)
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17 pages, 1546 KiB  
Review
Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Critical Review, Practical Applications, and Prospects for Future Research
by Aries Purwanto, Janez Sušnik, Franciscus X. Suryadi and Charlotte de Fraiture
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1919; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041919 - 10 Feb 2021
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 9252
Abstract
This paper presents knowledge gaps and critiques on the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus that have emerged since the concept of the WEF nexus was proposed by the World Economic Forum and the Bonn 2011 Conference. Furthermore, this study analyses current innovations on the WEF [...] Read more.
This paper presents knowledge gaps and critiques on the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus that have emerged since the concept of the WEF nexus was proposed by the World Economic Forum and the Bonn 2011 Conference. Furthermore, this study analyses current innovations on the WEF nexus concept, applications, and impacts during the period of 2012–2020. This begins by reviewing ten WEF nexus frameworks developed by international organizations and researchers. On this basis, several gaps and omissions in nexus frameworks are obvious in almost all developed frameworks. Studies that start to address some of these gaps are analysed, but they are relatively few and do not address all gaps. Several proposed improvements to nexus frameworks are identified to narrow the gaps and put the concept into practical implementation in WEF resources management and governance. Four principles and the perspective of “from local to global” for future WEF nexus framework development and analysis are suggested to ensure that the security of water, energy, and food resources can be achieved sustainably in local communities. This will improve the impact of national and global ambitions on WEF security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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15 pages, 4175 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Assessment of Energy Supply Security: Korea Case Study
by Herie Park and Sungwoo Bae
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041854 - 8 Feb 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3387
Abstract
Ensuring energy supply security has become one of the most important purposes for many countries. To make the strategies for ensuring the energy supply security of a country, it is essential to quantitatively assess the security. This paper aims to present a methodology [...] Read more.
Ensuring energy supply security has become one of the most important purposes for many countries. To make the strategies for ensuring the energy supply security of a country, it is essential to quantitatively assess the security. This paper aims to present a methodology to evaluate the energy supply security of a country by using different indices of energy dependence and energy diversity, which have been raised as two main paradigms of energy supply security. This study also proposes two indices reflecting the correlation between a country’s energy diversity and energy import dependence to evaluate its energy supply security based on easily accessible data. The presented methodology and indices were applied to the evaluation of the primary energy supply security of Korea from 1991 to 2018. The results show that a country highly dependent on energy imports is not evaluated as secure enough in terms of energy supply even if it obtains higher energy diversity. This finding supports the importance of the correlation of energy dependence and energy diversity of a country to ensure its energy supply security. This approach could be further adapted to other countries and help them to make their energy policy and strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Secure and Sustainable Energy System)
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30 pages, 4305 KiB  
Article
Optimized Physical Properties of Electrochromic Smart Windows to Reduce Cooling and Heating Loads of Office Buildings
by Jae-Hyang Kim, Jongin Hong and Seung-Hoon Han
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041815 - 8 Feb 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2629
Abstract
The concept of smart windows that can change the properties of windows and doors in response to external stimuli has recently been introduced. Smart windows provide superior energy savings and control of indoor environments. This concept can advance sustainable architecture, and it will [...] Read more.
The concept of smart windows that can change the properties of windows and doors in response to external stimuli has recently been introduced. Smart windows provide superior energy savings and control of indoor environments. This concept can advance sustainable architecture, and it will make it possible to connect with the fourth industry, which has developed recently. However, unlike the relevant hardware, is advancing rapidly, research on methods of adjusting smart windows is slow. Therefore, in this study, an analysis of energy use over time was conducted on electrochromic windows, one of the main types of smart windows. Through this analysis, the optimal properties of electrochromic smart windows were identified, and an operation schedule was created. In addition, energy saving rates were derived through a comparison with existing architectural windows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conversion of Renewable Energy Sources)
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18 pages, 2080 KiB  
Article
Application of Multi-Actor Multi-Criteria Analysis for Transition Management in Energy Communities
by Maria Luisa Lode, Geert te Boveldt, Cathy Macharis and Thierry Coosemans
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1783; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041783 - 7 Feb 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4639
Abstract
Energy communities (ECs) play a role in the transition towards a low-carbon economy by 2050 and receive increasing attention from stakeholders within the energy sector. To foster ECs, transition management (TM) is a promising managerial approach to steer and guide the transition towards [...] Read more.
