Detection and Risk Assessment of Undesirable Chemical Residues in Food

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2024) | Viewed by 5268

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No.159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
Interests: food analysis, food toxicology, detection of pesticides and veterinary drugs residues, food safety risk assessment, food quality control, rapid determination by spectroscopy

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Guest Editor
School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
Interests: food safety and quality control, foodborne hazards detection, development of natural preservatives and colorants

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Food safety and testing analysis is an important method in food, chemistry, and the environment research. The dietary exposure to undesirable chemical residues in food may have adverse effects on humans’ health. Hence, the analysis, measurement, and risk assessment of these chemical pollutants are a prominent topic in food science and should continue to receive comprehensive attention. These undesirable chemical residues include, but are not limited to: exogenous pollutants (such as pesticides, veterinary drugs, fungal toxins, bacterial toxins, microplastics, plasticizers, heavy metals, benzopyrenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins, food additives and processing aids, illegal additives, etc.), endogenous toxins (such as aquatic products endogenous toxins, plant natural toxins, allergens, etc.), and hazardous substances generated during food processing (such as heterocyclic amines, chloropropanols, acrylamide, advanced glycation end products, etc.). A series of toxic reactions in the body may be triggered by long-term dietary exposure to these chemical toxins, such as liver toxicity, kidney toxicity, intestinal toxicity and gut microbiota disorder, reproductive toxicity, endocrine disrupting effects, neurotoxicity, and teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. It can be seen that the detection, risk assessment, and control of these undesirable chemical residues play a crucial role in ensuring food safety and humans’ health.

At present, the analysis and detection of chemical residues in food mainly involve the electrochemical method, spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, antigen–antibody method, nucleic acid method, and biosensor method. Whether it is a classic or new approach, the ultimate goal is to efficiently, sensitively, quickly, accurately, and repeatably detect possible residual pollutants from the complex food matrix in an environmentally friendly way, so as to provide accurate data support for subsequent dietary exposure level and food safety risk assessments.

Under the global vision of “One Health”, the impact of diet on humans’ health is particularly prominent, especially the toxic and harmful substances in food, which are unpopular because of their toxic effects and are also indicators of food safety and quality control. This has a vital impact on human survival and development rights. We evaluate the food safety risks of chemical residues in order to alert and remind food producers, public consumers, and government authorities that hazards in food must be strictly controlled and regulated. Of course, this progress has also provided new challenges and opportunities for the analysis, detection, and safety risk assessment of food chemical residues. The emergence of emerging foods and emerging chemical contaminants indicates that colleagues in the field of food science need to constantly develop new research methods.

Therefore, this Special Issue welcomes the submission of manuscripts related to the theme of "Detection and Risk Assessment of Undesirable Chemical Residues in Food".

Dr. Fangwei Yang
Dr. Yahui Guo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • food analysis and detection
  • food contaminant
  • undesirable chemical residue
  • food toxicology
  • food safety risk assessment
  • rapid determination
  • foodborne pollutant and hazard
  • qualitative and quantitative identification
  • efficient and sensitive screening
  • dietary exposure

