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Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability

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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Hazards and Sustainability".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (19 September 2022) | Viewed by 34058

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jun-Ho Choi

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Guest Editor

Division of Architectural & Fire Protection Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
Interests: built environment; fire and evacuation modelling; human behaviour and cognition science in emergency; pedestrian and evacuation dynamics; crowd control; fire protection engineering; BIM/GIS/IT-based building and urban disaster prevention

Prof. Dr. Haejun Park

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Fire Protection and Safety Engineering Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
Interests: fire protection engineering; performance based design; structural fire; heat transfer; fire and combustion test

Prof. Dr. Joon-Ho Jeon

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

College of Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
Interests: thermal energy systems; fire and combustion engineering

Prof. Dr. Young-Chan Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Safety Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
Interests: built environment; human behaviour in fire; urban disaster prevention; UAV (drone) utilization; spatial informatics; risk assessment; fire and evacuation simulation; performance based design

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although we have suffered numerous fire accidents so far, we hear news of disasters such as fires, explosions and collapses every morning, all over the world. In particular, new types of large fires or explosions, such as the King’s Cross Underground Fire, the September 11 Attacks, the Daegu Subway Fire, the Rhode Island Disco Fire, the Grenfell Tower Fire, the Beirut Explosions etc., continue to cause many casualties, a tragic loss of human life. So far, governments have enacted and revised laws on fire prevention and safety management, but they are always only making follow-up visits because of the uncertainty in the cause of fires and human evacuation behaviour, and due to the economic logic that safety is not an investment but a cost.

Persistent maintenance of a building’s function is also important for its sustainability. However, securing the safety of buildings and occupants can be considered the most urgent, preventing harm from disasters such as fire and explosion, which take everything away in an instant. Toward this end, it is necessary to think about what functions are required in building fire-fighting systems; how humans react and behave in fires; how fires occur and grow; how fire alarms and exit sign lights, fire extinguishing and evacuation rescue facilities should be designed; and how state-of-the-art technologies can be applied to fire safety technologies in buildings (e.g., new cutting-edge materials, artificial intelligence, building information modelling, the internet of things, applied nanotechnology).

Accordingly, this Special Issue solicits the latest research papers on fire safety technology and human behaviour for building sustainability. Through these research papers, we intend to share approaches to the safety and sustainability of buildings and their occupants. For your information, we provide some topics and keywords for the special issue below, but the Editors will not be limited to that range, and we will be waiting for precious manuscripts containing the hard work of many researchers. For example, research papers concerning cruise ships, aircrafts, wildland fires, earthquakes, floods, disaster recovery, resilience etc. are also very welcome. We sincerely thank you in advance for your interest and hard work. Stay well, and stay safe!

Prof. Jun-Ho Choi
Prof. Haejun Park
Prof. Joon-Ho Jeon
Prof. Young-Chan Kim
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

fire modelling
active fire systems including detection and suppression
passive fire protection methods
human behaviour in fires
evacuation modelling
building fire risk assessment
performance-based design
fire safety design
ventilation and smoke control
fire investigation
fire safety education
fire safety legislation
fire and evacuation simulation
cutting-edge fire protection technology including BIM, IoT, AI, ICT, NT, and new materials

Published Papers (12 papers)

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12 pages, 2892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Early Indoor Fire Detection and Localization on Embedded Platforms with Fully Convolutional One-Stage Object Detection

by Yimang Li, Jingwei Shang, Meng Yan, Bei Ding and Jiacheng Zhong

Sustainability 2023, 15(3), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031794 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2374