Energy communities (ECs) play a role in the transition towards a low-carbon economy by 2050 and receive increasing attention from stakeholders within the energy sector. To foster ECs, transition management (TM) is a promising managerial approach to steer and guide the transition towards more sustainable practices. However, TM lacks a consistent methodology that addresses the criticism of the current application. To investigate what a structured and replicable TM approach for ECs can look like, this paper applies the multi-actor multi-criteria analysis (MAMCA), a participative multi-criteria decision method, to a case study EC in the Netherlands involving various stakeholders. The impact of the application on power relations, the political sphere, sustainability conceptualization, guidance of transitions, and representation was analyzed. MAMCA was found useful for multi-stakeholder settings seen in potential ECs, offering a unifying methodology for the practical application of TM. In the EC setting, the added value of MAMCA within TM lies more in the social representation, insight into stakeholder viewpoints, and communication rather than in final decision-making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Communities in the Changing Energy Landscape)
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16 pages, 5146 KiB  
Article
Analysis of PV Self-Consumption in Educational and Office Buildings in Spain
by Ángel José Ordóñez Mendieta and Esteban Sánchez Hernández
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041662 - 4 Feb 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
As grid parity is reached in many countries, photovoltaic self-consumption is raising great interest. Currently, there is a big number of new projects being developed in Spain thanks to the new regulation. From the experience of the monitoring of one full year of [...] Read more.
As grid parity is reached in many countries, photovoltaic self-consumption is raising great interest. Currently, there is a big number of new projects being developed in Spain thanks to the new regulation. From the experience of the monitoring of one full year of operation of a self-consumption PV plant in a university building, a regulatory, energy, and economic analysis is made for this type of building. It has been carried out by simulating the behavior of the building with installations within the range of PV powers allowed in the Spanish regulation. The analysis shows the good fitting between the new Royal Decree of Self-Consumption and the new Building Code. The economic analysis proves that the new simplified compensation method gives the best economic return for this use of the buildings when the PV production is matched with the consumption. The time of return of investment is between 8 and 9 years, and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is into the range of the pool market price of electricity. These results show the profitability of PV self-consumption for this type of building. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Smart Energy for a Sustainable Future. Experiences in Photovoltaic System Monitoring)
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21 pages, 411 KiB  
Article
Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) Priority in Italy: Distribution, Ecology, In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation and Expected Actions
by Enrico Vito Perrino and Robert Philipp Wagensommer
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041682 - 4 Feb 2021
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4047
Abstract
The study presents an updated overview of the 14 non-endemic threatened crop wild relatives (CWR) in Italy: Aegilops biuncialis, Ae. uniaristata, Ae. ventricosa, Asparagus pastorianus, Beta macrocarpa, Brassica insularis, B. montana, Crambe hispanica subsp. hispanica, [...] Read more.
The study presents an updated overview of the 14 non-endemic threatened crop wild relatives (CWR) in Italy: Aegilops biuncialis, Ae. uniaristata, Ae. ventricosa, Asparagus pastorianus, Beta macrocarpa, Brassica insularis, B. montana, Crambe hispanica subsp. hispanica, C. tataria subsp. tataria, Ipomoea sagittata, Lathyrus amphicarpos, L. palustris, Vicia cusnae and V. serinica. Geographical distribution, ecology (with plant communities and habitat 92/43/EEC aspects), genetics (focused on gene pools), property, and in situ and ex situ conservation were analyzed. In addition, with the aim of their protection and valorization, specific actions are recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity 2021: Agriculture, Environment and Wellbeing)
22 pages, 9497 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Urban-Scale Building Energy-Use Models and Tools—Application for the City of Fribourg, Switzerland
by Valeria Todeschi, Roberto Boghetti, Jérôme H. Kämpf and Guglielmina Mutani
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041595 - 3 Feb 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5106
Abstract
Building energy-use models and tools can simulate and represent the distribution of energy consumption of buildings located in an urban area. The aim of these models is to simulate the energy performance of buildings at multiple temporal and spatial scales, taking into account [...] Read more.