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1503 KiB  
Article
Identification and Visualization of Polystyrene Microplastics/Nanoplastics in Flavored Yogurt by Raman Imaging
by Xin Ling, Jun Cheng, Weirong Yao, He Qian, Dazhi Ding, Zhilong Yu, Yunfei Xie and Fangwei Yang
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050330 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
The contamination of food by microplastics has garnered widespread attention, particularly concerning the health risks associated with small-sized microplastics. However, detecting these smaller microplastics in food poses challenges attributed to the complexity of food matrices and instrumental and method limitations. Here, we employed [...] Read more.
The contamination of food by microplastics has garnered widespread attention, particularly concerning the health risks associated with small-sized microplastics. However, detecting these smaller microplastics in food poses challenges attributed to the complexity of food matrices and instrumental and method limitations. Here, we employed Raman imaging for visualization and identification of polystyrene particles synthesized in polymerization reactions, ranging from 400 to 2600 nm. We successfully developed a quantitative model of particle size and concentration for polystyrene, exhibiting excellent fit (R2 of 0.9946). We established procedures for spiked flavored yogurt using synthesized polystyrene, providing fresh insights into microplastic extraction efficiency. Recovery rates calculated from models validated the method’s feasibility. In practical applications, the assessment of the size, type, shape, and quantity of microplastics in unspiked flavored yogurt was conducted. The most common polymers found were polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene, with the smallest polystyrene sizes ranging from 1 to 10 μm. Additionally, we conducted exposure assessments of microplastics in branded flavored yogurt. This study established a foundation for developing a universal method to quantify microplastics in food, covering synthesis of standards, method development, validation, and application. Full article
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13 pages, 1590 KiB  
Article
Development of a Fast Method Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Exploration of the Reduction Mechanism of Cr(VI) in Foods
by Ge Song, Honglian Tan, Chuhan Cheng, Peng Li, Xinyang Sun, Yuling Zhou and Yong Fang
Toxics 2024, 12(5), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050325 - 29 Apr 2024
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Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is known as the most hazardous species of chromium. Speciation analysis of Cr in foods is of a great significance for assessing its influences on human health. In this study, a fast HPLC-ICP-MS method for the determination of Cr(VI) was [...] Read more.
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is known as the most hazardous species of chromium. Speciation analysis of Cr in foods is of a great significance for assessing its influences on human health. In this study, a fast HPLC-ICP-MS method for the determination of Cr(VI) was developed for determining the content of Cr(VI) and also investigating its transformation in foods. The developed method employs an alkali extraction and weak anion-exchange column separation for distinguishing the Cr species, facilitating accurate Cr(VI) quantification within 1.5 min. This technique was applied to determine the Cr(VI) levels in a range of food products, including yoghurt, milk powder, rice flour, orange juice, green tea, white vinegar, and whole wheat bread. The results showed that no Cr(VI) was detected in these food products. Spiking experiments revealed that the recovery rate of Cr(VI) decreased with the increase in its contact time with food products. A further exploration of Cr(VI) in various food components such as vitamin C, tea polyphenols, whey proteins, gelatin, fructose, and cellulose indicated the conversion of Cr(VI) to organic Cr(III) over a period from 20 min to 60 h. It was found that high temperatures and acidic conditions accelerated the rate of Cr(VI) conversion to organic Cr(III) in the six food components mentioned above. This evidence suggests that natural reducing substances in foods probably prevent the occurrence of Cr(VI). Full article
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14 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fishery Products Using GC–MS/MS in South Korea
by Myungheon Kim, Mihyun Cho, Seo-Hong Kim, Yoonmi Lee, Mi-Ra Jo, Yong-Sun Moon and Moo-Hyeog Im
Toxics 2024, 12(4), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12040299 - 18 Apr 2024
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the risk of pesticide contamination in aquaculture and its impact on fishery products. We conducted an assessment of 300 samples collected from nine regions in South Korea, including various types of seafood, such as freshwater [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to assess the risk of pesticide contamination in aquaculture and its impact on fishery products. We conducted an assessment of 300 samples collected from nine regions in South Korea, including various types of seafood, such as freshwater fish, marine fish, crustaceans, and shellfish. Pesticide residues in seafood were analyzed using GC–MS/MS after sample preparation using a modified QuEChERS method, revealing the presence of eight pesticides (4,4′-DDE, 4,4′-DDT, boscalid, isoprothiolane, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, thifluzamide, and trifluralin) across seven fish species (carp, far eastern catfish, crucian carp, eel, Chinese muddy loach, mirror carp, and sea bass). Following the grouping of DDE with DDT, a risk assessment of fishery products was conducted. After the estimated daily intake (EDI) of fish was calculated and compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI), the health risk index (HI, %ADI) of the detected pesticides was evaluated and found to be 1.07% or lower. The results suggest that the consumption of domestically farmed fish products in South Korea poses minimal health risks associated with pesticide residues. Full article
