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Toxics
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Advanced Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides and Their Transformation...
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Advanced Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides and Their Transformation Products or Metabolites

A special issue of Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2020) | Viewed by 7979

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Renata Raina-Fulton

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
Interests: analytical chemistry; environmental chemistry; separation techniques-mass spectrometry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Mr. Murray Belyk

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
Interests: Pesticide Chemistry; Soil Chemistry; Agriculture Field Research; Good Laboratory Practice Standards

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Analytical methods for the analysis of a large range of pesticides and their transformation products or metabolites have advanced, including chromatography–mass spectrometry methods. A variety of approaches have been taken to tackle the over 500 pesticides in use, such as targeted analysis for specific chemical classes, formulations, or individual pesticides that are difficult to analyze because of their specific needs in extraction or clean-up. Some researchers have used multi-residue analysis for a larger number of pesticides that are routinely in use in specific geographic areas. Analytical methods often balance the need to meet acceptable recoveries in extraction and clean-up with the need to separate target analytes from each other or from interfering matrix components, along with the necessity to meet the required mass spectrometric (MS) sensitivity. It is this balance between sample preparation needs and chromatography and MS needs for a large range of sample matrices, from environmental to biological, that has led to recent improvements or first detection of some pesticides or transformation products so far difficult to analyze.

Transformation products or metabolites of pesticides are of high interest because of their higher toxicity compared to the parent pesticides or high rates of transformation in particular matrices. To streamline the total analysis time, methods capable of simultaneously detecting both parent pesticides and their transformation products have been developed. These methods often allow to characterize analytes present at low levels that are challenging to examine. 

This Special Issue invites papers focused on the development and application of analytical methods for the detection of pesticides and their transformation products or metabolites in environmental, food, and biological sample matrices. Specific attention should be paid to improvements in analytical methods to tackle more difficult pesticides or transformation products, including approaches that reduce MS matrix effects or further improve sample preparation or separation conditions. 

Prof. Renata Raina-Fulton
Mr. Murray Belyk
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Toxics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • pesticide residue analysis
  • transformation products
  • metabolites
  • liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
  • gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
  • QuEChERS
  • pressurized solvent extraction
  • SPE
  • dSPE

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2026 KiB  
Article
Supramolecular Solvent-Based Liquid Phase Microextraction Combined with Ion-Pairing Reversed-Phase HPLC for the Determination of Quats in Vegetable Samples
by Sophon Hem, Netsirin Gissawong, Supalax Srijaranai and Suthasinee Boonchiangma
Toxics 2019, 7(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7040060 - 26 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3798
Abstract
In this study, we used anion supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) prepared from a mixture of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and a cationic surfactant, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr), as the extraction solvent in liquid phase microextraction (LPME) of paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ). [...] Read more.
In this study, we used anion supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) prepared from a mixture of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and a cationic surfactant, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr), as the extraction solvent in liquid phase microextraction (LPME) of paraquat (PQ) and diquat (DQ). The enriched PQ and DQ in the SUPRAS phase were simultaneously analyzed by ion-pairing reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. PQ and DQ were successfully extracted by LPME via electrostatic interaction between the positive charge of the quats and the negative charge of SUPRAS. PQ, DQ, and ethyl viologen (the internal standard) were separated within 15 min on a C18 column, with the mobile phase containing 1-dodecanesulfonic acid and triethylamine, via UV detection. The optimized conditions for the extraction of 10 mL aqueous solution are 50 μL of SUPRAS prepared from a mixture of SDS and TBABr at a mole ratio of 1:0.5, vortexed for 10 s at 1800 rpm, and centrifugation for 1 min at 3500 rpm. The obtained enrichment factors were 22 and 26 with limits of detection of 1.5 and 2.8 µg L−1 for DQ and PQ, respectively. The precision was good with relative standard deviations less than 3.86%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of PQ and DQ in vegetable samples and recoveries were found in the range of 75.0% to 106.7%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides and Their Transformation Products or Metabolites)
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11 pages, 1189 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Measurement of Herbicides in the Atmosphere: A Case Study of MCPA and 2,4-D during Field Application
by Trey Murschell and Delphine K. Farmer
Toxics 2019, 7(3), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7030040 - 6 Aug 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3813
Abstract
Atmospheric sources of herbicides enable short- and long-range transport of these compounds to off-target areas but the concentrations and mechanisms are poorly understood due, in part, to the challenge of detecting these compounds in the atmosphere. We present chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry [...] Read more.
Atmospheric sources of herbicides enable short- and long-range transport of these compounds to off-target areas but the concentrations and mechanisms are poorly understood due, in part, to the challenge of detecting these compounds in the atmosphere. We present chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a sensitive, real-time technique to detect chlorinated phenoxy acid herbicides in the atmosphere, using measurements during and after application over a field at Colorado State University as a case study. Gas-phase 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mixing ratios were greatest during application (up to 20 pptv), consistent with rapid volatilization from spray droplets. In contrast, atmospheric concentrations of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) increased for several hours after the initial application, indicative of a slower source than 2,4-D. The maximum observed gas-phase MCPA was 60 pptv, consistent with a post-application volatilization source to the atmosphere. Exposure to applied pesticides in the gas-phase can thus occur both during and at least several hours after application. Spray droplet volatilization and direct volatilization from surfaces may both contribute pesticides to the atmosphere, enabling pesticide transport to off-target and remote regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides and Their Transformation Products or Metabolites)
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