Building energy-use models and tools can simulate and represent the distribution of energy consumption of buildings located in an urban area. The aim of these models is to simulate the energy performance of buildings at multiple temporal and spatial scales, taking into account both the building shape and the surrounding urban context. This paper investigates existing models by simulating the hourly space heating consumption of residential buildings in an urban environment. Existing bottom-up urban-energy models were applied to the city of Fribourg in order to evaluate the accuracy and flexibility of energy simulations. Two common energy-use models—a machine learning model and a GIS-based engineering model—were compared and evaluated against anonymized monitoring data. The study shows that the simulations were quite precise with an annual mean absolute percentage error of 12.8 and 19.3% for the machine learning and the GIS-based engineering model, respectively, on residential buildings built in different periods of construction. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis using the Morris method was carried out on the GIS-based engineering model in order to assess the impact of input variables on space heating consumption and to identify possible optimization opportunities of the existing model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Models and Tools for Buildings’ Energy-Use Mapping and Planning at Urban Scale)
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13 pages, 3668 KiB  
Article
Interaction Boundary Determination of Renewable Energy Sources to Estimate System Strength Using the Power Flow Tracing Strategy
by Namki Choi, Byongjun Lee, Dohyuk Kim and Suchul Nam
Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031569 - 2 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2122
Abstract
System strength is an important concept in the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, evaluating system strength is becoming more ambiguous due to the interaction of RESs. This paper proposes a novel scheme to define the actual interaction boundaries of RESs using [...] Read more.
System strength is an important concept in the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, evaluating system strength is becoming more ambiguous due to the interaction of RESs. This paper proposes a novel scheme to define the actual interaction boundaries of RESs using the power flow tracing strategy. Based on the proposed method, the interaction boundaries of RESs were identified at the southwest side of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) systems. The test results show that the proposed approach always provides the identical interaction boundaries of RESs in KEPCO systems, compared to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) method. The consistent boundaries could be a guideline for power-system planners to assess more accurate system strength, considering the actual interactions of the RESs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration and Control of Renewable Energy and Power Electronics for Future Power Systems)
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25 pages, 3865 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Wave Overtopping Energy Converters by ANN Modelling: Evaluating the Overtopping Rate Forecasting as the First Step
by José Manuel Oliver, Maria Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro and Maria Graça Neves
Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031483 - 1 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2442
Abstract
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are extremely powerful analytical, parallel processing elements that can successfully approximate any complex non-linear process, and which form a key piece in Artificial Intelligence models. Its field of application, being very wide, is especially suitable for the field of [...] Read more.
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are extremely powerful analytical, parallel processing elements that can successfully approximate any complex non-linear process, and which form a key piece in Artificial Intelligence models. Its field of application, being very wide, is especially suitable for the field of prediction. In this article, its application for the prediction of the overtopping rate is presented, as part of a strategy for the sustainable optimization of coastal or harbor defense structures and their conversion into Waves Energy Converters (WEC). This would allow, among others benefits, reducing their initial high capital expenditure. For the construction of the predictive model, classical multivariate statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), or unsupervised clustering methods like Self Organized Maps (SOM), are used, demonstrating that this close alliance is always methodologically beneficial. The specific application carried out, based on the data provided by the CLASH and EurOtop 2018 databases, involves the creation of a useful application to predict overtopping rates in both sloping breakwaters and seawalls, with good results both in terms of prediction error, such as correlation of the estimated variable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energies for Sustainable Development)
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22 pages, 2125 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Renewable Energy and Economic Growth in a Time of Covid-19: A Machine Learning Experiment on the Brazilian Economy
by Cosimo Magazzino, Marco Mele and Giovanna Morelli
Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031285 - 26 Jan 2021
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 6945
Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Brazil, in the Covid-19 pandemic. Using an Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) experiment in Machine Learning, we tried to verify if a more intensive use of renewable energy could generate a [...] Read more.
This paper examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Brazil, in the Covid-19 pandemic. Using an Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) experiment in Machine Learning, we tried to verify if a more intensive use of renewable energy could generate a positive GDP acceleration in Brazil. This acceleration could offset the harmful effects of the Covid-19 global pandemic. Empirical findings show that an ever-greater use of renewable energies may sustain the economic growth process. In fact, through a model of ANNs, we highlighted how an increasing consumption of renewable energies triggers an acceleration of the GDP compared to other energy variables considered in the model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Consumption and Financial Development)
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14 pages, 11845 KiB  
Article
A New Regulatory Approach for PV-Based Self-Supply, Validated by a Techno-Economic Assessment: A Case Study for Slovenia
by Luka Martin Tomažič, Niko Lukač and Gorazd Štumberger
Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031290 - 26 Jan 2021
Viewed by 1691
Abstract
When it comes to the proliferation of photovoltaic (PV) systems, technological solutions have to go hand in hand with optimized policy approaches and regulatory frameworks. This paper proposes a new application of state-of-the-art PV potential estimation method based on Light Detection And Ranging [...] Read more.