20 pages, 1652 KiB  
Article
Antibiotic Residues in UK Foods: Exploring the Exposure Pathways and Associated Health Risks
by Jegak Seo, Frank Kloprogge, Andrew M. Smith, Kersti Karu and Lena Ciric
Toxics 2024, 12(3), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030174 - 24 Feb 2024
Viewed by 2126
Abstract
While the use of antibiotics has been reported as extensive in the rearing of agricultural animals, insufficient information is available on the antibiotic residues in animal products and the adverse impact that consistent low-level exposure to antibiotics might have on the human body [...] Read more.
While the use of antibiotics has been reported as extensive in the rearing of agricultural animals, insufficient information is available on the antibiotic residues in animal products and the adverse impact that consistent low-level exposure to antibiotics might have on the human body and its microbiome. The aim of this study was to estimate the antibiotic concentrations that humans are exposed to via their diet using the concentration of antibiotics in animal food products and water and an online survey on dietary intake. A total of 131 participants completed the dietary intake survey, with the majority belonging to the omnivorous diet group (76.3%). Distinct dietary trends were observed in the omnivorous and unknown groups eating animal products, with specific food types dominating each meal: pork (e.g., ham) and dairy products (e.g., milk, yoghurt) during breakfast, beef (e.g., burgers) and chicken (e.g., chicken breast) products during lunch, and fish (e.g., salmon fillet) during dinner. In total, 34 different animal-based food and drink products were tested for the presence of ten different antibiotics. Of all the products tested, over 35% exceeded the acceptable daily antibiotic intake for amoxicillin, ampicillin, and enrofloxacin. Full article
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13 pages, 1584 KiB  
Article
Using QuEChERS and HPLC Method to Monitor the Background Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Commercial Black Tea Leaves and Infusions in Taiwan
by Drewyan Minelly Harrison, Wei-Chung Chang and Hsin-Tang Lin
Toxics 2024, 12(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12020148 - 14 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 920
Abstract
Tea is an integral part of Taiwanese culture and is a popular drink as it contains many beneficial compounds. However, during the processing of tea, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may form. This study investigated the concentrations of PAH4 in different black tea leaves [...] Read more.
Tea is an integral part of Taiwanese culture and is a popular drink as it contains many beneficial compounds. However, during the processing of tea, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may form. This study investigated the concentrations of PAH4 in different black tea leaves and tea infusions based on the origin of the tea. The samples were extracted using QuEChERS, while the content of PAH4 was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The content of PAH4 in the tea leaves ranged from 2.88 µg/kg to 218.2 µg/kg (dry weight), with the highest concentration being found in teas from Vietnam. The concentration of BaP ranged from ND to 47.92 µg/kg. The release of PAH4 from tea leaves to tea infusions was significantly low, with the highest transfer being 25.8%. In this study, all PAH4 compounds in commercial black tea leaves can be detected by QuEChERS extraction with a simple HPLC method. Full article
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12 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Black Tea Consumed in Taiwan
by Drewyan Minelly Harrison, Wei-Chung Chang and Hsin-Tang Lin
Toxics 2024, 12(2), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12020134 - 07 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1112
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds found in many foods and drinks, and there have been some concerns over these compounds due to their carcinogenic nature. This study evaluated the concentrations of PAH4 (BaP, BaA, BbF, and CHR) in different black tea [...] Read more.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds found in many foods and drinks, and there have been some concerns over these compounds due to their carcinogenic nature. This study evaluated the concentrations of PAH4 (BaP, BaA, BbF, and CHR) in different black tea infusions and drinks based on the origin of the tea. The release of PAH4 from tea leaves to tea infusions was significantly low, with the highest transfer being 25.81%. The mean concentrations of BaP and PAH4 in tea infusions were used to conduct a risk assessment for the Taiwanese population, which showed that the 19–65 age group had the highest estimated intake of PAH4 and BaP among all age groups. These results, however, also showed margin of exposure (MOE) values well above the benchmark of 10,000. This indicated that PAH exposure from black tea consumption for the Taiwanese population constitutes a low-level health concern. Full article
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