Abstract

Fire disasters usually cause significant damage to human lives and property. Thus, early fire detection and localization in real time are crucial in minimizing fire disasters and reducing ecological losses. Studies of convolution neural networks (CNNs) show their capabilities in image processing tasks such as image classification, visual recognition, and object detection. Using CNNs for fire detection could improve detection accuracy. However, the high computational cost of CNNs requires an extensive training model size, making it difficult to deploy to resource-constrained edge devices. Moreover, the large size of the training model is challenging for real-time object detection. This paper develops a real-time early indoor fire-detection and -localization system that could be deployed on embedded platforms such as Jetson Nano. First, we propose a fully convolutional one-stage object detection framework for fire detection with real-time surveillance videos. The combination of backbone, path aggregation network, and detection head with generalized focal loss is used in the framework. We evaluate several networks as backbones and select the one with balanced efficiency and accuracy. Then we develop a fire localization strategy to locate the fire with two cameras in the indoor setting. Results show that the proposed architecture can achieve similar accuracy compared with the Yolo framework but using one-tenth of the model size. Moreover, the localization accuracy could be achieved within 0.7 m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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21 pages, 1112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Factors Affecting the Intention to Prepare for Mitigation of Man-Made Fire Disasters in Chonburi Province, Thailand: An Integration of Structural Equation Modeling and Artificial Neural Network Hybrid Approach

by Poonyawat Kusonwattana, Ardvin Kester S. Ong, Yogi Tri Prasetyo, Klint Allen Mariñas, Nattakit Yuduang, Thanatorn Chuenyindee, Kriengkrai Thana, Satria Fadil Persada, Reny Nadlifatin and Kirstien Paola E. Robas

Sustainability 2022, 14(22), 15442; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215442 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2807

Abstract

News regarding different man-made fire disasters has been increasing for the past few years, especially in Thailand. Despite the prominent fire in Chonburi Province, Thailand, the intention to prepare has been widely underexplored. This study aimed to predict factors affecting the intention to prepare for the mitigation of man-made fire disasters in Chonburi Province, Thailand. A total of 366 valid responses through convenience sampling were utilized in this study that produced 20,496 datasets. With the 20,496 datasets, structural equation modeling and artificial neural network hybrid were utilized to analyze several factors under the extended and integrated protection motivation theory and the theory of planned behavior. Factors such as geographic perspective, fire perspective, government response, perceived severity, response cost, perceived vulnerability, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and attitude were evaluated simultaneously to measure the intention to prepare for a fire disaster. The results showed that geographic perspective, subjective norm, and fire experience were the most important factors affecting the intention to prepare. Other factors were significant with perceived behavioral control as the least important. In addition, the results showed how the region is prone to man-made fire disasters and that the government should consider mitigation plans to highlight the safety of the people in Chonburi Province, Thailand. This study is considered the first complete study that analyzed behavioral intention to prepare for the mitigation of man-made fire disasters in the Chonburi Province region of Thailand. The results of this study could be utilized by the government as a foundation to create mitigation plans for the citizens of Thailand. Finally, the findings of this study may be applied and extended to measure the intention to prepare for other man-made fire disasters worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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17 pages, 4919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental and Modeling Study on the Effect of Wall Opening Location on the Under-Ventilated Compartment Fire

by Lujia Wang and Haejun Park

Sustainability 2022, 14(19), 12084; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912084 - 24 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1275

Abstract

An experimental and modeling study was carried out to investigate the effect of wall opening location on the mass flow rates of gases through the opening and the associated fire phenomena, such as compartment temperature, projected flame height through the opening, and the heat release rates inside and outside the compartment. A 0.3 m by 0.3 m opening was placed at three different elevations—bottom, middle, and top—of a narrow end wall of a 0.8 m by 1.2 m by 0.8 m (H) compartment. A propane gas burner was used to provide four different fire sizes in the compartment: 90, 110, 130, and 150 kW. The existing correlations for mass flow rates and heat release rates generally do not include the wall opening location as a variable and are functions of only the opening area and height. Based on the experimental and modeling analysis, it is found that the wall opening location affects the internal and external fire phenomena. Two fundamental factors, K and O, are introduced to explain the effect quantitatively. Factor K is the ratio of the air inflow predicted by Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to the existing correlation (

0.5 A_{o} \sqrt{H_{o}}

), and Factor O is the ratio of the oxygen consumption rate in the compartment to the oxygen flow rate into the compartment, indicating combustion efficiency. Factor K ranges from 0.78 to 0.94, and O ranges from 0.67 to 0.85 for different opening locations, which suggests that the existing correlations may overestimate the amount of airflow to and the combustion efficiency within the compartment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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13 pages, 2197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Effective Cognition Area (ECA) of Signage Systems with Backlighting under Smoke Conditions

by Young-Chan Kim, Sang-Hyun Baek, Young-Hoon Bae, Ryun-Seok Oh and Jun-Ho Choi

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 4057; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074057 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2142