When it comes to the proliferation of photovoltaic (PV) systems, technological solutions have to go hand in hand with optimized policy approaches and regulatory frameworks. This paper proposes a new application of state-of-the-art PV potential estimation method based on Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data targeted toward individual household self-supply. The performance of the proposed general approach is demonstrated in the case of Slovenian PV based self-supply (yearly net self-sufficient energy supply) scheme and related policy. The results obtained by PV potential assessment method show drawbacks of the current policy solution in Slovenia, which limits the installed peak power of the PV systems to 80% of the rated power supply. The paper proposes to change the policy in a way that increases the yearly energy production of the PV system and assures proper voltage profiles in the electricity network. The paper is novel in terms of considering PV potential over LiDAR data by also considering self-sustainability, in using such techno-economic analysis to validate the merits and demerits of a policy approach and is the first such case study used in the context of Slovenian self-supply policy. The proposed PV potential estimation method is generally applicable for any location and can be easily adjusted to the local regulatory framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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20 pages, 2672 KiB  
Article
Expert Views on the Future Development of Biogas Business Branch in Germany, The Netherlands, and Finland until 2030
by Erika Winquist, Michiel Van Galen, Simon Zielonka, Pasi Rikkonen, Diti Oudendag, Lijun Zhou and Auke Greijdanus
Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031148 - 22 Jan 2021
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8330
Abstract
To be able to meet the European Union’s energy and climate targets for 2030, all member states need to rethink their energy production and use. One potential renewable energy source is biogas. Its role has been relatively small compared to other energy sources, [...] Read more.
To be able to meet the European Union’s energy and climate targets for 2030, all member states need to rethink their energy production and use. One potential renewable energy source is biogas. Its role has been relatively small compared to other energy sources, but it could have a more central role to solve some specific challenges, e.g., to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from traffic, or to act as a buffer to balance electricity production with consumption. This research analyses how the future of the biogas business in three case study countries is developing until 2030. The study is based on experts’ views within the biogas business branch in Germany, The Netherlands, and Finland. Both similarities and differences were found among the experts’ answers, which reflected also the current policies in different countries. The role of biogas was seen much wider than just to provide renewable energy, but also to decrease emissions from agriculture and close loops in a circular economy. However, the future of the biogas branch is much dependent on political decisions. To be able to show the full potential of biogas technology for society, stable and predictable energy policy and cross-sector co-operation are needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy and Energy Saving: Worldwide Research Trends)
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22 pages, 6874 KiB  
Article
Empirical Design, Construction, and Experimental Test of a Small-Scale Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor
by Carlos Vargas-Salgado, Elías Hurtado-Pérez, David Alfonso-Solar and Anders Malmquist
Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031061 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4361
Abstract
The methods currently used for designing a fluidized bed reactor in gasification plants do not meet an integrated methodology that optimizes all the different parameters for its sizing and operational regime. In the case of small-scale (several tens of kWs biomass gasifiers), this [...] Read more.
The methods currently used for designing a fluidized bed reactor in gasification plants do not meet an integrated methodology that optimizes all the different parameters for its sizing and operational regime. In the case of small-scale (several tens of kWs biomass gasifiers), this design is especially complex, and, for this reason, they have usually been built in a very heuristic trial and error way. In this paper, an integrated methodology tailoring all the different parameters for the design and sizing of a small-scale fluidized bed gasification plants is presented. Using this methodology, a 40 kWth biomass gasification reactor was designed, including the air distribution system. Based on this design, with several simplified assumptions, a reactor was built and commissioned. Results from the experimental tests using this gasifier are also presented in this paper. As a result, it can be said the prototype works properly, and it produces syngas able to produce thermal energy or even electricity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)
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17 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Applying a Practice Lens to Local Government Climate Change Governance: Rethinking Community Engagement Practices
by David Meiklejohn, Susie Moloney and Sarah Bekessy
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020995 - 19 Jan 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2867
Abstract
Governments commit substantial time and resources engaging individuals and households to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. These approaches, based largely upon behaviour change theories, have been criticised for their limited reach and effectiveness by practice theorists who have offered an alternative approach, broadening [...] Read more.
Governments commit substantial time and resources engaging individuals and households to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. These approaches, based largely upon behaviour change theories, have been criticised for their limited reach and effectiveness by practice theorists who have offered an alternative approach, broadening the focus beyond individuals. While practice theory has provided valuable insights into the energy consuming activities of households it has gained limited traction as a way to analyse and inform government practices and policy making. We address this by applying a practice lens to climate change community engagement practices performed by Australian local governments. Drawing on 29 interviews with practitioners and analysis of 37 Australian local government climate strategies, we examine the bundle of practices that constitute climate change community engagement: recruitment, engagement and evaluation. We consider how these practices are situated vis-a-vis other climate governance practices (regulation, service delivery, infrastructure provision and advocacy) as well as internal local government processes. Using a practice lens reveals the weaknesses in current engagement approaches which we contend are limiting efficacy. We draw upon Spurling et al.’s conceptualisation of re-crafting, re-integrating and substituting practices to consider how climate change community engagement practices might be reconfigured to improve their effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)
24 pages, 1742 KiB  
Article
Historical Ecology of Scandinavian Infield Systems
by Ove Eriksson, Matilda Arnell and Karl-Johan Lindholm
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020817 - 15 Jan 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3724
Abstract
Infield systems originated during the early Iron Age and existed until the 19th century, although passing many transitions and changes. The core features of infield systems were enclosed infields with hay-meadows and crop fields, and unenclosed outland mainly used for livestock grazing. We [...] Read more.
Infield systems originated during the early Iron Age and existed until the 19th century, although passing many transitions and changes. The core features of infield systems were enclosed infields with hay-meadows and crop fields, and unenclosed outland mainly used for livestock grazing. We examine the transitions and changes of domesticated landscapes with infield systems using the framework of human niche construction, focusing on reciprocal causation affecting change in both culture and environment. A first major transition occurred during the early Middle Ages, as a combined effect of a growing elite society and an increased availability of iron promoted expansion of villages with partly communal infields. A second major transition occurred during the 18th and 19th centuries, due to a then recognized inefficiency of agricultural production, leading to land reforms. In outlands, there was a continuous expansion of management throughout the whole period. Even though external factors had significant impacts as well, human niche construction affected a range of cultural and environmental features regarding the management and structure of domesticated landscapes with infield systems. Thus, niche construction theory is a useful framework for understanding the historical ecology of infield systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Historical Ecology, Archaeology and Biocultural Landscapes: Cross-Disciplinary Approaches to the Long Anthropocene)
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16 pages, 2484 KiB  
Article
Multi-Objective Stochastic Optimization for Determining Set-Point of Wind Farm System
by Van-Hai Bui, Akhtar Hussain, Thai-Thanh Nguyen and Hak-Man Kim
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020624 - 11 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2211
Abstract
Due to the uncertainty in output power of wind farm (WF) systems, a certain reserve capacity is often required in the power system to ensure service reliability and thereby increasing the operation and investment costs for the entire system. In order to reduce [...] Read more.
Due to the uncertainty in output power of wind farm (WF) systems, a certain reserve capacity is often required in the power system to ensure service reliability and thereby increasing the operation and investment costs for the entire system. In order to reduce this uncertainty and reserve capacity, this study proposes a multi-objective stochastic optimization model to determine the set-points of the WF system. The first objective is to maximize the set-point of the WF system, while the second objective is to maximize the probability of fulfilling that set-point in the real-time operation. An increase in the probability of satisfying the set-point can reduce the uncertainty in the output power of the WF system. However, if the required probability increases, the set-point of the WF system decreases, which reduces the profitability of the WF system. Using the proposed method helps the WF operator in determining the optimal set-point for the WF system by making a trade-off between maximizing the set-point of WF and increasing the probability of fulfilling this set-point in real-time operation. This ensures that the WF system can offer an optimal set-point with a high probability of satisfying this set-point to the power system and thereby avoids a high penalty for mismatch power. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed method, several case studies are carried out, and the effects of various parameters on the optimal set-point for the WF system are also analyzed. According to the parameters from the transmission system operator (TSO) and wind speed profile, the WF operator can easily determine the optimal set-point using the proposed strategy. A comparison of the profits that the WF system achieved with and without the proposed method is analyzed in detail, and the set-point of the WF system in different seasons is also presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy and Energy Saving: Worldwide Research Trends)
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14 pages, 839 KiB  
Article
Customer Behavioral Reactions to Negative Experiences during the Product Return
by Kateryna Lysenko-Ryba and Dominik Zimon
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020448 - 6 Jan 2021
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6708
Abstract
This paper takes a closer look at customer experience during product return and the customer’s ability to share information about it. The research process included the development of research tools such as questionnaires. Anonymous surveys were conducted by computer assisted web interview among [...] Read more.