Abstract

Signage systems are visual information systems that indicate the direction, allow for identification, and show safety information and regulations to occupants via graphics or text during emergencies. Wayfinding is difficult in large and complex buildings, such as large shopping malls. Occupants can be disoriented while searching for their way in such buildings. This problem can be more serious in emergency situations, such as fires, than in normal situations. Signage systems can be helpful in solving this problem. Domestic and overseas standards on emergency signage systems specify that the signage should be noticeable, easy to read, and easy to understand. However, most regulations do not quantify the effectiveness of such signage systems under emergency situations. To address these issues, in this study, several experiments were conducted considering the viewing distance and angle using a backlit signage system, and changes in cognition under smoke conditions were analyzed. First, the concept of effective cognition area (ECA) was introduced to analyze the relationship between the viewing distance and angle. Experiments were conducted using a backlit emergency exit sign, and the changes in the ECA in a smoke situation were analyzed. Finally, the results of this study were compared with those of previous studies. Furthermore, the extent to which occupants can recognize the signage system was quantified. If the concept of ECA developed in this study is applied to the development of emergency signage design, more diverse evacuation scenarios could be designed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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33 pages, 6946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Evacuation Behavior of Urban Underground Complex in Fire Emergency Based on System Dynamics

by Xiaojuan Li, Weibin Chen, Chen Wang and Mukhtar A. Kassem

Sustainability 2022, 14(3), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031343 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3452

Abstract

During a fire evacuation, long lateral evacuation distances, large crowds waiting for evacuation at the same level, and easily panicked populations are common. This research aimed to look into the large-scale evacuation behavior of urban underground complexes with limited evacuation and egress during a fire. A simplified model for large-scale group evacuation of urban subsurface complexes was constructed using system dynamics theory. The Vensim software was used for quantitative simulation. The model could represent the typical phenomenon of group evacuation behaviors, such as quick or slow, under seven operating situations with total initial numbers of 350, 400, 450, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000. The results of an analysis of critical affecting factors show “total initial number” and “panic state” during a large-scale group evacuation: a large beginning population will result in a rapid reduction in system evacuation capability, delaying the completion of the evacuation process significantly; meanwhile, if the level of panic is deficient, the system’s evacuation efficiency will remain low for an extended period, making it difficult to evacuate trapped persons promptly. According to the findings, the developed system dynamics model, which combines the advantages of a continuous model with the advantages of a discrete model, is very accurate. At the same time, we should emphasize the importance of the evacuation guide and reinforce the fire education and behavior drills for the building’s workers. This research presents a simplified model for the evacuation of large groups of people from metropolitan underground complexes. Furthermore, the findings may give theoretical support for the development of rules and safety management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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19 pages, 71708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deriving Major Fire Risk Evaluation Items Utilizing Spatial Information Convergence Technology in Dense Areas of Small Obsolete Buildings

by Hyung-Joo Lee, Sun-Woo Park, Seungjun Roh, Jung-Rim Ryu, Byeung-Hun Son, Seong-Ryong Ryu, Seung-youp Lee and Won-Jun Park

Sustainability 2021, 13(22), 12593; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212593 - 15 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2099

Abstract

As small obsolete buildings are exposed to high fire risks, governments are trying to evaluate their fire risks and preferentially improve fire protection performance for high risk buildings, however, the evaluation manpower and time are insufficient compared to the rapidly increasing number of obsolete buildings. Therefore, this study aimed to derive major fire risk index (FRI) evaluation items as part of developing a platform to quickly and efficiently evaluate fire risks in dense areas of small obsolete buildings utilizing spatial information convergence technology. To this end, 20 preliminary evaluation items specifically tailored to dense areas of small obsolete buildings were derived through a field survey, investigation of FRI evaluation items from existing works, and expert pre-reviews. Based on the derived 20 preliminary items, an importance survey was conducted with a total of 181 fire safety experts including fire officers, university professors, researchers, industry experts, and fire insurers. As a result, a total of 12 major evaluation items (e.g., outdoor fire extinguisher, distance to 119 Safety Center, building structure, building cladding, illegal alterations, illegal parking, and liquefied natural gas cylinder) were derived. Results can help to evaluate the fast and efficient fire risks in dense areas of small obsolete buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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16 pages, 5257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Fire Accident Factors on Construction Sites Using Web Crawling and Deep Learning Approach

by Jaehong Kim, Sangpil Youm, Yongwei Shan and Jonghoon Kim

Sustainability 2021, 13(21), 11694; https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111694 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4201

Abstract

Fire safety on construction sites has been rarely studied because fire accidents have a lower occurrence compared to construction’s “Fatal Four”. Despite the lower occurrence, construction fire accidents tend to have a larger severity of impact. This study aims at using news media data and big data analysis techniques to identify patterns and factors related to fire accidents on construction sites. News reports on various construction accidents covered by news media were first collected through web crawling. Then, the authors identified the level of media exposure for various keywords related to construction accidents and analyzed the similarities between them. The results show that the level of media exposure for fire accidents on construction sites is much higher than for fall accidents, which suggests that fire accidents may have a greater impact on the surroundings than other accidents. It was found that the main causes of fire accidents on construction sites are violations of fire safety regulations and the absence of inspections, which could be sufficiently prevented. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by exploring factors related to fire safety on construction sites and their interrelationships as well as providing evidence that the fire type should be emphasized in safety-related regulations and codes on construction sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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16 pages, 3746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Installation Location of Escape Route Signs at T-Type Intersections

by Young-Hoon Bae, Jong-Yeong Son, Ryun-Seok Oh, Hye-Kyoung Lee, Yoon-Ha Lee, Won-Hwa Hong and Jun-Ho Choi

Sustainability 2021, 13(14), 7903; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147903 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1882

Abstract

This study analyzed the decision-making times (DMTs) of participants at T-type indoor intersections according to the horizontal/vertical installation locations and the arrow directions of escape route signs. A total of 120 university students participated in the study. We analyzed the DMTs and following rates (FRs) required for the participants to observe the visual stimuli of the signs installed in front of the T-type indoor intersections and then properly select a path according to the arrow direction of the signs. The results are as follows: (1) the participants exhibited shorter DMTs for the right arrow direction of the signs, (2) the Simon effect occurred when the horizontal installation location of the signs was more than 60 cm away from the center of the T-type indoor intersection on both sides, (3) the DMTs of participants increased when the vertical installation location of the signs was low. Finally, we proposed an optimal installation location of the signs to support the shortest DMTs at T-type indoor intersections. It is expected that the results of this study will provide a database of DMTs, based on the locations of the signs during emergency evacuations, and will be utilized to improve the installation guidelines and regulations of signs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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21 pages, 20808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Indoor Fire Dynamics of Residential Buildings with Full-Scale Fire Test

by Min-Ho Moon, Hyung-Jun Kim, Su-Gyeong Min, Sung-Chan Kim and Won-Jun Park

Sustainability 2021, 13(9), 4897; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094897 - 27 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3136

Abstract

Along with simulated firefighting training, the development of virtual training systems and associated content has recently drawn attention as an alternative method for advanced firefighting training. In particular, to develop virtual training content, it is important to understand the combustion characteristics of indoor combustible materials and appropriately simulate their behavior. In this study, seven types of building fires were selected. From these types, indoor combustible materials of residential buildings were analyzed, and combustion tests were performed for each of three types of combustible materials. Furthermore, three types of indoor spaces, determined according to the combination of indoor combustible materials they contained, were divided into full-scale compartments, and a full-scale fire test was performed using this setup. Finally, the heat release rate and smoke production release of individual combustible materials and the room test were measured over time, and a fire dynamics simulation (FDS) was performed. As a result, it was confirmed that an effective evaluation of the occurrence and spread of fire indoors in buildings is possible through full-scale fire tests and FDS simulations. It is expected that simulation can be used as firefighting training content in the future by applying indoor combustible data and implementing complex and various fire development conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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12 pages, 3245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weighting the Attributes of Human-Related Activities for Fire Safety Measures in Historic Villages

by Ji-Hee Lee, Woo-Young Chun and Jun-Ho Choi

Sustainability 2021, 13(6), 3236; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063236 - 15 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1931