This paper takes a closer look at customer experience during product return and the customer’s ability to share information about it. The research process included the development of research tools such as questionnaires. Anonymous surveys were conducted by computer assisted web interview among individual customers from Poland on a sample 327 respondents. Non-stratified random sampling was used, as we considered it to be the most effective in terms of the effort-benefit ratio of the survey. A contingency table was constructed from the responses, the observed values and expected values were compared, and the Pearson Chi-square and the p-value of Fisher’s exact test were calculated. The research process carried out as well as the analysis of the obtained results allowed us to respond to the research questions. As a result, it can be stated that the clients, both satisfied (80.1%) and dissatisfied (84,4%), tended to share their opinion about return experience with other potential clients. Moreover, 42.2% of the respondents declared that they would not buy again from a seller after an unsuccessful return operation. The presented conclusions enrich the theoretical understanding of customer behavior and their purchase intention. It also offers retailers a quantitative benchmark and new perspective on the design of return policy in order to improve customer satisfaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Development)
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24 pages, 7802 KiB  
Article
Correlation Analysis of the Spread of Household-Sized Photovoltaic Power Plants and Various District Indicators: A Case Study
by Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, Henrik Zsiborács, András Vincze, Nóra Rodek, Martina Makai and Gábor Pintér
Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020482 - 6 Jan 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1970
Abstract
As efforts are made worldwide to meet the growing energy needs of the population in a more sustainable way, harnessing weather-dependent renewable energy sources is becoming more and more important. One of the available technologies is photovoltaic energy production. In the last decade, [...] Read more.
As efforts are made worldwide to meet the growing energy needs of the population in a more sustainable way, harnessing weather-dependent renewable energy sources is becoming more and more important. One of the available technologies is photovoltaic energy production. In the last decade, there has been a growing need among households, institutions, and businesses to reduce the use of fossil-fuel-based electricity from the public grid. In order to meet their electricity demand in Hungary, investors prefer using household-sized photovoltaic power plant (HMKE) systems. The novelty of this study is that it examines the number and total power of photovoltaic HMKEs at the district level in the service areas of different electricity distributors, taking into account the social, economic, infrastructural, and welfare dimensions of these districts as well. The study seeks to uncover whether there is a correlation between the number and total power of these types of power plants and the indicators of the districts, and if so, how strong these relationships are. The examination of the relationships also involved, in addition to correlations by pairs, the relationships of the ranking of the districts according to the complex indicators created from the district indicators and the ranking of the districts based on the number and power of photovoltaic HMKEs per 1000 members of the population. By exploring correlations, the paper seeks to establish a regression model for the number of photovoltaic HMKEs and the territorial (district) indicators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic Evaluation of Renewable Energy Sources)
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26 pages, 736 KiB  
Review
The Role of Green and Blue Hydrogen in the Energy Transition—A Technological and Geopolitical Perspective
by Michel Noussan, Pier Paolo Raimondi, Rossana Scita and Manfred Hafner
Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010298 - 31 Dec 2020
Cited by 372 | Viewed by 35195
Abstract
Hydrogen is currently enjoying a renewed and widespread momentum in many national and international climate strategies. This review paper is focused on analysing the challenges and opportunities that are related to green and blue hydrogen, which are at the basis of different perspectives [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is currently enjoying a renewed and widespread momentum in many national and international climate strategies. This review paper is focused on analysing the challenges and opportunities that are related to green and blue hydrogen, which are at the basis of different perspectives of a potential hydrogen society. While many governments and private companies are putting significant resources on the development of hydrogen technologies, there still remains a high number of unsolved issues, including technical challenges, economic and geopolitical implications. The hydrogen supply chain includes a large number of steps, resulting in additional energy losses, and while much focus is put on hydrogen generation costs, its transport and storage should not be neglected. A low-carbon hydrogen economy offers promising opportunities not only to fight climate change, but also to enhance energy security and develop local industries in many countries. However, to face the huge challenges of a transition towards a zero-carbon energy system, all available technologies should be allowed to contribute based on measurable indicators, which require a strong international consensus based on transparent standards and targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Economy: Challenges and Opportunities)
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19 pages, 836 KiB  
Article
Critical Success Factors of the Project Management in Relation to Industry 4.0 for Sustainability of Projects
by Jaroslav Vrchota, Petr Řehoř, Monika Maříková and Martin Pech
Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010281 - 30 Dec 2020
Cited by 78 | Viewed by 24115
Abstract
Sustainability has recently become a phenomenon; small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly emphasizing the principles of sustainability in their corporate governance. They implement these changes through project management. The purpose of the paper is to determine the critical success factors in project [...] Read more.
Sustainability has recently become a phenomenon; small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly emphasizing the principles of sustainability in their corporate governance. They implement these changes through project management. The purpose of the paper is to determine the critical success factors in project management, as seen by the managers of Czech manufacturing enterprises, related to the most to the successful completion of the projects. We aim to analyze the relation of these success factors to Industry 4.0, Human Resources, and sustainability. We determined the possible interconnectedness of the critical success factors using correlation coefficients. Then, we compared them using the Mann-Whitney test with new corporate management trends. The results show that companies consider Leadership and Experiences, and Employees and Flexibility to be key factors in project management’s success. The most important critical factor for the sustainability of projects focused on Industry 4.0 is the finances that decide the implementation of projects. The benefits of Industry 4.0 concerning sustainability have been identified in projects aimed at implementing new energy sources. In addition to the results obtained, the development of a methodology for evaluating Industry 4.0 projects’ success concerning sustainability may be based on critical success factors in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Project Management)
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16 pages, 2811 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Hydrogen on Vaporization, Mixture Formation and Combustion of Diesel Fuel at an Automotive Diesel Engine
by Alexandru Cernat, Constantin Pana, Niculae Negurescu, Gheorghe Lazaroiu and Cristian Nutu
Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010202 - 28 Dec 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2925
Abstract
Hydrogen can be a viable alternative fuel for modern diesel engines, offering benefits on efficiency and performance improvement. The paper analyses the results of a thermodynamic model developed by authors in order to study the influence of Hydrogen addition on a process like [...] Read more.
Hydrogen can be a viable alternative fuel for modern diesel engines, offering benefits on efficiency and performance improvement. The paper analyses the results of a thermodynamic model developed by authors in order to study the influence of Hydrogen addition on a process like vaporization, mixture forming, and combustion at the level of diesel fuel droplets. The bi-zonal model is applied for a dual-fueled diesel engine K9K type designed by Renault for automotives. For the engine operating regime of 2000 rpm speed and 55% engine load, the diesel fuel is partially substituted by Hydrogen in energetic percents of 6.76%, 13.39%, and 20.97%, the engine power being maintained at the same level comparative to classic fueling. At Hydrogen addition, the diesel fuel jets atomization and diesel fuel droplets vaporization are accelerated, the speed of formation of the mixture being increased. Comparative to classic fueling, the use of Hydrogen leads to diesel droplets combustion intensification, with a shortened autoignition delay, reduction of combustion duration, and increase of flame radius. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Modern Society through Design and Integration of Efficient Energy Technologies)
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19 pages, 289 KiB  
Article
How Does Consumers’ Care for Origin Shape Their Behavioural Gap for Environmentally Friendly Products?
by Maria Teresa Trentinaglia De Daverio, Teresina Mancuso, Massimo Peri and Lucia Baldi
Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010190 - 28 Dec 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2770
Abstract
Climate change is threatening worldwide crop yields and varieties, and the desertification of Southern Europe and Mediterranean areas is endangering the cultivation of tomato, not only one of the most important cultivated crops, but also one of the main pillars of the global [...] Read more.
Climate change is threatening worldwide crop yields and varieties, and the desertification of Southern Europe and Mediterranean areas is endangering the cultivation of tomato, not only one of the most important cultivated crops, but also one of the main pillars of the global food industry. To minimize its environmental impact, current research efforts in Europe are selecting resilient tomato genotypes with reduced use of water and fertilizers. Still, its commercial acceptance depends on consumers’ reaction in terms of interests, attitudes, and willingness to buy and pay for this hypothetical resilient tomato. In our setting, a behavioural gap exists whenever despite an interest for the product, and regardless of a positive attitude towards it, consumers are not willing to pay a premium price for this tomato. This paper focuses on Italians, among the largest tomato consumers across the world, and for whom origin emerges as a relevant consumption driver. We carried out a web-survey, totalling 932 responses. We ran three different ordinal regressions, one for each level of involvement in the purchasing process, identifying the factors affecting consumers’ interest, attitude, and behaviour towards this hypothetical tomato. We prove the existence of a behavioural gap for Italian tomato consumers and observe that this gap widens as consumers’ preferences for origin increase. Hence, policies developing environmentally sustainable products should not forget how consumer preferences for non-strictly environmental attributes might ultimately affect their propensity to buy and pay. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agribusiness and Food Marketing)
11 pages, 1119 KiB  
Review
Food Security during the Pandemic and the Importance of the Bioeconomy in the New Era
by Anca C. Farcas, Charis M. Galanakis, Carmen Socaciu, Oana L. Pop, Dorin Tibulca, Adriana Paucean, Mirela A. Jimborean, Melinda Fogarasi, Liana C. Salanta, Maria Tofana and Sonia A. Socaci
Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010150 - 25 Dec 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7437
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in managing the food sector during a pandemic crisis is sustaining a robust food security system and adopting the right strategies in correlating the consumers’ needs and requirements with those of food safety, the producers, the distribution chain, [...] Read more.