Abstract

Recently, numerous world heritage sites have burned down or suffered minor damage due to fires. As a result, the Korean government has developed active and passive fire measures in Korean historic villages. Nevertheless, fires have not been prevented, inciting the government to direct its attention toward community-based activities. This paper focuses on human-related fire safety measures and aims to identify the most efficient methods for preventing fires, as well as for minimizing damage caused by them in historic villages. It explores the preventive and response levels of residents and village organizations based on a survey of experts in the field and applies an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the weighting of the selected attributes. The study proposes that the preventive level is more important than the response level among village residents, and the response level should be prioritized over the preventive level in village organizations in order to prevent and reduce fire risk and damage in Korean historic villages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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5 pages, 1131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overview of the Legal Design Basis for Passive Fire Protection in Korea and the Direction of Further Development

by Jae-Young Choi and Sang-Hoon Byeon

Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041674 - 4 Feb 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2064

Abstract

The design of passive fire protection is applied to minimize the domino effect when a liquid pool fire occurs due to the facilities inside a process plant. In general, the design of passive fire protection has been applied using the API RP 2218 guideline as the basis regardless of the country or owner of the process plant. However, in Korea, legal regulations dictate that explosive areas should be regarded as fireproofing zones rather than following the API RP 2218 guideline. Because liquid pool fires and explosive gas atmospheres are different concepts, it is wrong from an engineering perspective to regard them as the same. Therefore, when a liquid pool fire occurs in a process plant in Korea, it may be more dangerous than in any other countries. In this study, we investigated three categories of fire risk. Korean safety regulations for the design of passive fire protection and others that are not reasonable from an engineering perspective need to be studied and revised. Specifically, Korea needs to revise the design basis of passive fire protection based on the API RP 2218 guideline as a legal standard in accordance with global trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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16 pages, 2421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consideration of the Door Opening Process in Pedestrian Flow: Experiments on Door Opening Direction, Door Handle Type, and Limited Visibility

by Jong-Yeong Son, Young-Hoon Bae, Young-Chan Kim, Ryun-Seok Oh, Won-Hwa Hong and Jun-Ho Choi

Sustainability 2020, 12(20), 8453; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208453 - 14 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4533

Abstract

The door is a section prone to bottlenecks and is an important element in the study of pedestrian flow. Therefore, characteristics of doors (e.g., width, location, and the distance between doors) have been taken into consideration in the existing literature related to doors. According to several previous studies, it appears likely that the door opening process (DOP) influences pedestrian flow. However, the number of studies examining the DOP remains small. Therefore, to enhance understanding of pedestrian flow, we examined two door characteristics that could affect the DOP (opening direction (swing door: push or pull) and handle type (knob, lever, and panic bar)) and limited visibility. We conducted a walking experiment to take all variables (10 cases; 10 participants per case) into account. Statistical analysis was performed on the difference in movement times, and the results were as follows: (1) inclusion of the DOP affected pedestrian flow; (2) when visibility was limited, movement times with DOP inclusion increased significantly regardless of the door opening direction and handle type; (3) when the door opening direction was ‘push’, regardless of limited visibility and door handle type, movement times with DOP inclusion were significantly lower; and (4) the door handle type did not result in any significant difference in movement times with DOP inclusion. In addition, we calculated the delay time based on the experiment results, to include the DOP in pedestrian flow (push 1.96–2.88 s, pull 3.91–4.43 s; limited visibility: push 7.38–12.56 s, and pull 12.88–16.35 s). The results of this study could be used as basic data for the development of codes/regulations, engineering guidance, and egress models for doors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire Safety Technology and Human Behavioural Science for Building Sustainability)

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