One of the biggest challenges in managing the food sector during a pandemic crisis is sustaining a robust food security system and adopting the right strategies in correlating the consumers’ needs and requirements with those of food safety, the producers, the distribution chain, the economic environment, and waste management. The restrictions on people’s global movement, commodities, and services and the measures taken to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have disrupted food environments around the world and forced us to collectively redesign and optimize our systems using existing resources from a more sustainable perspective. This paper offers an overview of the implications of COVID-19 for the food supply chain and discusses several potential strategies for tackling short- and long-term adverse effects resulting from the pandemic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Added-Value Molecules Recovered from Agri-Food Waste and by-Products)
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14 pages, 1348 KiB  
Article
Healthy Diet Assistance for the Most Deprived in Post-Crisis Greece: An Evaluation of the State Food Provision Program
by Antonis Vlassopoulos, Konstantina Filippou, Aleks Pepa, Olga Malisova, Dimitra Xenaki and Maria Kapsokefalou
Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010099 - 24 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2680
Abstract
In 2016, the European Union set up the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) as its first structured food provision program to combat food insecurity. Computational analysis and a cross-sectional survey took place from January 2016 to June 2018 to [...] Read more.
In 2016, the European Union set up the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) as its first structured food provision program to combat food insecurity. Computational analysis and a cross-sectional survey took place from January 2016 to June 2018 to calculate FEAD’s contribution to its beneficiaries’ diets and to collect beneficiary satisfaction data. Dairy, fresh meat, legumes, sugar, olive oil, and tomato concentrate were the most commonly procured items. The program’s contribution to vegetable, dairy, and grains intake was 3.4%, 6.1%, and 6.0%, respectively, as opposed to discretionary calories (12.2%) and fats/oils (24.5%). The program’s algorithm greatly favors (almost 3-fold) single-person applications, compared with applications with four or more people. Beneficiaries valued each food provision at 21.23 ± 23.4 euros, which, for 64.4% of them, translated to a high positive impact on the household budget. FEAD had a highly positive impact on feelings of anxiety and security, for 50.7% and 41.6% of its beneficiaries. Satisfaction with the foods provided was also high for ~70% of the beneficiaries. The program is met with high beneficiary satisfaction and is perceived as a substantial assistance. Increases in the amounts and variety of foods delivered, with a focus on fruit, vegetables, and fish, should be considered to further improve the program’s dietary impact. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gaps and Opportunities in Addressing Food Insecurity under the Sustainable Development Framework)
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17 pages, 501 KiB  
Article
Modelling Attitude towards Consumption of Vegan Products
by Isabel Miguel, Arnaldo Coelho and Cristela Maia Bairrada
Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010009 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 14381
Abstract
This study proposes to understand the impact of personal (health awareness and social influence) and moral (environmental concerns and animal welfare) antecedents on attitudes towards veganism and their effects on engagement with vegan products, along with their impact on purchase intention and word [...] Read more.
This study proposes to understand the impact of personal (health awareness and social influence) and moral (environmental concerns and animal welfare) antecedents on attitudes towards veganism and their effects on engagement with vegan products, along with their impact on purchase intention and word of mouth. Idealism is presented as a moderator of these proposed relationships. The study uses a structured questionnaire to gather data from two cross-sectional samples of 224 Portuguese and 356 Brazilian vegans collected from Facebook groups of vegans. Structural equation modelling is used to test the seven proposed hypotheses and the moderation effects. This research compares the influence of personal and moral determinants on veganism using idealism as a specific context to investigate their relationships, comparing Brazilian and Portuguese respondents and the effects of national cultures. Results show that attitudes towards veganism do not depend on personal causes, but rather on moral concerns. Motivations to reduce animal consumption, protect nature, and respect animal life seem to be guided by ethical principles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Agricultural Economics and Sustainable Food Consumption)
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